左旋肉碱对生长肥育猪消化酶活力的影响

用分别添加0、50和100mg/kg 左旋肉碱 (L—肉碱 )的饲粮 ,饲喂“杜大长”三元猪。试验结束屠宰收集十二指肠内容物、血液和肝脏等样品。实验结果表明 :与对照组相比 ,50、100mg/kg肉碱处理提高或趋向于提高十二指肠内容物总蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力 ,其中100mg/kg肉碱组显著提高总蛋白酶63.49 % (P<0.05)、淀粉酶活力285.85 % (P<0.05)、脂肪酶活力360.86 % (P<0.01)。肉碱处理刺激肝脏酮体生成 ,促进脂肪酸β-氧化利用 ;50mg/kg和100mg/kg肉碱处理使血清β-羟丁酸分别趋向升高 (P>0.05)和升高27.80 % (P<0.05) ;肝β-羟丁酸浓度提高9.80 % (P<0.05)和16.95 % (P<0.01)。结论 :肉碱处理促进脂肪酸氧化 ,用利于机体蛋白质沉积 ,增加消化酶的分泌 ,提高消化酶活力 ,改善生长肥育猪的消化性能。     

鱼虾4号和肉碱对草鱼生长的影响

关于鱼虾４号和肉碱对水产动物生长的影响，已有很多学者进行了对比试验研究，（蔡学峰等，２００１；叶元土等，２００１）。为了进一步了解二者对水产动物生长、品质等方面的影响，我们近期又在草鱼养殖中进行了重复验证。１材料与方法１．１试验地点 西南农业大学水产系室内循环养殖系统。１．２试验时间 ２００１年３月至２００１年４月１．３试验鱼 试验鱼来自本系试验渔场，每箱放养试验草鱼１５尾。在水族箱中用普通饲料驯养２周待草鱼适应环境后再开始试验。每个处理设２个平行试验组。１．４试验饲料 试验饲料为市售商品饲料。其组…     

肉碱对幼鳖生长和胴体组成的影响

为了研究肉碱对幼鳖生长和胴体的影响，在温室幼没鳖池中进行了为期６０ｄ的饲喂试验。将体重４０～４８ｇ的幼鳖１０只随机分为８组，基础日粮相同，肉碱添加量设定四个水平：０，０．０１％，０．０３％，０．０５％，每水平设１重复。结果表明，饲料中不同泊肉碱含量对幼鳖的生长有显著的影响（Ｐ〈０．０５），生长比率（ＳＧＲ）随肉碱添加量的增加而增加。肉碱对腹壁的脂肪率、肝脂、肌肉酸不溶肉碱和游离肉碱也都有显著的影响     

微生态制剂对肉鸡生长和免疫器官的影响

选用180羽岭南黄快大型肉鸡,随机分成2组．对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0．1％的益康源微生态制剂．饲养周期41d．比较生长性能和免疫器官指标。结果表明：添加微生态制剂对肉鸡前期采食量、后期和全期耗料增重比均有显著性的影响（p〈0．05）,肉鸡前期的免疫器官重及免疫器官系数均有增加．且对法氏囊重和法氏囊系数影响显著（p〈O．05）。     

微生态代乳粉对犊牛生长性能影响

以膨化玉米和大豆为主要能量和蛋白原料,添加酵母粉、超强双歧因子等微生态制剂,配合形成微生态代乳粉,以鲜牛乳饲喂犊牛为对照,研究微生态代乳粉对犊牛生长性能与腹泻率的影响.试验结果表明,微生态代乳粉可完全满足犊牛生长需要,在生产性能方面等同或优于鲜牛乳饲喂效果,同时可降低犊牛腹泻率.     

复合微生物制剂对肉牛生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究在肉牛日粮中添加复合微生态制剂对其生长性能的影响,并探讨复合微生态制剂的最适添加量.试验选取体重相近、胎次相近、健康的肉牛40头,按照单因素完全随机设计分为4个处理组,每个处理组10个重复,每个重复10头肉牛.对照组肉牛饲喂基础日粮,试验1组、试验2组、试验3组依次在对照组基础日粮中添加1％、2％、4％的复...     

复合酶和微生态制剂协同作用对仔猪生长性能的影响

本试验研究以脂肪酶为主的复合酶和微生态制剂协同作用对仔猪生长性能的影响。采用28日龄杜长大断奶仔猪,随机分为2个处理组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.1％利能健（以复合酶和微生态制剂为主）。结果显示：试验组在基础日粮中添加0.1％利能健后,日增重显著增加,料肉比显著降低。     

微生态制剂对肉羊生长性能和营养物质消化率的影响

为了探讨饲粮中添加不同水平微生态制剂对肉羊生产性能和营养物质消化率的影响,将120只2~3月龄绵羊随机分成4组(对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组),对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.05%、0.1%、0.2%微生态制剂。结果显示:试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,平均日增重分别提高2.09%(P0.05)、9.36%(P0.05)、9.09%(P0.05),平均日采食量分别降低4.73%(P0.05)、6.66%(P0.05)、6.39%(P0.05),料重比分别降低6.93%(P0.05)、14.74%(P0.05)、14.39%(P0.05);干物质的消化率分别提高1.06%(P0.05)、2.68%(P0.05)、2.49%(P0.05),粗蛋白的消化率分别提高0.29%(P0.05)、1.07%(P0.05)、1.12%(P0.05),粗纤维的消化率分别提高1.53%(P0.05)、2.76%(P0.05)、2.16%(P0.05)。结果提示:绵羊基础饲粮中添加0.1%和0.2%微生态制剂均能显著促进肉羊的生长性能和营养物质消化率,提高肉羊的生产性能,为微生态制剂在肉羊生产中的合理应用提供参考依据。     

微生物制剂对黄羽肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

本试验选用80羽1日龄黄羽肉鸡为研究对象,将其随机分为两组,每组2个重复,每个重复20羽。对照组肉鸡饲喂基础日粮,试验组肉鸡饲喂在基础日粮中添加1%微生物制剂后形成的试验日粮,随后观察8周,以了解肉鸡采食添加了微生物制剂的试验日粮后生产性能受影响情况。结果发现,微生物制剂能够显著提高黄羽肉鸡的平均日增重、屠宰率和全净膛率(P 0.05),平均采食量有增加趋势,料肉比有降低趋势,但不明显。本试验证明,在日粮中添加1%微生物制剂,能够提高黄羽肉鸡的生产性能和屠宰性能,改善饲料利用率,效果显著,可在生产中推广使用。     

微生态制剂对肉鸡生长性能和免疫器官发育的影响

微生态制剂是一种将有益微生物经过人工分离筛选,再经现代生物工厂化生产出来的活菌制剂,具有维持和改善动物肠道微生态区系的平衡,抑制有害微生物生长,促进有益微生物的生长,增强机体免疫力等作用,从而增进动物的健康水平,促进动物生长发育,提高饲料利用率,且产品中无药物残留。为了验证微生态制剂在肉鸡饲料中的使用效果,为微生态制剂的推广应用提供更多理论依据,进行了本试验。1材料与方法1.1试验材料微生态制剂,含嗜酸乳杆菌和纳豆芽胞杆菌,活菌数为200亿个/g。1.2试验动物分组与处理选择健康、生长良好和体重相近的21d黄羽肉仔鸡240羽,…     

Effect of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on growth performance of piglets from control sows or sows treated with L-carnitine during pregnancy and lactation

Previous studies showed that supplementation of sows' diets with L-carnitine increases body weights of their piglets at birth. This study was performed to investigate whether piglets of sows treated with L-carnitine differ in their growth potential from that of piglets of untreated control sows after weaning. It was also investigated whether supplementation of piglets' diets with L-carnitine improves their growth after weaning. In two trials, piglets of the first litters of primiparous sows (trial 1) and the second litters of the same sows (trial 2) were divided into four groups: group 1, piglets of control sows, fed a control diet; group 2, piglets of control sows fed a diet supplemented with 30 mg L-carnitine/kg; group 3, piglets of L-carnitine-treated sows, fed a control diet; group 4, piglets of L-carnitine-treated sows fed a diet supplemented with 30 mg L-carnitine/kg. Mean initial body weights of the piglets of the four groups were identical. They were 8.5 kg in trial 1 and 12.5 kg in trial 2. Diets were fed ad libitum over a period of 35 days. Piglets from sows treated with L-carnitine did not differ in body weight gains, feed intake and gain : feed ratio from those of control sows. In trial 1, piglets supplemented with L-carnitine had higher body weight gains (p < 0.005) and showed a tendency towards a higher gain : feed ratio (p = 0.09) than piglets fed the control diets. In trial 2, no significant difference in these parameters emerged between piglets fed the diet supplemented with L-carnitine and those fed the control diet. In conclusion, this study shows that dietary L-carnitine treatment of sows does not improve the growth potential of their piglets after weaning under the conditions of equal initial body weights. The study also shows that L-carnitine supplementation of their diets improves the growth performance in light piglets of primiparous sows.     

Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on performance parameters in gilts and sows

The effect of L-carnitine supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on performance parameters of sows was studied. The trial comprised a total of 127 sows (40 gilts, 87 mature sows) which were divided into a control and a treatment group. All animals were fed individually and received basic feed mixtures for pregnancy and lactation with low carnitine concentrations (gestation diet: 4.7 mg/kg feed, lactation diet: 12.5 mg/kg feed). The rations of the sows in the treated group were supplemented with 125 mg L -carnitine per head and day during pregnancy and 250 mg L -carnitine per head and day during lactation. The animals of the control group received identical feed mixtures in identical amounts, but without the L -carnitine supplement. L -carnitine supplementation resulted in higher sow liveweight gains between day 1 and day 85 of pregnancy. The number of piglets per litter and the number born alive did not differ between the control sows and those treated with L -carnitine. However, the L -carnitine-supplemented sows produced only half as many non-viable piglets as the control animals. Moreover, litter weight and mean birth weight of piglets from L -carnitine-treated sows were higher than in the control sows. This effect was more marked in gilts (+8% higher litter weight, +9% higher piglet weight) than in sows (+7% and +6%, respectively). Piglets from sows whose ration was supplemented with L -carnitine showed higher liveweight gains during the suckling period (+12% for gilts, +4% for sows), which is why litter weights post weaning were also higher among the sows treated with L -carnitine than in the control sows (+14% for gilts, +10% for sows). Overall, the study shows that dietary supplementation with L -carnitine during pregnancy and lactation improves the reproductive performance of sows.     

L-carnitine supplementation in the therapy of canine dilated cardiomyopathy

In evaluating any novel therapeutic agent or intervention, the clinician must question the need for as well as the efficacy and safety of the proposed therapy. In an attempt to address these critical questions with regard to the role of L-carnitine supplementation in the therapy of dilated cardiomyopathy, this article reviews the currently available scientific evidence and clinical experience regarding carnitine metabolism and supplementation in the dog.     

Effects of L-carnitine supplementation in pregnant sows on plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factors, various hormones and metabolites and chorion characteristics

Previous studies have shown that supplementation of sow diets with L-carnitine increases the body weight of piglets at birth. This study was conducted to elucidate the reasons for this phenomenon. Three experiments with 24 (experiment 1), 40 (experiment 2) and 12 (experiment 3) sows were conducted. In all three experiments, sows were allotted to two groups which had free access to a nutritionally adequate diet. Sows of one group were supplemented with 125 mg L-carnitine/day during pregnancy; sows of the other group (control group) did not receive L-carnitine. In experiment 1, plasma samples were collected at day 95 of pregnancy, in experiment 2 plasma samples were collected at days 80 and 100 of pregnancy. In experiment 3, chorions of the sows were collected at parturition. L-carnitine-treated sows had higher plasma concentrations of total L-carnitine than control sows (p < 0.05). The number of piglets born and weights of litter and individual piglets at birth were not different between both groups in all three experiments. L-carnitine-treated sows had higher plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on day 80 of pregnancy (experiment 2, p < 0.05) and on day 95 (experiment 1, p < 0.10), and a higher plasma concentration of IGF-II on day 80 (experiment 2, p < 0.05) than control sows. Moreover, sows supplemented with L-carnitine had heavier chorions (+22%, p =0.10) with greater amounts of protein (+45%, p < 0.05) and DNA (+38%, p < 0.10) and a higher protein concentration of glucose transporter-1 (+62%, p < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of 17beta-oestradiol, progesterone and thyroid hormones as well as concentrations of urea and total free amino acids were not different between both groups of sows. Plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids, ketone bodies, triacylglycerols and cholesterol were also largely indifferent between both groups of sows. In conclusion, this study shows that L-carnitine has less influence on lipid metabolism and utilization of nitrogen in pregnant sows but increases their plasma concentrations of IGFs. This in turn may enhance development of the placentae and the intrauterine nutrition of the fetuses. This may be the reason for increased birth weights observed in recent studies in sows supplemented with L-carnitine.     

L-肉碱和甜菜碱替代抗生素对鲫鱼促生长效果研究

随着水产养殖的集约化发展 ,鱼病增多 ,导致在鱼饲料中大量使用抗生素以防病促长。抗生素的副作用越来越突出 ,严重阻碍水产养殖业健康持续发展。我们用几种非抗生素饲料添加剂对鲫鱼种促生长效果进行了比较研究 ,以期能为水产用绿色添加剂的开发提供参考。1　材料和方法1 1　试验设计　单因子试验设计 ,共 4个处理 ,每个处理 3个重复。基础饲料配方与营养水平见表 1 ,处理方案见表 2。表 1　基础饲料配方与营养水平 %配比配比日粮组成豆粕 2 2菜籽粕 1 4棉籽粕 1 0鱼粉 1 8啤酒糟 3次粉 2 3磷脂粉 3蛋白胨 2预混料 5营养水平粗蛋白质 35(3…     

The effect of diet and copper supplementation on chick growth

Two experiments are described in which various diets were fed to broiler chicks, with or without a supplement of 0.1 per cent CuSO 4.5 H₂O supplying 250 mg/kg added Cu. When the basal diet was composed mainly of wheat and fish meal with added tallow, growth responses to copper measured at 6 weeks of age were 7.6 per cent in the first experiment (highly significant) and 2.8 per cent in the second experiment (0.1 > P > 0.05). When the basal diet was composed mainly of maize and soya‐bean meal there was no response to added copper in the first experiment and a significant depression in growth in the second experiment. A basal diet containing 25 per cent of dried whey gave very poor growth (about 60 per cent of normal) but showed a large response to the addition of Cu. Responses to added Cu in all diets were generally larger in the faster growing males than in the female chicks.

Where positive growth responses to copper were obtained, food consumption was usually higher, but efficiency of food utilisation was better in the chicks given the copper‐supplemented diets.

The average concentrations of Cu found in the livers of birds with or without copper supplements were 4.41 and 4.10 mg/kg of fresh liver respectively in the first experiment and 6.88 and 4.56 mg/kg of fresh liver in the second experiment. The difference in the second experiment was highly significant.     

L-肉碱对彭泽鲫生长发育的影响

探讨L-肉碱对彭泽鲫生长发育的影响,采用在日粮中添加50mg/kg和100mg/kg2种配比浓度的L-肉碱饲喂彭泽鲫。50mg/kg和100mg/kg2种配比浓度的L-肉碱均能显著促进彭泽鲫的生长发育(P<0.05),2试验组与对照组相对增重率分别为80.35%、87.90%及58.22%,饲料系数分别提高了8.26%和13.91%。L-肉碱能显著提高彭泽鲫的生长性能,试验结果的推荐用量为50mg/kg。     

Effects of L-carnitine on fetal growth and the IGF system in pigs

The effects of L-carnitine on porcine fetal growth traits and the IGF system were determined. Fourth-parity sows were fed a gestation diet with either a 50-g top dress containing 0 (control, n = 6) or 100 mg of L-carnitine (n = 6). At midgestation, fetuses were removed for growth measurements, and porcine embryonic myoblasts (PEM) were isolated from semitendinosus. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure growth factor messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the uterus, placenta, muscle, hepatic tissue, and cultured PEM. A treatment x day interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for maternal circulating total carnitine. Sows fed L-carnitine had a greater (P = 0.01) concentration of total carnitine at d 57 than control sows. Circulating IGF-I was not affected (P = 0.55) by treatment. Supplementing sows with L-carnitine resulted in larger (P = 0.02) litters (15.5 vs. 10.8 fetuses) without affecting litter weight (P = 0.07; 1,449.6 vs. 989.4 g) or individual fetal weight (P = 0.88) compared with controls. No treatment effect was found for muscle IGF-I (P = 0.36), IGF-II (P = 0.51), IGFBP-3 (P = 0.70), or IGFBP-5 (P = 0.51) mRNA abundance. The abundance of IGF-I (P = 0.72), IGF-II (P = 0.34), and IGFBP-3 (P = 0.99) in hepatic tissue was not influenced by treatment. Uterine IGF-I (P = 0.46), IGF-II (P = 0.40), IGFBP-3 (P = 0.29), and IGFBP-5 (P = 0.35) mRNA abundance did not differ between treatments. Placental IGF-I (P = 0.30), IGF-II (P = 0.18), IGFBP-3 (P = 0.94), and IGFBP-5 (P = 0.42) mRNA abundance did not differ between treatments. There was an effect of side of the uterus for IGF-I (P = 0.04) and IGF-II (P = 0.007) mRNA abundance; IGF-I mRNA abundance was greater in the left uterine horn than in the right uterine horn (0.14 and 0.07 relative units, respectively). Placental IGF-II mRNA abundance was greater (P = 0.007) in the left than in the right uterine horn (483.5 and 219.59, respectively). The abundance of IGFBP-3 was not affected by uterine horns in either uterine (P = 0.66) or placental (P = 0.13) tissue. There was no treatment difference for IGF-I (P = 0.31) or IGFBP-5 (P = 0.13) in PEM. The PEM isolated from sows fed L-carnitine had decreased IGF-II (P = 0.02), IGFBP-3 (P = 0.03), and myogenin (P = 0.04; 61, 59, and 67%, respectively) mRNA abundance compared with controls. These data suggest that L-carnitine supplemented to gestating sows altered the IGF system and may affect fetal growth and development.     

Effects of increasing dietary L-carnitine on growth performance of weanling pigs

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing graded levels (0 to 100 ppm) of L-carnitine to the diet of weanling pigs on growth performance during a 34- to 38-d experimental period. A fifth experiment was conducted to determine the effects of addition of L-carnitine to diets with or without added soybean oil (SBO) on growth performance. In Exp. 1, 128 pigs (initial BW = 5.5 kg) were allotted to four dietary treatments (six pens per treatment of four to six pigs per pen). Dietary treatments were a control diet containing no added L-carnitine and the control diet with 25, 50, or 100 ppm of added L-carnitine. In Exp. 2, 3, and 4, pigs (4.8 to 5.6 kg of BW) were allotted to five dietary treatments consisting of either a control diet containing no added L-carnitine or the control diet with 25, 50, 75, or 100 ppm of added L-carnitine. All diets in Exp. 1 to 4 contained added soybean oil (4 to 6%). There were seven pens per treatment (four to five pigs per pen) in Exp. 2, whereas Exp. 3 and 4 had five and six pens/treatment (eight pigs per pen), respectively. In general, dietary carnitine additions had only minor effects on growth performance during Phases 1 and 3; however, dietary L-carnitine increased (linear [Exp. 1], quadratic [Exp. 2 to 4], P < 0.03) ADG and gain:feed (G:F) during Phase 2. The improvements in growth performance during Phase 2 were of great enough magnitude that carnitine addition tended to increase ADG (linear, P < 0.10) and improve G:F (quadratic, P < 0.02) for the entire 38-d period. In Exp. 5, 216 weanling pigs (5.8 kg of BW) were allotted (12 pens/treatment of four to five pigs per pen) to four dietary treatments. The four dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial with main effects of added SBO (0 or 5%) and added L-carnitine (0 or 50 ppm). Pigs fed SBO tended (P < 0.07) to grow more slowly and consumed less feed compared with those not fed SBO, but G:F was improved (P < 0.02). The addition of L-carnitine did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG or ADFI; however, it improved (P < 0.03) G:F. Also, the increase in G:F associated with L-carnitine tended to be more pronounced for pigs fed SBO than those not fed SBO (carnitine x SBO, P < 0.10). These results suggest that the addition of 50 to 100 ppm of added L-carnitine to the diet improved growth performance of weanling pigs. In addition, supplemental L-carnitine tended to be more effective when SBO was provided in the diet.