昆虫生长调节剂的开发现状与发展趋势

本文简要地介绍了与环境友好,相容的昆虫生长调节剂包括几丁质抑制剂,保幼激素类似物和蜕皮激素似物的开发现状和发展趋势,昆虫生长调节剂的发展虽缓慢,但前景广阔。     

Management of Stored Wheat Insect Pests in the USA

Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined.     

甜菜夜蛾对昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂的敏感性测定

用浸叶法测定了7种昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂对山东甜菜夜蛾田间种群的敏感性。监测结果表明:不同甜菜夜蛾品系或种群对供试药剂的敏感性均存在明显差异。甜菜夜蛾敏感品系对供试药剂的敏感性倍数为甲氧酰肼∶氟啶脲∶虫酰肼∶氟铃脲∶氟虫脲∶抑食肼∶除虫脲为95.74∶0.13∶2.01∶3.49∶.23∶.11∶;泰安范镇、潍坊寿光及临沂罗庄田间种群对供试药剂的敏感性顺序与甜菜夜蛾敏感品系的敏感性顺序基本一致。与敏感品系相比,3个甜菜夜蛾田间种群对同一种供试药剂的敏感性均有不同程度的下降,其中对虫酰肼和氟啶脲的敏感性下降倍数达到3以上,表现出低水平抗药性。     

5种昆虫生长调节剂对亚洲玉米螟的室内毒力测定

在实验室条件下,采用浸叶法测定了5种昆虫生长调节剂对亚洲玉米螟的毒力。结果表明,氟啶脲、虱螨脲、氟铃脲、除虫脲和甲氧虫酰肼对亚洲玉米螟的质量浓度LC50分别为8.1678、4.9892、4.0816、101.7723和1.5328㎎/L。其中甲氧虫酰肼的毒力最强,除虫脲的毒力最弱。     

12种昆虫生长调节剂对东方黏虫的杀虫活性

浸叶法证明,氟幼脲、除虫脲是试验杀虫剂中对黏虫杀虫活性最高的。氟幼脲、除虫脲,氟虫脲和杀铃脲的杀虫活性分别比抑食肼高242、115、58、53倍。     

二芳酰肼类昆虫生长调节剂的构效关系研究进展

二芳酰肼类化合物是近年来开发的具有蜕皮激素活性的非甾醇类昆虫生长调节剂,能引起昆虫,特别是鳞翅目幼虫早熟、不完全、致死性蜕皮。文章总结近期文献,结合课题组的研究工作,对该类化合物中各个结构片断对其杀虫活性的影响进行了探讨,对结构与活性的关系进行了综述。     

生物多样性在害虫控制中的生态功能与机理

生态学的有害生物治（EBPM）或生态管理（EPM）是新世纪农业有害生物防治的新对策。应用系统工程的原理和方法改变农田生态系统生物多样性,进行害虫生态控制将越来越受到人们的重视。通过农田生态系统生物多样性、调节农田生态系统多样性对天敌和害虫的影响以及生物多样性控制害虫的机制及生物多样性在害虫生态控制中的利用前景4个方面,论述农田生态系统生物多样性在害虫控制中的生态功能与机理。     

Pests of Deepwater Rice and their Management

Deepwater rice has a distinctive pest complex due to prolonged deep flooding, extended growth duration and a complex environment. Flooding smothers weeds, prevents population buildups of some pests and diseases, and stimulates new growth which may compensate for early damage. Major pests are adapted to these aquatic conditions and exploit the succulent growth and mild weather extremes of this period.In Asia, yellow stem borer causes widespread damage by producing a loss of bearing stems, and lighter or empty panicles. No appropriate measures are known and control of this major pest is a daunting challenge. Stem nematode severely damages rice in several areas but varietal resistance is effective. Rats and hispa beetle are also injurious and many lesser pests are known. In West Africa's smaller Deepwater rice area, stem borers, leafeaters, birds and rats are damaging but their effect on yield is obscure. Farmers commonly employ cultural control methods, and insecticides are used in some areas but diseases are not treated. Pesticide use is restricted by application difficulties, contamination concerns and the low value of the crop. In Asia and Africa wild rices, grasses and sedges compete fiercely with rice before flooding; herbicides are not generally used but many farmers hand weed though the extent of yield loss is poorly understood.Pest management research in deepwater rice is difficult because of the nature of the agroecosystem. Most research has been carried out in Asia but the volume has seriously declined over the last decade.     

Insect growth regulators with hydrazide moiety inhibit strigolactone biosynthesis in rice

Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived plant hormones involved in several growth and developmental processes. Also, SLs are allelochemicals that induce the seed germination of root parasitic plants and the hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In this study, to identify novel lead chemicals that inhibit SL biosynthesis, we evaluated the effect of agrochemicals on SL biosynthesis. We found that the diacylhydrazine insect growth regulator, chromafenozide, reduced the endogenous level of 4-deoxyorobanchol (4DO), a major SL in rice. Furthermore, treatment with the same class of insect growth regulator, methoxyfenozide, also resulted in the reduction of 4DO levels in rice root exudates. These results suggest that chromafenozide and methoxyfenozide are novel lead inhibitors of SL biosynthesis.     

湖南省茶树害虫天敌昆虫资源调查

本文报道了湖南省茶树害虫天敌昆虫资源调查的结果,共查明天敌昆虫９５种,分属膜翅目１２科、鞘翅目４科、双翅目１科和脉翅目３科。指出了主要茶树害虫重要天敌昆虫。讨论了茶园生物防治有待于进一步探讨的问题。     

Being exposed to low concentrations of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr has detrimental effects on the mobility of Trogoderma granarium

BACKGROUND

Sublethal effects of insecticides may negatively affect several biological and behavioral traits of insects. The lethal effects of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr have been previously showed on Trogoderma granarium, but little knowledge is available about their sublethal effects at low concentrations on both sexes. Herein, the sublethal effects of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr on the mobility of T. granarium males and females were investigated.

RESULTS

Lethal concentration (LC) values of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr were lower for T. granarium females than males. LC values on males were LC₁₀ = 0.000788 and 0.00139 mg active ingredient (a.i.) cm⁻², LC₃₀ = 0.00350 and 0.00535 mg a.i. cm⁻², and LC₅₀ = 0.00986 and 0.0136 mg a.i. cm⁻² for pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr respectively. LC on females were LC₁₀ = 0.000704 and 0.00110 mg a.i. cm⁻², LC₃₀ = 0.00323 and 0.00428 mg a.i. cm⁻², and LC₅₀ = 0.00925 and 0.0110 mg a.i. cm⁻² for pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr respectively. The walking duration of beetles exposed to LC₃₀ of pirimiphos-methyl was significantly lower than the individuals exposed to LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ of both insecticides and control ones. Pirimiphos-methyl LC₃₀-exposed males remained more time on their back (101.7 s) than females (46.9 s), while the latter stayed immobile longer than males (381.7 s versus 371.9 s). The highest speed was recorded for control beetles (14.17 mm s⁻¹ females vs. 12.44 mm s⁻¹ males), while the lowest speed was observed in pirimiphos-methyl LC₃₀-treated males (8.36 mm s⁻¹) and females (9.66 mm s⁻¹).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, males and females exposed to low concentrations of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr showed reduced motility. This knowledge can be exploited further to unlock behavioral effects of insecticides for effective pest management programs in warehouses. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

广丰县茶树害虫天敌昆虫资源调查

本文报道了广丰县茶树害虫天敌昆虫资源调查的结果,共查明天敌昆虫57种,分属半翅目2科、脉翅目2科、鞘翅目4科、双翅目1科和膜翅目12科.指出了主要茶树害虫重要天敌昆虫.讨论了茶园生物防治有待于进一步探讨的问题.     

生物农药在我国小麦病虫害防治中的登记情况、研究现状及发展建议

本文对我国当前小麦病虫害防治药剂中的生物农药登记情况进行了总结,综述了未登记品种在小麦上的研究现状,并提出发展建议。     

昆虫共生菌调控宿主生长发育和生殖的研究进展

共生菌参与昆虫宿主的多种生理活动,而昆虫则为共生菌提供了良好的增殖环境,两者互利共生。共生菌的种类、丰度和功能均因昆虫种类和发育阶段的不同而有所差异。该文总结了昆虫共生菌研究概况及已报道的昆虫共生菌种类,重点介绍了共生菌调控昆虫宿主生长发育和生殖的研究进展,包括共生菌通过协助宿主营养代谢及抵御病原菌来调控宿主的生长发育速率;胞内共生细菌沃尔巴克氏体Wolbachia通过胞质不亲和、雌性化、雄性致死以及诱导孤雌生殖调控宿主的生殖力;胞外共生细菌则通过参与宿主营养代谢、改变宿主生殖行为和影响宿主生殖细胞来调控昆虫宿主的生殖力,以及共生菌调控宿主生殖的可能分子机制。同时,该文还在深入探讨共生菌功能、拓宽研究宿主种类及共生菌在抗菌防虫中的应用等方面进行了展望。共生菌对昆虫宿主生长发育和生殖调控作用的研究有助于进一步揭示昆虫与共生菌的协同进化机制,并为进一步利用共生菌进行害虫治理奠定理论基础。     

Insect Pests of Soyabean in Japan and their Control

Abstract

From thirty species of economic importance, the biology, damage caused and control measures for three pod borers, one pod gallmidge and four stink bugs are reviewed. Some high correlations have been recognised between the percentage of injured seed at harvest time and the mean temperatures of January, July or August, and some equations have been obtained for forecasting the percentage of the damage to soyabean seeds. The late podding varieties are generally less damaged by major pests. Even in one variety, damage decreased when sowing was delayed. Hence consideration should be given to the choice of variety and sowing date in order to avoid the coincidence of the peak of pest occurrence with the podding period of the soyabean plants. In the central southern region of the Tohoku district where all species of economic importance occur, insecticidal applications should be carried out when indicated by the forecast, two or three times at intervals of one to two weeks, during early pod-setting and on to the middle seed-thickening stage, using such insecticides as: fenthion, cyanophos, fenitrothion, phenthoate, acephate, chlorpyrifos or EPN.     

Bacillus thuringiensis as a biofertilizer in crops and their implications in the control of phytopathogens and insect pests

BACKGROUND

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a spore-forming bacterium that produces insecticidal proteins and other virulence factors and is considered one of the most successful bioinsecticides available to control pests in agriculture. Currently, some Bt strains have been reported as endophyte or rhizospheric bacteria.

RESULTS

Little is known about the implications of plant-Bt interaction in crop protection. Here, we review if Bt can establish as an endophyte/rhizobacterium and evaluate if Bt as an endophyte/rhizobacterium can simultaneously act against different phytopathogens (fungi, bacteria, insects and viruses) plus promote plant growth.

CONCLUSION

Although Bt produce an arsenal of proteins with toxic effects against insect, the current knowledge suggests that Bt can be considered as a promising new plant growth promotion bacterium (PGPB). The implications of the proposed review will broaden our understanding of Bt as a versatile entomopathogen that may be able to exhibit differential behavior depending on context. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

中国农业害虫天敌信息系统

本系统利用SQL Server 2000数据库工具和Visual Basic编程语言，开发了具有查询、维护和添加功能的中国农业害虫天敌信息系统。该系统实现了天敌信息的综合管理，并可按天敌类群、生活环境（作物）、寄主昆虫种类和地理分布等条件进行快捷的查询，将天敌的分类特征、生活习性、地理分布、寄主范围等十几项信息以图文并茂的形式直观地展现在用户面前。     

Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and neonicotinoid insecticides on the fungus gnat Bradysia sp nr. coprophila (Lintner) (Diptera: Sciaridae)

The soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. israelensis (Bti), the neonicotinoid insecticides dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen were evaluated to determine their efficacy against the larval stages of the fungus gnat Bradysia sp nr. coprophila (Lintner) in the laboratory. Treatments were applied as a drench to the growing medium in polypropylene deli containers. The Bti treatments had no effect on either instar tested, whereas all the other compounds negatively affected both the second and third instars. This study demonstrates that the soil bacterium B. thuringiensis var. israelensis may not be active on these larval stages, whereas the neonicotinoid insecticides and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen are effective on these stages. The fact that Bti is not effective on the second and third instars of the fungus gnat means that greenhouse producers using this insecticide must make applications before fungus gnat populations build up and before overlapping generations develop.     

南昌高尔夫草坪虫害调查与防治初探

调查了保利（南昌）高尔夫球场草坪害虫种类和密度,其中以蝼蛄、蛴螬等地下害虫和水稻切叶野螟、斜纹夜蛾、淡剑袭夜蛾等地面害虫对草坪造成严重危害。果岭草坪上的主要虫害是氮甲和蛴螬;发球台草坪的主要虫害有蝼蛄、蛴螬以及地上害虫;球道和高草区草坪上的主要虫害有蛴螬、蝼蛄、水稻切叶野螟、淡剑袭夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾等。掌握各功能区主要害虫的数量消长情况,可对高尔夫球场各功能区虫害提出更有针对性的防治方法,从而减少害虫对高尔夫球场的危害。