H2O2、NO和Ca2+参与疫病菌激发子PB90诱导烟草气孔的关闭

 本文研究了过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、一氧化氮(NO)和Ca²⁺在棉疫病菌激发子PB90诱导烟草气孔运动中的作用。1 nmol/L激发子PB90可诱导野生型烟草Bel-W3气孔关闭,且在相同条件下该激发子诱导反义抑制抗坏血酸过氧化物酶anti-APX烟草气孔关闭的孔径比野生型的更小;进一步药理学证明,抗氧化剂DTT和NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI(diphenylene iodonium)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂L-NAME、Ca²⁺螯合剂EGTA和Ca²⁺信号途径中CaMPK Ⅱ的竞争抑制剂KN93与磷脂酶C抑制剂U73122都能抵消PB90诱导气孔关闭的效应。推测该激发子PB90通过NADPH氧化酶途径形成H₂O₂、NOS途径形成NO和Ca²⁺信号途径进而诱导气孔关闭。表明H₂O₂、NO、Ca²⁺在激发子PB90诱导气孔关闭信号传递中作为第二信使起着重要的作用。     

棉疫病菌90kD胞外蛋白激发子诱导烟草过敏性反应的研究

 就棉疫病菌90 kD胞外蛋白激发子诱导烟草过敏反应(HR)过程中细胞死亡和防卫反应酶系活性变化及病程相关蛋白PR5的诱导进行研究。结果是,以10 nmol/L激发子溶液注射处理W38烟草叶片,HR枯斑周围5 mm宽组织在UV光下呈现蓝色荧光,对处理部位进行Evans blue染色测定结果是至20 h处理部位细胞全部死亡;激发子可诱导烟草防卫反应中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性提高;可快速诱导PR5基因的转录。上述结果表明90 kD蛋白激发子可诱发烟草的细胞死亡、苯丙烷代谢和PR基因的表达等多条信号途径。     

棉疫病菌90kD胞外蛋白激发子生物活性与稳定性研究

 对棉疫病菌(Phytophthora boehmeriae Saw.)90 kD胞外蛋白激发子的生物活性与稳定性进行了研究。用不同浓度的激发子处理烟叶测定其诱发过敏反应的有效浓度,结果是所测定的0.5~100 nmol/L各浓度均可诱发过敏反应,但100 pmol/L不能诱发过敏反应,表明该激发子诱导烟草产生过敏反应的最低有效浓度在100 pmol/L~0.5 nmol/L之间。该激发子可诱导不同烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)品种产生过敏反应,但不能诱导辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)和茄子(Solanum melongena L.)等茄科作物及棉花(Gossypium arboreum Linn.)发生过敏反应,初步表明该激发子诱导植物发生过敏反应具有一定的专化性。以10 nmol/L激发子溶液处理烟叶后分别于第0、24、48和72 h接种烟草疫霉(Phytophthora nicotianae),结果证明该激发子可以诱导烟草产生抗性反应,其抗性以处理后立即接种烟草疫霉为最强,接种后48h防效达68%,以后随时间的延长逐渐减弱。激发子分别经p H值2~14的水溶液25℃处理30 min,或分别经4、25、60和100℃处理5 min仍能诱发过敏反应,但是经蛋白酶K处理后不能诱发过敏反应。表明该激发子对酸、碱和温度不敏感,但对蛋白酶K敏感。     

苎麻疫霉对棉苗致病力的遗传与变异研究

 以分离自江苏省棉铃疫病病组织的苎麻疫霉(Phytophthora boehmeriae Sawada)野生型菌株JS-5为亲本,采用菌丝块创伤接种法测定了苎麻疫霉对棉苗致病力在游动孢子无性系和卵孢子后代的遗传。结果表明,苎麻疫霉对棉苗的致病力在单游动孢子无性系连续两代稳定遗传,而在单卵孢第1代(OG₁)则发生连续性变异。从OG₁中选致病力强、弱2个单卵孢株为亲本,分别建立单卵孢第2代(OG₂)和单游动孢子无性系,并测定其对棉苗的致病力。结果为上述2个单卵孢株的游动孢子后代对棉苗的致病力均与其各自亲本相似,而在它们的单卵孢株群体(即OG₂)中对棉苗的致病力继续发生复杂的连续性变异。上述结果表明,苎麻疫霉对棉苗的致病力可能由细胞核杂合多基因控制。     

用纤维素膜技术研究致病疫霉侵入前与植物相互作用的新方法

 纤维素膜置于不同植物组织表面,在膜上接种致病疫霉游动孢子,观察游动孢子的静止、萌发、附着胞形成及侵入。发现不同植物对致病疫霉游动孢子静止的影响无显著差异,但对游动孢子萌发、附着胞形成、侵入的影响不同,表现出不同的相互作用。马铃薯块茎和叶片对孢子萌发、附着胞形成及侵入均有明显的促进作用;日本桔果实等只对孢子萌发有促进作用,对附着胞形成、侵入无明显影响;而洋葱鳞茎和葱茎,即使在有马铃薯组织存在下也明显抑制孢子萌发和附着胞形成。纤维素膜技术是研究致病疫霉侵入前与植物相互作用的有效方法。     

几株拮抗细菌抑制致病疫霉孢子萌发的比较研究

前期试验中发现芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)WL1和WL2等6株细菌的菌液对致病疫霉菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,且其中WL1、WL2和M15菌株无菌体发酵液对致病疫霉的抑制作用也较强。为深入了解其抑制作用,以筛选出对马铃薯晚疫病更具生防潜力的菌株,本试验比较了这6株菌株的菌液和其中3株菌株的发酵液对致病疫霉游动孢子释放、游动孢子萌发和孢子囊直接萌发的抑制效果以及菌液在马铃薯离体叶片上病害的预防效果。结果显示,对游动孢子释放、游动孢子萌发和孢子囊直接萌发的抑制作用以WL2菌株最强,在最低菌液浓度(1×10~4 cfu/m L)下,病菌萌发率及释放率均在36%以下,显著低于对照(47%以上);菌液处理不同时间后,对游动孢子释放、游动孢子萌发和孢子囊直接萌发的综合抑制作用仍以WL2菌株最强,处理18 h后其抑制强度保持不变,其次是M15菌株,对孢子释放和游动孢子萌发的抑制作用也不随处理时间延长而明显下降;发酵液抑制不同时间后,也以WL2的抑制作用最强,抑制游动孢子释放、游动孢子萌发和孢子囊直接萌发所需时间仅为1.0~1.5 h,而WL1和M15则需处理2.0 h或2.5 h以上。预防效果也显示,经WL2菌液处理后的马铃薯离体叶片病情指数最低(14.4),相对保护率达到81.2%。     

木霉对烟草黑胫病菌的拮抗机制

采用平板对峙法、水解酶平板活性测定、圆孔滤液法与游动孢子萌发检测、挥发性抑菌物检测等方法探讨木霉生防菌株对烟草疫霉Phytophthora nicotianae Brada de Hann的拮抗作用机制。结果表明,TR13、TR14、TR17对烟草疫霉有竞争、重寄生和抗生作用,但不同木霉菌株对烟草疫霉的拮抗作用有所不同,TR13、TR14的竞争作用较强;水解酶平板活性测定表明,3个木霉菌株均产生β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶,两种酶均参与烟草疫霉细胞壁的消解,以TR13与TR14酶的活性较高;3个菌株均产生非挥发性抗生素抑制烟草疫霉菌孢子萌发,但对疫霉菌菌丝的生长影响不大;TR13、TR14几乎不产生挥发性抗生素,TR17则产生挥发性抗生素,明显抑制疫霉菌生长。     

三株昆虫病原线虫共生菌胞外产物的抑菌活性

采用生长速率法、孢子萌发法、活体组织法和盆栽试验对3株昆虫病原线虫共生菌胞外产物甲醇提取物的抑菌活性进行了系统研究.结果表明,3个菌株甲醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌的菌丝生长,对番茄灰霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌、稻瘟病菌、白菜黑斑病菌、杨树溃疡病菌、小麦根腐病菌的孢子萌发均有很强抑制作用.其中嗜线虫致病杆菌YL001菌株对辣椒疫霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,EC50为35.11mg/L;伯氏致病杆菌YL002菌株对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,EC50为 42.16mg/L;嗜线虫致病杆菌TB菌株对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,EC50为18.95mg/L.3个菌株甲醇提取物对玉米大斑病菌孢子萌发都有很强的抑制作用,EC50分别为28.03、36.77和26.40mg/L.3个菌株甲醇提取物在1000mg/L浓度下,对离体番茄果实灰霉病的治疗和保护效果均在70%以上;对盆栽番茄灰霉病和辣椒疫霉病的治疗和保护效果均在65%以上.     

非寄主和寄主种子分泌物对大豆疫霉活性的影响

为探寻非寄主和寄主种子分泌物中抗病信号分子,通过显微观察,采用菌丝生长速率法和离体接种法对不同种子分泌物处理后大豆疫霉Phytophthora sojae的游动孢子数、孢子囊数、游动孢子释放后残留的空囊数、成囊和未成囊的游动孢子数、萌发和未萌发的胞囊数、菌落直径、卵孢子数进行测量,并计算抑制率,明确非寄主菜豆和寄主大豆抗病品种、感病品种种子分泌物对大豆疫霉游动孢子趋化性、生长发育和侵袭力的影响。结果显示,非寄主菜豆种子分泌物不吸引大豆疫霉游动孢子,显著抑制大豆疫霉孢子囊形成、胞囊萌发和卵孢子产生,抑制率依次为97.3%、73.0%和17.5%,然后溶解胞囊,最终导致游动孢子对下胚轴侵袭力降低,抑制率为67.1%。寄主大豆种子分泌物能吸引大豆疫霉游动孢子,感病品种种子分泌物吸引力高于抗病品种。感病品种种子分泌物对大豆疫霉生长发育无显著影响,但促进大豆疫霉游动孢子侵袭力;抗病品种种子分泌物显著抑制大豆疫霉孢子囊形成、胞囊萌发和卵孢子产生,抑制率依次为86.6%、34.3%和12.8%,然后溶解胞囊,但作用强度小于非寄主菜豆种子分泌物,最终导致游动孢子对下胚轴的侵袭力降低,抑制率为24.2%。表明非寄主菜豆和寄主大豆抗病品种的种子分泌物对大豆疫霉有抑菌活性,大豆疫霉的非寄主和寄主抗病性与种子分泌物有关。     

四种作物根系分泌物对烟草疫霉的抑菌活性分析

通过分析玉米、大蒜、茴香和油菜4种作物根系分泌物对烟草疫霉的抑菌活性,发现这4种作物根系表现出很强的化感作用,根系分泌物能在短时间内迅速地杀死烟草疫霉的游动孢子,抑制其萌发。其中,玉米根系分泌物在最高浓度2.59mg/mL时,对疫霉休止孢萌发的抑制率高达100%;大蒜根系分泌物浓度为0.1 mg/mL时,20min内能完全抑制游动孢子的游动。分析4种作物根系对游动孢子的趋化作用发现,茴香、油菜对疫霉游动孢子的吸引活性最强,T0最高分别为76.3、68.7,玉米、大蒜次之。以上结果为建立"以生物多样性为基础,克服烟草土传病害连作障碍"的病害防治新模式提供有力的理论支撑。     

一种新的90 kD胞外蛋白激发子诱导烟草系统获得抗性研究

 就棉疫病菌(Phytophthora boehmeriae Saw.)培养滤液中提纯获得的90 kD胞外蛋白激发子诱发烟草系统获得抗性进行了研究。以10 nmol/L激发子溶液注射处理Samsun NN烟草叶片24 h后,在处理叶片及其上、下各2片叶片接种TMV,结果是处理叶及其上、下各2片叶片上的枯斑数显著少于对照,诱抗防效达40.9%~53.1%;接种TMV7d后处理叶片的枯斑平均直径为1.23mm,显著小于对照叶片上的枯斑直径2.97mm,但是处理叶片的上、下叶片上的枯斑平均直径与对照没有显著差别。以10 nmol/L激发子溶液注射处理Samsun NN烟草叶片分别立即接种或于1、2、4、7、15 d接种TMV,结果证明该激发子诱导烟草对TMV的抗性以处理后第1d至第4 d接种为较好,防效达30.2%~5 0.4%;处理后立即接种和第7d接种TMV诱抗防效仅4%左右,处理叶片上的枯斑数与对照没有显著差别,表明较强的诱导抗性可持续时间<7d。用不同浓度激发子处理烟叶,所测定的0.5~100 nmol/L各浓度均可显著地诱发烟草对TMV产生获得抗性,诱导抗性效果为34.9%~5 8.2%,诱导抗性效果随浓度的降低呈下降趋势。以10 nmol/L激发子溶液注射处理W38烟草叶片,2 d后分别注射接种烟草野火病菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv.tabaci)菌液或喷雾接种烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata)分生孢子,结果是,注射接种烟草野火病菌5d后处理叶片及其上、下叶片上的野火病病斑均显著小于对照;处理叶片上的赤星病病斑数及病斑面积明显小于对照,表明该激发子可诱导烟草对野火病和赤星病产生抗性。上述结果表明,90kD蛋白激发子诱导烟草产生的获得抗性是一种典型的系统获得抗性,该系统获得抗性对病原菌具广谱抗性。     

Participation of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri hrp cluster in citrus canker and nonhost plant responses

The participation of the Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri hypersensitive response and pathogenicity ( hrp ) cluster in interactions with host and nonhost plants was characterized in pathogenicity and avirulence models. The hrp cluster encodes the type III secretion system indispensable for trafficking of proteins to the plant cell. Mutations in operons hrpB and hrpD and the hrpF gene failed to produce canker in citrus plants or hypersensitive response in cotton plants. The interaction of the phytopathogen with various nonhost plants has been characterized . The results showed that the hypersensitive response is activated in leaves of cotton, bean, tobacco, tomato, pepper and Nicotiana benthamiana , and that genes present in operons hrpB and hrpD and the hrpF gene are required for pathogenicity in hosts and induction of the hypersensitive response in nonhost plants.     

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus Elicits a Hypersensitive Response in Tobacco and Secretes Hypersensitive Response-Inducing Protein(s)

ABSTRACT Strains of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, causal agent of bacterial ring rot of potato, showed marked differences in virulence on host plants. When infiltrated into tobacco leaves, virulent strains caused a rapid localized necrotic response (within 24 to 48 h) characteristic of the hypersensitive response (HR), whereas nonpathogenic strains did not. Concentrated cell-free culture supernatants (CCS) from virulent strains caused a necrotic reaction on tobacco, whereas CCS from nonpathogenic strains did not. The necrosis-inducing activity was heat stable and protease sensitive. Inhibitors of eukaryotic metabolism suppressed the necrotic reaction of tobacco to CCS. No necrotic response was observed when host plants were infiltrated with either cells or CCS from virulent strains. HR-inducing protein(s) from a virulent strain separated from the majority of other proteins on DEAE cellulose at 250 to 300 mM NaCl. Ammonium sulfate-precipitated proteins from a virulent strain produced a necrotic reaction at a total protein concentration of 18 mug/ml, whereas those from a nonpathogenic strain did not, even at a concentration of 180 mug/ml. We conclude that virulent strains of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus elicit a typical HR in tobacco and secrete proteinaceous elicitor(s) of the nonhost HR.     

异源Harpin对软腐欧氏杆菌与植物互作关系的影响

 本文通过三亲交配将带有梨火疫欧文氏杆菌功能完整的hrp基因簇的重组粘粒pCPP430转移到了胡萝卜软腐欧氏杆菌(Erwinia carotovora) Se9R中。从接合子中提纯的质粒与pCPP430的大小、酶切图谱相同;以该质粒为模板,用针对hrpN序列的引物经PCR扩增得到与hrpN大小相同的片段;用地高辛标记的hrpN作为探针进行Southern blotting分析,在接合子中的质粒上得到预期的杂交带。接合子可以在烟草叶片上稳定地引起过敏反应。另外,接合子可以在寄主马铃薯叶片上引起过敏反应样枯斑,表明异源harpin的表达及功能不受软腐菌的抑制。该接合子在体外产生的果胶酸裂解酶活性与受体菌Se9R无明显差别。低浓度的接合子在马铃薯块茎上的软腐症状明显低于受体菌Se9R。外源harpin表达可能不改变软腐欧氏杆菌的致病力、而是通过诱导马铃薯抗性达到减轻发病的作用。     

稻瘟病菌激发子诱导非寄主植物的抗病效果

 Hyphal cell wall crude elicitor(CWE)of rice blast pathogen could induce hypersensitive response in tobacco and induce other nonhost plants to be resistant to other fungal pathogens.When corn was treated with CWE,they inhibited the infection of Exserohilum turcicum and Curvularia lunata,and when plants of capsicum and cucumber were treated with CWE,they inhibited the infection of Colletotrichum gloeospori-oides.CWE solution showed no bioactivity on spore germination and hyphal growth of the experiment fungi in vitro.Nonhost resistance induced by CWE to other fungal pathogens was not complete resistance.The induced resistant effect(IRE) increased as CWE concentration increased,however,IRE had somehow satura-ted concentration of CWE.Induced nonhost resistance by incompatible pathogen was quantitative to other compatible pathogens.The induced resistance was best at 2 or 3 d after CWE treatment,and then decreased.IRE was about 20 percent in 10 d after CWE treatment.     

Flagellin from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci induced hrp-independent HR in tomato

We have previously shown that flagellin of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci is an elicitor that induces a hypersensitive reaction (HR) in nonhost tomato cells. Flagellin is the major HR elicitor produced by this pathogen, as shown by the inability of a flagellin-defective mutant, ΔfliC, to induce HR. Also, a ΔfliD mutant that secretes large amounts of monomer flagellins induces a strong HR in tomato. In this study, the possible involvement of an Hrp type III secretion system (TTSS) in flagellin-induced HR was investigated using flagella-defective mutants or Hrp TTSS-defective mutants. The hrcC gene encodes HrcC protein, which is required for Hrp pilus formation in the outer membrane. An hrcC mutation, introduced into the wild-type, ΔfliC, and ΔfliD mutants of P. syringae pv. tabaci did not affect swimming motility or flagellin secretion, whereas all ΔhrcC, ΔfliC, and ΔfliD mutants lost the ability to cause disease on host tobacco leaves. However, the ΔhrcC mutant and the ΔfliD/ΔhrcC double mutant were still able to induce HR cell death, expression of one of the defense-related genes hsr203J, and the generation of hydrogen peroxide in nonhost tomato cells. Thus, flagellin is required for both pathogenicity in host tobacco and HR in nonhost tomato. On the other hand, hrp TTSS is necessary for pathogenicity on host tobacco but is not indispensable to induce HR in nonhost tomato. These results clearly show that flagellin-induced HR is hrp-independent in tomato.The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession number AB049570     

棉铃疫病菌(Phytophthora boeh meriae)对甲霜灵的抗性遗传研究

 本文在实验室条件下,经药物直接诱变,筛选获得棉铃疫病菌(Phytophthora boehmeriae Sawada)抗甲霜灵突变株,研究了其抗药性性状的遗传。结果表明,棉铃疫病菌易对甲霜灵产生抗性,抗性菌株对甲霜灵的抗性水平可高达其敏感亲本的5161.3倍以上;部分抗性菌株的抗药性性状在无性及有性单孢后代均可稳定遗传,另有部分抗性菌株的抗性性状在无性单孢后代出现分离甚至完全丧失。初步认为,供试棉铃疫病菌对甲霜灵的抗性遗传可能与细胞质遗传因子有关