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灌区用水效率与效益评价——以天津市里自沽灌区为例 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
以天津市宝坻区里自沽大型灌区的基本资料为基础.选取灌溉水利用系数、渠系水利用系数、田间水利用系数、灌溉水生产效率、耕地有效灌溉率、节水灌溉工程面积率6个指标,构建了模糊综合评价模型,对影响灌区用水综合效益的因素进行了分析.结果表明,2004-2008年,里自沽大型灌区综合评价指数分别为3.299、3.423、3.624、3.679、3.687整体上呈现明显的上升趋势,其用水效率状况处于较好阶段.利用模糊综合评价法,对灌区用水效率与效益进行了评价.结果表明,工程状况与管理水平对于灌区用水系数的影响较显著.必须加大灌区节水改造以及灌区管理体制改革力度,进一步提高农业灌溉水的利用效率和效益,促进水资源的可持续发展. 相似文献
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根据北屯灌区基本资料,选取灌溉水利用系数、渠系水利用系数、田间水利用系数、灌溉水生产效率、耕地有效灌溉率和节水灌溉工程面积率6个指标,构建了模糊综合评价模型,对影响灌区用水综合效益的因素进行了分析.结果表明,工程状况与灌区节水灌溉的发展对灌区灌溉水利用效率的影响较为显著. 相似文献
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为了客观评价泾惠渠灌区节水改造环境效应及制定适宜的农业节水方案,寻求灌区地下水合理开发利用模式,综合应用GMS和ArcGIS软件建立了灌区地下水分布式模型,结合灌区渠系衬砌、田间节水及农业种植结构的实际情况设置8种真实情景和假定情景分析了灌区节水改造对地下水空间分布的影响.结果表明:灌区田间节水工程可减少18.5%~33.4%的井灌水量,对缓解地下水位下降效果尤为明显;灌区渠系节水工程使渠系水利用系数增加16.9%,减少地下水开采的作用次之;灌区泾阳、杨府、楼底、张卜等地区农业种植结构与水土资源空间布局匹配不合理抵消了节水改造对地下水位下降的部分抑制作用,地下水降落漏斗呈扩大趋势.建议进行地下水人工调蓄、完善地下水取水许可制度、加大田间节水力度、合理调整农业种植结构,实现灌区水资源高效持续利用及节水农业可持续发展. 相似文献
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本文主要适应渠系建筑物、渠道工程老化、损坏这一严重问题的现实需要,运用层次分析法的基本原理,提出一种对工程老化、损坏程度进行评价和分级的方法,包括建筑物(或渠道)老化损坏程度,老化建筑物修复及全灌区工程老化状况和修复等三个评价分析模型。 相似文献
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船行灌区现行的渠系工作制度不合理,导致干渠流量不稳定和渠系水利用系数较低的问题.以西干渠输水系统为例,考虑不同时刻上级渠道配水流量波动最小和渠系渗漏损失最小这2个目标,以灌水连续性、配水量、流量以及灌溉可供水量为约束条件,建立了渠系工作制度多目标优化模型,采用非线性多目标遗传算法进行优化求解.结果表明,渠系工作制度多目标遗传算法优化模型适用于解决灌区渠系工作制度优化的问题,实行优化后的渠系工作制度可有效减少渠系渗漏损失、运行时间和流量波动. 相似文献
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灌区渠道在布线时应尽量减少弯道,但是由于受地形等条件的限制,不可避免地存在弯道,且弯道弯曲程度大,因而使渠道水流在弯道处发生流态改变,形成弯道急流或弯道缓流而冲刷或淤积渠道,影响渠道的安全运行及使用寿命,在填方渠道影响尤为明显.通过对渠道弯道部位病害形式分析,总结多年工作经验,结合水力学原理,提出对弯道部位采取渠底超高法、复曲线法等措施消除或减弱冲击波,以改善弯道水流条件;或采用加高培厚渠堤、垫层法、夯实法等传统施工补强法提高渠道强度,以减少或消除水流对渠道的损害,改善渠道的运行条件,延长渠道及渠系建筑物的使用寿命. 相似文献
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《Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research》1998,69(3):249-254
A model to represent the discolouration of dried powder of carrots as a function of temperature was developed. Two types of carrots, Asian and European, containing large amount of lycopene and β-carotene, respectively, were tested. The dried powder was stored under an atmosphere with O2and at three different temperatures, 5,20 and 35°C. The surface colour of the powder was monitored during storage by a Hunter colour ratioa/b. In the proposed model, the rate of oxidation was assumed to be represented by the product of the fraction of concentration of oxidized pigment at arbitrary time and a specific rate of oxidation of pigment. The rate parameters in the proposed model were calculated by fitting the experimental data with smooth curves by trial and error at the end of the induction period but before discolouration took place. The frequency constant and activation energy, expressing the temperature dependence of the rate parameters, were expressed by the Arrhenius relation. The simulation results of a Hunter colour ratioa/bof dried powder at 25°C showed good agreement with the experimental data, suggesting that the proposed model was effective for the prediction of discolouration of dried powder of both types of carrot. The use of the induction period in the manner described may enable the shelf life of dried powder to be predicted. 相似文献
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感官检验棉花的品级,这是农村常见的一种检测手段.它的一个主要特点就是存在不确定性.这是由于检验员的品级检验水平存在一定的差异,其中有很多因素制约着检验的结果.文章对影响感官检验结果的因素进行了系统的分析. 相似文献
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The fractional outflow rate of water from the rumen, measured as the rate of disappearance of the chromium complex of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, was related to a number of dietary factors. A multiple regression equation was derived which expressed fractional outflow rate as a function of the intakes of dry matter, ash, acid-detergent fibre and crude protein.The data analysed consisted of 243 observations for sheep on 59 diets, including forage, concentrate and mixed diets. The ranges covered by the data were: fractional outflow rate 0.7–3.6 day?1; dry matter intake 560–1400g/day; ash 4–30%, acid-detergent fibre 7–41%, crude protein 5–26 % of dry matter; there were no observations for sheep of less than 34 kg liveweight.The equation accounted for 56·3 % of the total variance. Between-sheep variance could not be calculated for the whole of the data but was undoubtedly substantial since, for a sixth of the data, it was known to account for 38 % of the total variance. 相似文献
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从灾害经济学的角度探讨了城镇供水优化调度的必要性和可能性,认为在缺水不可避免的情况下,对供水进行优化调度可以减小缺水带来的损失,产生较好的减灾效益,特别是可以大大减小严重干旱的灾害效应。并根据水资源的特性,提出了缺水损失的计算模式以及优化调度的原则和方法。 相似文献