迎茬夏大豆荚而不实发生规律及预防措施

在黄淮平原一年两熟的耕作制度下,夏大豆迎茬1~4年,单株空荚发生率增加8.8~35.3个百分点;大豆减产12.1%~44.9%;迎茬年限与单株空荚发生率呈极显著正相关,r＝0.9895※※;单株空荚发生率与产量呈极显著负相关,r＝-0.9945**。夏大豆迎茬每增加1年,单株空荚发生率约增加8.8%;单株空荚率每增加1%,大豆约减产43.6kg/hm2。迎茬造成大豆荚而不实和减产的生理生态效应为：株高降低,有效分枝、单株荚数及粒重减少,百粒重降低;土壤微生物区系发生不良变化,根腐病、霜霉病及灰斑病等真菌性病害发生程度加重;土壤速效性磷、钾、硼等大量、微量营养元素含量明显亏缺;根系生长受阻,根系活力下降。预防迎茬大豆荚而不实的措施有：合理轮作倒茬;选用耐迎茬商豆1099等优良大豆品种;氮磷钾硼肥平衡施用;应用植物生长调节剂;防治病虫害等     

大豆品系在黄淮南部主产区产量及品质性状分析

为了筛选适宜黄淮南部大豆产区种植的大豆品种,于2011年和2012年对河南、安徽和江苏3省5个试验点测试的107份大豆品系的产量、品质及其他相关性状的数据进行收集、统计和分析。结果表明：测试大豆品系的平均产量为2601.73 kg/hm2,与对照‘中黄13’相比,共有48份大豆品系表现增产,占总数的44.86%;各试验点的大豆平均蛋白质含量总体较高,而且蛋脂双高的品种比例在各试验点均在70%以上。相关性分析表明,产量与品质性状有着极显著的负相关,与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和蛋脂总量的相关系数分别为-0.27、-0.23和-0.48;与有效分枝、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重呈极显著正相关(r=0.41,r=0.48,r=0.59,r=0.64)。偏相关分析也表明,大豆的产量与单株粒数呈极显著正相关性,且单株粒数是对大豆产量影响最大的性状;通径分析显示,该性状对产量的通径系数最大。蛋脂总量与株高、百粒重呈显著正相关(r=0.20,r=0.23),与有效分枝呈显著负相关(r=-0.19),与单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重呈极显著负相关(r=-0.29,r=-0.44,r=-0.37)。生产中,在提高大豆产量和品质的同时,应考虑到大豆各农艺性状之间存在着相互影响,在育种时应注意各性状之间的平衡。     

水稻根和籽粒细胞分裂素和脱落酸浓度与籽粒灌浆及蒸煮品质的关系

以10个不同基因型水稻品种和杂交稻组合为材料，分析了结实期水稻根系和籽粒细胞分裂素和脱落酸（ABA）浓度的变化及其与籽粒灌浆速率和稻米蒸煮品质的关系。结果表明，灌浆早期(花后0～12 d)根和籽粒玉米素＋玉米素核苷（Z＋ZR）浓度以及灌浆中期（花后13～26 d）根和籽粒ABA浓度与籽粒起始生长势、平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率、糙米重呈显著或极显著正相关（r＝0.726* ~ 0.984**），与活跃灌浆期呈显著或极显著负相关(r＝－0.749* ~ －0.834**)。灌浆中、后期（花后27~40 d）根和籽粒Z＋ZR浓度与活跃灌浆期呈显著或极显著正相关(r＝0.689* ~ 0.932**)，但灌浆后期Z＋ZR浓度与灌浆速率呈极显著负相关(r＝－0.826** ~ －0.927**)。灌浆中期和后期根和籽粒Z＋ZR浓度与胶稠度及碱化值呈显著或极显著正相关（r＝0.722* ~ 0.896**），与直链淀粉含量呈显著或极显著负相关（r＝－0.633* ~－0.778**）。灌浆中期根和籽粒ABA浓度与胶稠度及碱化值呈极显著负相关（r＝－0.883** ~ －0.913**），与直链淀粉含量呈显著或极显著正相关（r＝0.803** ~ 0.871**）。不同灌浆期ZR或ABA处理对籽粒灌浆、稻米胶稠度和直链淀粉含量的影响，与内源激素同灌浆特征参数和稻米蒸煮品质指标的关系基本吻合。表明根和籽粒细胞分裂素和ABA对籽粒灌浆和稻米蒸煮品质起调控作用，其调控的正、负效应取决于灌浆的时期。     

春大豆主要农艺性状方差分析及相关分析的研究

对引进的9份大豆优良种的11个主要农艺性状进行方差分析，对15个主要农艺性状进行相关分析，研究结果表明：（1）主要农艺性状中的茎粗、单株粒重经方差分析达显著水平，株高、底荚高度、主茎节数、主茎分枝数、单株总荚数、秕荚数、每荚粒数、百粒重等性状经方差分析达极显著水平；（2）主要农艺性状的变异系数大小依次为秕荚数、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株产量、底荚高度、每荚粒数、百粒重、株高、茎粗、产量、主茎节数、出苗至开花、开花至成熟、生育期；（3）产量与生育期、秕荚数呈显著正相关，与株高、底荚高度、主茎分枝数、单株产量、每荚粒数、百粒重、开花至成熟的天数呈正相关，与茎粗、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数、出苗至开花的天数呈负相关。因此，要增加产量，首先应考虑百粒重大、单株生产力潜力大的品种，其次考虑底荚高度较低，每荚粒数较多的品种。     

夏大豆秕荚形成原因及综合预防措施

大豆秕荚是大豆植株在形成荚果的过程中，籽粒不能正常形成，或外壳不能正常鼓起，产生荚果空秕的现象。据调查，夏大豆有5％～25％的荚果因多种原因籽粒鼓不起来，形成秕荚。大豆秕荚现象日趋严重，已成为制约大豆持续高产、保持高品质的一大障碍。如何减少夏大豆秕荚，是当前大豆生产需要研究解决的问题。     

糯玉米颖果的发育及营养品质分析

为明确糯玉米颖果的发育规律,采用常规测定方法研究了糯玉米颖果的鲜重、干重变化及其淀粉、蛋白质、可溶性糖、脂肪的积累动态,借助扫描电镜观察了淀粉粒的发育。鲜食糯玉米最适宜的采收期为授粉后25~30 d;颖果中的淀粉含量前期增加较快,授粉20 d后增加缓慢;蛋白质含量先急剧降低后缓慢增加;可溶性糖含量先升高后降低;脂肪含量总体上呈上升趋势。籽粒鲜重与淀粉含量和蛋白质含量分别呈极显著正相关（r=0.915**）和负相关（r=-0.961**）,淀粉含量与蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关（r=-0.985**）。角质胚乳淀粉粒排列紧密,积压呈“足球状”;粉质胚乳淀粉粒排列疏松,呈多面体状。     

大豆食心虫成虫产卵对寄主豆荚特征的选择性

为明确大豆品种对大豆食心虫成虫产卵选择的抗性机制,以4个不同抗性水平的大豆品种(系)为材料进行大豆食心虫成虫产卵选择性试验,研究分析豆荚株位、豆荚大小、荚毛长度、荚毛密度、荚毛颜色等特征性状与成虫着卵量的关系。结果表明,在相同环境条件下,品种间着卵量存在显著差异,在豆株上大豆食心虫成虫喜于中、下部豆荚上产卵;着卵量与豆荚大小呈显著正相关,模型为y_(荚长)=3.1642/1+EXP(33.2713-13.3663x)(F=20.120,P=0.010,R=0.550),且成虫更喜欢在3~5 cm长的豆荚产卵;着卵量与荚毛长度呈显著负相关,模型为y_(毛长)=1356.4635/1+EXP(3.3949+1.2865x)(F=170.235,P=0.000,R=-0.915);与荚毛密度呈正相关,模型为y_(密度)=1/0.278769+2379750.0228EXP(-x)(F=91.518,P=0.134,R=0.656)。在同样大小的豆荚上成虫产卵更青睐于荚毛短、密度大的大豆品种。可见,豆荚荚毛长度、密度等品种特征影响其对大豆食心虫产卵选择抗性的水平,而大豆播种期和品种生育期的不同可能导致其结荚鼓粒期与大豆食心虫成虫盛发期的吻合程度,亦可显著影响其田间落卵量。     

黄淮海夏大豆品种（系)主要农艺性状的综合性分析

以2018年黄淮海区试60个夏大豆参试品种（系）为材料,对12个主要农艺性状进行综合性分析。统计分析结果显示: 中组平均产量最高,南组平均粗蛋白含量最高;有效分枝数的变异系数最高,生育期的变异系数最低。相关性分析结果显示: 产量与单株有效荚数、单株粒数呈显著正相关,与单株粒重呈极显著正相关,与主茎节数呈显著负相关;百粒重与株高、主茎节数呈显著负相关,与单株有效荚数、单株粒数呈极显著负相关;粗蛋白含量与粗脂肪含量呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果显示: 12个主要农艺性状被提取到4个主成分,累计贡献率达76.78%。聚类分析结果显示: 60个品种（系）被分为2大类,每类又分为2个亚群,但60个品种（系）未按照北组、中组和南组的地域而区分开,说明黄淮海区域大豆品种（系）遗传背景相似。     

重庆市黄壤硼的有效性及影响因素分析

硼是烟株正常生长发育所必需的微量元素,重庆黄壤地区烟草种植面积大,但硼素含量较低,成为这一地区作物生长的主要限制性因子之一。笔者通过调查取样对重庆市黄壤硼的含量进行测定并分析了缺硼的程度,对其影响因素进行了相关性分析,研究结果表明：重庆市黄壤有效硼的平均含量为0.39±0.27mg/kg,其中近80%的土壤样品有效硼含量低于0.5mg/kg,属于低硼或缺硼土壤,还有17.44%的土壤样品有效硼含量低于0.2mg/kg,属于极度缺硼的土壤;而有效硼含量的分布频率比较分散,变幅较大,从0.07mg/kg~1.99mg/kg,变异系数达到69.41%,不同生态类型区土壤有效硼含量的差异十分明显;而相关性分析结果表明：土壤有效硼与土壤pH值(r=0.181** n=281)和CEC（r=0.124** n=281)呈正相关,在有机质含量较高的条件下与其相关性也较为显著（r=0.347** n=90),而土壤质地以及气候也对重庆市黄壤硼的有效性有很大的影响     

施肥对菜用大豆和普通大豆产量的影响

本研究采用4个菜用大豆品种和2个普通大豆品种,研究了磷酸二铵施肥量对产量的影响,结果表明:用磷酸二铵做底肥对不同类型大豆品种单株荚重、百粒重影响不大.施肥有利于增加二粒荚和三粒荚所占的比例,提高菜用大豆的外观品质.施肥处理对不同类型大豆品种的籽粒产量没有显著影响,但品种问差异达极显著水平,菜用大豆中沈农引132的籽粒产量最高,沈农引122的产量最低.本研究所采用的菜用大豆品种中只有沈农引132的籽粒产量超过了普通大豆的籽粒产量,说明菜用大豆籽粒产量有很大的改良潜力.     

黑龙江省中熟大豆品种主要农艺性状演变趋势分析

黑龙江省近20年来中熟大豆品种遗传改进的明显趋势是株高、有效节数、一二粒荚数、三四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数和单株粒重增加,底荚高度略有增加。分枝数、蛋白质含量呈现先增后减的趋势．脂肪含量呈现先减后增的趋势,百粒重变化不大。株高、有效节数、三四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重与单株粒重呈显著或极显著的正相关。各性状对单株粒重的贡献大小依次为单株粒数、单株荚数、三四粒荚数、株高、有效节数、百粒重。提高单株粒数、单株荚数、三四粒荚数．兼顾株高、有效节数、百粒重是该区大豆育种的主攻方向。     

Senescence and its Role in Soybean Productivity

Chemical manipulation was able to induce higher productivity in soybean through improved dry matter accumulation, increased source activity, retarding leaf senescence and yield components. The senescence percentage was negatively correlated with yield (r =−0.7669**) while the source activity was positively associated (r =+0.9167**). All the yield components had significant positive correlation with yield. The low cost urea and coconut water, foliar feeding at peak flowering and late grain filling stages improved the productivity in soybean. The maximum beneficial effect of foliar feeding was noticed in the soil where the absence of native nodulation was observed.     

Effect of Intercropping on the Yield Components of Rice, Mungbean, Soybean, Peanut and Blackgram

An experiment with sixteen cropping systems (pure and intercroppings) was conducted during the kharif season of 1985 and 1986. The sixteen cropping systems were: sole rice, sole mungbean, sole soybean, sole peanut, sole blackgram, rice + mungbean (2:1), rice + mungbean (4:1), rice + mungbean deferred (2:1), rice + soybean (2:1), rice + soybean (4 : 1), rice + soybean deferred (2 : 1), rice + peanut (2:1), rice + peanut (4 : 1), rice + blackgram (2:1), rice + blackgram (4:1) and rice + blackgram deferred (2:1). Sole crop of rice always recorded higher number of effective tillers/m², however, it was observed that legumes had an influence on the number of filled grains per panicle and thousand grain weight of rice in rice + legume combinations. Among legumes, pure crops of soybean and peanut always gave rise to increased number of yield components than the other crops grown in association with rice. In case of mungbean, number of pods per plant and thousand seed weight was higher in pure crops though number of seeds per pod was more with rice + mungbean combination. Deferred sown blackgram in association with rice yielded greater number of seeds per pod and thousand seed weight though sole crop of blackgram significantly produced higher number of pods per plant.     

Reproductive response of two morphologically different pea cultivars to drought

Water use by semi-leafless peas (Pisum sativum L.) is usually less than that of conventional peas because of their reduced surface leaf area, suggesting that semi-leafless peas would be less sensitive to drought because drought develops later. This work aimed to study the reproductive response of peas cv. Solara (semi-leafless) and cv. Frilene (conventional) subjected to similar controlled soil drought during the critical period occurring between flowering and initial seed filling. Plants were subjected to drought by watering with a fraction of water used in the evapotranspiration of control plants. Soil, pod and seed water contents, leaf water status parameters, dry matter (DM) partitioning, seed yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured. Although soil water content decreased in a similar way in both cultivars, leaf Ψ_w and RWC only decreased significantly in Solara. Well-watered Frilene plants produced higher shoot and pod DM, but lower seed DM. Well-watered Solara plants produced lower pod DM and higher seed DM than Frilene. Under drought, Frilene increased partitioning of total plant DM to vegetative organs, particularly roots, and decreased DM allocation to pods and seeds increasing flower abortion. By contrast, droughted Solara interrupted vegetative growth and increased leaf senescence but maintained similar partitioning of total plant DM to pods and seeds as in well-watered conditions. For both cultivars there was a close relationship between the percentage of total DM partitioned into seeds and WUE_y (water use efficiency on seed yield basis). Results demonstrate that when plants suffered the same level of drought in the soil, the reproductive response of the two cultivars was linked to differences in their WUE.     

植物生长调节剂对减轻夏大豆发生荚而不实的效应

在产量水平为2400kg/hm2左右的豫东平原夏大豆产区，应用784-1、烯效唑、增产灵、亚硫酸氢钠、ABT生根粉5号及三十烷醇等6种植物生长调节剂，大豆单株空荚发生率相对降低7.7%~45.6%，单株粒重提高1.2~2.7g；既有效减少大豆荚而不实又显著增产的植物生长调节剂为三十烷醇、784-1和ABT生根粉5号。这3种调节剂减轻荚而不实并显著增产的生理生化生态效应为：根系健壮发达，根系吸收力增强；根瘤数量增加，硝酸还原酶活性和固氮酶活性分别提高66.2%~89.3%和29.0%~39.9%；叶片叶绿素含量提高2.81~3.08mg/g，光合速率（CO2）增强25.2~27.3 mg/(dm2·h)，大豆增产12.3%~14.7%。     

间作对大豆荚粒性状及种子脂肪酸组分的影响

间作大豆，五种荚粒性状的均数都小于各自的对照（单作），且差异都达到极显著水平（ｔ＝－３．６６７－＾＊＊＿４．７６＾＊＊），按下降幅度排列依次为：单株粒重－粒茎比－单株粒数－单株荚数－百粒重。除百粒重外，其余四性状相互音 高度显著正相关，（ｒ＝０．７４３＾＊＊－０．９５７＾＊＊），但偏相关分析，百粒重分别与粒数和粒茎比 ，那么对单株产量的相关也可达显著以上水平。     

Contribution of incident solar radiation on leaves and pods to soybean seed weight and composition

The weight and composition of soybean seeds (Glycine Max L. Merrill) depend on changes in carbon and nitrogen assimilate supply during grain filling. Soybean pods and seeds are green, evidencing their capacity to capture light. However, the current physiological knowledge does not consider any effect of incident solar radiation reaching the pods on seed weight and composition. The objective of this work was to investigate the response of seed weight and composition to changes in assimilate supply from leaves, to the incident solar radiation reaching the pods and to the combination of both, changes in assimilate supply from the leaves and incident solar radiation on pods of soybean plants. Field experiments were performed during two growing seasons at Balcarce, Argentina. Treatments modified the amount of assimilates supplied by the leaves (plant shading, defoliation), the solar radiation reaching the pods (pod shading) or both (defoliation and pod shading) during seed filling. Plant shading and defoliation reduced seed weight, oil concentration and oil and protein content and increased the concentration of saturated and poli-unsaturated fatty acids while reduced oleic acid percentage. Pod shading increased the concentration of stearic acid and reduced the concentration of linolenic acid. When pods were shaded on defoliated plants, seed weight and oil and protein content decreased while fatty acid composition was similar to values obtained under defoliation treatment. Based on these results, a conceptual model that considers photoheterotrophic nature of reproductive structures of soybean is proposed. Seed weight, oil and protein content and oil fatty acid composition depended on assimilate availability for the seeds. The response of oil and protein content to assimilate supply depended on whether leaves were present or not. The effect of solar radiation incident on pods depended on the amount of assimilates available for the seeds: (i) when carbon allocated was low (defoliation treatments), pods contributed to seed carbon economy but solar radiation incident on them did not affect fatty acid composition; (ii) when carbon allocated to the seeds was high (intact plants), contribution of pods to seed carbon economy was not significant, but the amount of solar radiation incident on pods produced significant changes in fatty acid composition.     

甘蓝型杂交油菜主花序长度与植株性状的相关分析

为研究甘蓝型杂交油菜主花序长度与植株性状间的相关关系,以649 个甘蓝型杂交油菜组合进行田间试验、室内考种及相关分析。结果表明：甘蓝型杂交油菜主花序长度平均为45.67 cm,变幅范围为(28.00~66.65 cm),且长主花序材料很少;主花序长度的变异系数较小,遗传力较高,不易受坏境条件的影响,适合早代选择;主花序长度与株高(r=0.8262)、主花序角果数(r=0.7804)、单株角果数(r=0.7466)、一次分枝数(r=0.4680)、主花序角果长度(r=0.3164)、角粒数(r=0.2322)均呈极显著正相关,主花序长度与有效分枝位及千粒重呈不显著正相关,单株产量与单株角果数、主花序角果数、主花序长度、株高、一次分枝数均呈极显著正相关,主花序角果长度与角粒数、千粒重呈极显著正相关;利用相关性分析可知,选育长主花序的材料,能有效提高株高、主花序角果数、单株角果数、一次分枝数、主花序角果长度、角粒数,从而达到提高油菜产量的目的。结合当前直播或机播油菜高密植生产要求,应当选育主序长、主花 序角果数多、角果较长、单株产量高的材料。     

甘蓝型杂交油菜角果长度与产量构成因素的相关分析

[目的]为了研究甘蓝型杂交油菜角果长度与产量构成因素的相关关系,[方法]试验以649个甘蓝型杂交油菜组合进行田间试验、室内考种及相关分析。[结果]结果表明：甘蓝型杂交油菜角果长度平均为6.4596cm,变幅范围4.7184-8.6463cm,角果长度在5~7cm之间的材料占总数比例的96.76%,而平均角果长度≥8cm的材料只占群体比例的1.54%,小于5cm的材料也只占群体比例的1.70%,说明油菜长角果与短角果材料都较少。角果长度与千粒重(r=0.3815)、角粒数(r=0.4324)及单株产量(r=0.2347)呈极显著正相关,角果长度与单株角果数(r=0.0076)呈不显著正相关,说明在选育长角果材料的同时不仅可以提高千粒重、角粒数及单株产量,而且不会降低单株角果数。[结论]由此可知,提高油菜的角果长度,有利于提高油菜产量。