膜分离技术在乳品工业中的应用

介绍了膜分离技术在乳品工业中的应用范围,同时从理论上阐述了膜分离技术微滤、超滤、纳滤与反渗透在乳品除菌、乳蛋白质的分离浓缩、分离脂肪、乳清脱盐、牛奶浓缩、乳品标准化,以及乳品生产企业废水回收等方面的应用。     

掺入工业废料的改性生土材料抗压试验

为合理利用废弃材料改善生土材料力学性能,通过在素土中掺入糯米浆、废玻璃渣和橡胶,形成改性土体材料,设计5种配合比方案,制作Φ102 mm×116 mm圆柱体试块。通过对其进行轴心抗压强度试验,对比不同配比试件的试验现象、抗压强度、变形能力、荷载位移曲线,分析不同掺合料的作用机理、研究不同掺料不同掺量对抗压强度的影响规律,提出了玻璃渣和橡胶掺量的合理范围。试验结果表明,在素土中掺入糯米浆能提高素土抗压强度,掺入糯米浆、玻璃渣和橡胶,可提高抗压强度和变形能力,但其抗压强度随玻璃渣和橡胶掺量的增多增至3.12 MPa后下降。     

Solid Waste Recycling Behavior of Industrial-Commercial -Institutional Establishments

This paper develops a model of the relationship between the solid waste recycling activities of industrial-commercial-institutional (ICI) firms and two sets of explanatory variables: characteristics of the firm and characteristics of the waste materials. The model is tested for six types of waste material (paper, paperboard, plastic, glass, wood, and metal) using logistic regression analysis and drawing on waste quantity and composition data collected from a sample of over 400 ICI firms in metropolitan Toronto. The percentage of firms recycling materials ranged from a high of 46 percent for paperboard to a low of 8 percent for plastics. In all of the models tested, quantity of waste material produced was found to be a significant explanatory variable in determining whether a firm will recycle that material. Other variables which were found to be significant in explaining recycling of some, but not all, material types were floor space of the firm, and type of economic activity. Despite theoretical support for its inclusion, employment was not found to be significant in any of the models.     

茶废弃物综合利用研究进展

中国是茶生产与消费大国,每年产生大量茶废弃物,既污染环境又造成生物资源的巨大浪费。笔者从利用途径的角度出发,简述了茶废弃物作为原料在提取活性成分以及制备茶渣吸附剂、活性炭、生物有机肥、动物饲料、食用菌培养料等方面的研究进展,并对茶废弃物综合利用的发展趋势进行了展望。笔者认为同时采用多种技术对茶废弃物进行综合利用可提升茶废弃物的利用效率、降低生产成本,最后提出了一种简单实用的综合利用方案,可为实际应用提供参考。     

农业废弃物与化肥减量配施对连作晚稻产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

为探究农业废弃物的氮肥替代能力及后效肥力,于早稻季进行4种等氮处理,即单施化肥（CK）、稻草+化肥（SF）、水葫芦+化肥（HF）和西兰花茎叶+化肥（BF）,以不施氮肥作对照（CK0）;晚稻季仅在SF、HF和BF处理小区内进行稻草还田。早稻以台早733、晚稻以中浙优8号和甬优1540为材料,考察不同处理对水稻产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,农业废弃物与化肥减量配施可提高氮肥利用率和水稻产量,SF、HF和BF处理的晚稻产量分别较CK处理提高5.3%、7.2%和7.6%,其周年产量分别提高-1.7%、3.5%和8.1%;并可改善晚稻的稻米加工品质、外观品质和食味品质,主要提高其糙米率、精米率和整精米率,降低垩白粒率、垩白度（中浙优8号）和蛋白质含量;提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,降低土壤容重,并缓解土壤酸化。综上,农业废弃物与化肥减量配施利于水稻高产稳产、改善稻米品质和提升土壤肥力,其中以BF处理效果最佳。     

Pretreatment of Coke Oven Waste Water with Blast Furnace Sludge Method and Blast Furnace Sludge Plus Scrap Iron Method

Coke oven waste water is respectively pretreated by blast furnace sludge method and blast furnace sludge plus iron scrap method, the effects of pH and the quantity of materials and treatment time on the removal efficiency of COD are analyzed. The results indicate that blast furnace sludge plus iron scrap method is superior to blast furnace sludge method .The treatment time and pH can greatly affect on the removal efficiency of COD using blast furnace sludge plus iron scrap method. The treatment time after 30 minutes and pH have no remarkable effects the removal efficiency of COD using blast furnace sludge method. The removal efficiency of COD increases with the increase of blast furnace sludge and iron scrap, but the increase rate decreases gradually.     

日光温室不同配方和工艺栽培大球盖菇的农艺性状分析

本文研究了利用北京平谷地区的桃木屑与玉米农业废弃物混合在日光温室栽培大球盖菇的最适配方和工艺。设置了3个工艺共6个配方,综合比对理化性状、子实体性状、平均产量、生物学效率等农艺性状指标。生料工艺在农艺性状与产量等方面均显著优于发酵料。发酵料+短时高温在产量与农艺性状等方面略优于发酵料。在生料工艺中,S-1（桃木屑、玉米芯）配方产量最高为11.97 kg/m²,其生物学效率99.75%,子实体性状优良。S-2（桃木屑、玉米秸秆）配方在菇形指数、单菇重等子实体性状方面最好,播种至出菇的时间较短,产量、生物学效率也较高。S-3（桃木屑、玉米秸秆和玉米芯）多原料混合有利于前期产量的形成,这3种配方的生料工艺栽培均适合在北京地区栽培大球盖菇。本文为推广栽培大球盖菇和消纳北京平谷地区的桃木屑资源提供了技术支撑。     

水稻氮肥精确后移及其机理

以早熟晚粳品种武运粳7号、武香粳14、常优1号为供试材料,通过搁田后一次性追肥试验来精确确定高产高效的氮肥后移施用叶龄期;在此基础之上,对氮肥精确后移施用模式进行了研究,并探讨了其高产高效机理。结果表明: (1)倒四、倒三叶是早熟晚粳稻最利于高产高效的追肥叶龄期。从产量构成因素看,倒四、倒三叶追肥群体穗数足、穗型大,群体颖花量高,且结实率与千粒重均可稳定在正常水平;从群体生长发育来看,倒四、倒三叶追肥群体茎蘖消长平缓,高峰苗适中,成穗率高(80%左右),生育中、后期氮肥累积量大,适宜叶面积指数高,群体光合势强,干物质积累多,最终产量高,氮素当季利用率亦高。(2)较之常规施氮模式,氮肥精确后移模式产量显著高,氮素当季利用率、生理利用率、施氮增产力以及表观生产力均显著高,百公斤籽粒需氮量则略低,在大面积生产上应用表现显著增产增效。其高产高效机理为,既能巩固穗数,又能有效控制无效(低效)分蘖,获取高成穗率,形成足量的群体有效穗数;既能攻取大穗,又能防止群体叶面积过度增长,于生育中期形成较高且适宜的叶面积指数与配置良好的冠层结构,具有较高粒叶比,使抽穗期群体干物质数量足且质量优;既能提高抽穗后群体干物质积累量,又能协调群体茎鞘物质输出与运转,以强源畅流促进群体库容的有效充实。     

谈茶树单株选种育种效率的提高

茶树为多年生经济作物。为了缩短育种年限,加快育种步伐,提高育种效率,主要从原始材料的采集,选繁结合,株行试验园、品比试验园和采穗母本园同步建立等几方面进行阐述,探求提高茶树育种效率的新途径。主要体会有：一是茶树原始材料的正确选择是提高单株选种工作效率和决定育种成功的关键;二是具备较全面的茶叶技术素质,有统筹全盘的工作计划;三是申报优良单株制度的建立;四是把选择、鉴定、繁育与推广紧密结合起来,实行边选择、边鉴定、边繁殖、边推广。     

不同基因型饲用甜菜生长动态研究

为解决畜草失衡,机械化、规模化发展饲用甜菜提供理论依据。对5个不同基因型饲用甜菜品种生长指标及根体产量和锤度进行动态研究,并对根体产量和锤度与8个主要指标进行灰色相关度分析。结果表明：叶柄厚度和产量是影响锤度的主导因素；株高和幼苗百株重是饲用甜菜产量的主导因素；叶片数作为饲用甜菜一项重要指标,他不仅影响根体锤度,也影响根体的产量。多倍体品种在改良饲用甜菜苗期抗逆性和提高根体含糖量过程中有很高的利用价值。‘饲用3号’综合指标表现较为突出,并且产量在参试品种中位居第一(12034.56 kg/亩),具有很高的推广价值。     

鱿鱼内脏的营养及其开发利用

按照国标方法,对鱿鱼内脏的营养成分进行检测。结果表明,鱿鱼内脏营养丰富,每100 g鱿鱼内脏中含脂肪21.15 g,蛋白质21.24 g,钙51.46 mg,铁609.07μg和磷95.88μg。此外,鱿鱼内脏消化液中还含有18种氨基酸(包括全部人体必需氨基酸),鱿鱼内脏油脂脂肪酸中含有10.58%的EPA和15.23%的DHA,非常值得研究开发与利用。     

简易物理措施处理养殖废水的效果分析

探求合理有效且低成本的废水处理措施,对于促进养殖业的可持续发展具有积极意义。本文分别采用沉淀法、过滤法、分离法处理养殖用水。结果表明,经沉淀12h、200目网筛过滤和细砂分离后,对COD、TSS、NH4-N、NO2-N和PO4-P的去除率分别为72.9%、91.6%、26.1%、30.3%和17.4%,说明该简易处理措施可较好的处理养殖用水。     

Parameters Measurements and Simulations of Vanadium Dioxide Coated Glass

Vanadium dioxide coated glass (VO2 glass) is a promising thermochromic energy-saving glass. Its film can change phase at a certain temperature from the semiconductor into a metallic state, accompanied by changes in optical properties. The VO2 glass can intelligently adjust the solar radiation from the sunlight for the room, to achieve energy efficiency of the building. Use the national standards of architectural glass measuring, measure the visible transmittance, solar direct transmittance rate, the phase transition temperature, the thermal parameters of the emission rate, the visible reflectivity of VO2 glass. Collect the current parameters of VO2 glass and compare and analysis them with common energy-saving glass. Conclusions are that the VO2 glass is superior to some common energy-saving glass, but slightly weaker than Low-E glass. The advantages of VO2 glass are its phase transition function, a very weak reflection, the weak points are its lighting performance, insulation performance, the transmittance change range before and after the phase transition is a narrow which is the direction of development and improvement in the future.     

空间统计分析在作物育种品系选择中的效果

为了研究空间统计分析法在作物育种田间试验品系选择中的效果,采用剩余误差空间相关线性混合模型对一个具有56个品系的小麦育种随机区组设计田间试验产量资料进行了空间统计分析。运用地理统计学中的半变异函数法确定剩余误差空间协方差的函数。结果表明,试验的剩余误差存在着典型的空间相关性,利用剩余误差空间协方差结构的信息可降低品系效应估计的误差和提高品系效应差异F检验与t检验的效率。此外,空间分析法对品系效应估计受试验条件不均匀的影响小,可导致较经典方差分析法不同的品系排序和优系选择结果。     

不同种类速溶茶茶叶原料与茶渣主要成分及金属离子含量分析

为实现茶渣的综合利用,分析了不同种类速溶茶茶叶原料与茶渣中的主要成分及金属离子含量。理化指标含量分析结果表明,与原料茶叶相比,不同种类速溶茶茶叶茶渣中的粗蛋白、纤维素含量分别提高了25.77%~38.56%、32.57%~58.54%,而粗脂肪、灰分含量分别下降了61.55%~70.79%、47.72%~56.72%。品质指标含量分析结果表明,与原料茶叶相比,不同种类速溶茶茶叶茶渣中的茶多酚、咖啡碱、茶氨酸含量的下降率分别在58.34%~67.93%、46.95%~61.05%、49.33%~58.09%范围内。金属离子含量分析结果表明,与原料茶叶相比,不同种类茶叶茶渣中的金属离子铅、铜、砷、镉含量有所下降,但二者之间差异不显著。可见,速溶茶制作后的茶渣中依然含有较多的有益成分,特别是粗蛋白和纤维素,同时也含有较多的金属离子,研究结果为后续茶渣的综合开发与利用提供了前期研究基础。     

Effectiveness of selection at CIMMYT's main maize breeding sites in Mexico for performance at sites in Africa and vice versa

The exchange of elite breeding materials across regions is an important way in which multinational maize breeding programmes access new genetic variation, improve efficiency and reduce costs. Our objectives were to examine whether CIMMYT's breeding programmes for tropical and subtropical environments in Mexico and Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) can effectively share materials. Sets of selected and unselected lines were evaluated for per se and testcross performance in multiple environments in Mexico and ESA for grain yield, days to anthesis and plant height. Genotypic correlations between performance in Mexico and ESA as testcross and line per se were high (≥ 0.72) for all experiments, and indirect selection efficiency ranged from 67 to over 100% for all traits. Lines selected in ESA or Latin America performed equally well in each region, indicating selection was for broad rather than regional adaptation. Thus, breeding programmes of CIMMYT in both Mexico and ESA can benefit tremendously by exchanging breeding materials and test results, and elite selections from each region should be fast‐tracked for evaluation in the other.     

纤维素质原料生产乙醇的研究现状

随着石油的日益短缺,利用可再生资源生产生物乙醇,受到越来越多的关注。以纤维素质为原料生产生物乙醇,是利用农业或工业废弃物变废为宝,实现了原料的利益最大化。利用自然界中存在的细菌或酵母菌类微生物,将纤维素质原料通过各种方法水解成木糖、葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖等糖类,然后利用水解产物中的糖类物质发酵生产生物乙醇。水解产物经过一定的脱毒处理,将有利于菌株的生长和乙醇产率的提高。     

槟榔果中活性物质的研究进展

槟榔果中有多种生理活性物质,综述了槟榔果中活性物质的功能,正、负生理效应,提取分离方法以及功能性食品的应用前景。     

A short-term greenhouse evaluation of non-conventional organic wastes

In this greenhouse trial several organic fertilizing-soil additive materials were evaluated on a clayey calcareous soil, using tomatoes as a test crop. These included imported and local commercially processed wastes, i.e. Dubaline, Humobacter, Bovisol, Biotersan, Fertilaid, Cofuna, and plant extract sprays, Raimul and Tecrop. Municipal waste, farm manures and a compound inorganic fertilizer were used for comparison in terms of dry matter yield and nitrogen uptake. Most materials increased growth relative to the control; the most effective were chicken manure, Biotersan, the inorganic fertilizer and, to a lesser extent, Dubaline. Responses to most other materials were not significantly higher than the control. Yields from Bovisol were less than the control, while Fertilaid inhibited germination and plant establishment. Most of these novel materials are less competitive economically than the traditional organic or inorganic fertilizer sources. Opportunity costs associated with disposal of material, which is otherwise waste, should be considered in establishing market prices.     

沼气发酵原料研究进展

为了拓宽沼气生产的使用范围和发展空间,促进中国农村生态能源事业的快速发展。综述了国内外有关沼气发酵原料的研究,主要从富氮和富碳原料以及水生植物、农产品加工的各种有机废物和废水、城市垃圾及生活污水等方面的发酵沼气进行阐述,并对其发展趋势进行了展望,旨在为农村沼气的深化研究与合理利用提供参考。