Application of Stress Indices for Heat Tolerance Screening of Common Bean

Common bean is adapted to relatively cool climatic conditions and temperatures of >30 °C during the day or >20 °C at night result in yield reduction. The long‐term goal of breeding for heat tolerance is the development of germplasm with improved field level tolerance under variable temperature conditions. Using previously developed stress indices, this study presents results from high temperature screening of 14 genotypes in both the greenhouse and field in Puerto Rico. A total of three sets of paired trials were conducted in the field and in the greenhouse under high temperature (stress) and lower temperature (low‐stress) conditions. The geometric mean (GM), stress tolerance index (STI) and stress susceptibility index (SSI) were used to evaluate the genotypic performance under stress and low‐stress conditions. The results indicate that it was possible to identify superior genotypes for heat tolerance based on their stress indices. In this evaluation of heat tolerance indices, STI and GM, although correlated, were found to be effective stress indices for the selection of genotypes with good yield potential under stress and low‐stress conditions.     

Varietal Differences of Wheat and Triticale to Water Stress

Six wheat ( Triticurn aestivum L.) and ten triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivars were screened for water stress tolerance during germination and seedling stages in the laboratory and growth chamber, respectively. Germinating seeds and hydroponically-grown seedlings were subjected to osmotic stresses of –0.3 and –0.6 MPa using polyethylene glycol M. W. 8000. Both species and cultivar differences were found among the tested genotypes for all the parameters analyzed in both germination and seedling tests. Germination stress index was lower for seed exposed to -0.6 MPa than for -0.3 MPa osmotic stress. A significant relationship was found among plant height, fresh weight and dry weight stress indices evaluated during the seedling test. The cultivars that grew taller under stress conditions had greater dry matter accumulation, as well as higher germination and water uptake stress indices indicating the reliability of height to predict cultivar performance under such conditions. The cultivars Stacy (wheat) and Eu 14/15 (triticale) had higher dry matter accumulation, higher water uptake and leaf water potential, greater height and better germination under stress conditions than the other cultivars tested. Conversely, the cultivars GA 781014 (wheat) and Am 4147 (triticale) performed poorly with respect to all the parameters analyzed. Based on results from germination and seedling tests, the cultivars Stacy and Eu 14/15 were selected for more stress studies in the greenhouse and field.     

A Difficulty of Symmetrical Stress Model

There is mased differences between experimental and analytical results in the frame of symmetric stress model,when the notable stress gradient exist,or outstanding microstructure is to be considerated,or wavelength is too shorter in dynamic problems. Other difficulty is introduced in linear elastic statics of homogeneous isotropic solid that.The problem is that,neighbor boundaries of a angle domain are subjected to two shear forces not equal each other. The problem is not solved in the frame of symmetric stress model. In the frame of the asymmetric stress and couple stress model in present paper this difficulty is sovlved. It is show that,as the distance from the boundaries increase the solving in the frame of asymmetric stress model tent to that in the frame of symmetric stress model.     

高温逆境胁迫对油桃生理特征影响的研究

为分析油桃的耐热特性,为耐热品种选育研究奠定基础,以‘早红珠’油桃嫁接苗为试材,研究不同高温胁迫对植株形态特征和生理指标变化。结果表明,高温胁迫对植株形态特征产生影响,随着温度升高和持续,受害指数加大,33℃和39℃高温胁迫对植株生长影响小,45℃高温胁迫3d后植株热害症状明显;高温胁迫下,植株生理指标呈规律性变化,随着温度升高,叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量降低,且随着胁迫持续下降幅度越大;除胁迫初期外,丙二醛(MDA)含量呈微增－减少－增加趋势;脯氨酸(Pro)含量逐渐增加,但45℃高温条件下,随着胁迫延长其含量急剧下降;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性持续缓慢升高,除45℃高温处理第3d外,其活性在其他处理时增幅小;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升后降,39℃处理时达峰值;高温下植株受害指数与Chl、Car、MDA、Pro、SOD及CAT等生理指标间具有显著相关性。     

Study on Affection to Permeability of Gas of Coal Layers by Effective Stress

The affection to the permeability of the gas of coal layers by the effective stress is studied and the relationship between the permeability and the effective stress which is a three order polynomial is derived and is verified by experiment.     

渗透胁迫对不同供钾水平烤烟叶片抗旱生理指标的影响

（1河南农业大学农学院,河南郑州 450002;2长沙卷烟厂博士后工作站,湖南长沙 410007）     

干旱胁迫下烤烟光合特性和氮代谢研究

以烤烟品种ＮＣ８９为材料，在盆栽条件下研究了干旱胁迫对烤烟光合特性和氮素代谢的影响。结果表明，在干旱胁迫下烤烟叶片叶绿素含量减少，叶绿体希尔反应活力下降，净光合强度减弱，硝酸还原酶活性降低，脯氨酸含量升高，而呼吸速率则先上升后下降。上述指标均随土壤水分状况的变化而变化，表现它们对干旱胁迫的反应都很敏感。     

Growth and Drymatter Partitioning of Sorghum under Moisture Stress Condition

Field studies were carried out at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, during summer 1988 to find out the effect of moisture stress of growth indices and dry matter accumulation of sorghum (cv. CO 26 ) at three phenophases. Crop under adequate moisture supply, throughout, exhibited greater crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) compared to the crop under moisture stress condition. Growth indices were at lesser rate when the crop experienced moisture stress during phenophase I, and subsequently picked up during phenophase II due to adequate moisture supply to the crop. This reflects the ability of sorghum crop to recover from the effects of early moisture stress at later stages. The dry-matter accumulation in the stem was favoured by adequate moisture while in the leaves it was favoured by moisture stress.     

淹涝胁迫条件对水稻形态的试验研究初报

为分析不同品种早稻对水淹胁迫的响应,于2012年3—7月分别对不同品种水稻的分蘖期、抽穗扬花期耐淹能力及不同淹涝强度对一些农艺性状的影响进行了研究。结果表明：分蘖期不同品种籼稻在不同的淹涝强度处理间的株高变化结果不一。不同淹水处理小区出现主茎穗和分蘖穗发育进程不一致,生育期延长天数与淹水天数之间呈现极显著的正相关关系。因为‘湘早籼24’植株相对比较矮,受钻心虫危害比较严重。钻心虫发生面积和淹水强度之间呈现极显著的正相关关系。淹水处理造成水稻产量降低,试验结果表明同一品种,产量降幅随淹水时间延长而加大。     

Effect of Mechanical Stress on Cellular Signal Transduction and Gene Expression

The close relationship between stress and cell is summarized. Literatures at home and abroad are inspected. Biochemical reaction cause for stress acting on cell and changes of cytoskeleton signal transduction, correlation gene expression,are reviewed. Then, some gene expression changes induced by stress is systematically enumerated, such as immediate gene productions, cellular factors, enzymes, extracellular matrix molecules,etc. Finally, aiming at cellular stress response, some problems in the area are put forwarded, the molecular mechanism of stress and cellular response is expected to gain a step progress, and thoughts are offered to settle the physio-pathology changes of organism caused by stress.     

低温胁迫对番茄幼苗叶片中脯氨酸降解酶的活性及其基因表达量的影响

为了探讨脯氨酸代谢与番茄抗寒性之间的关系,采用常规方法测定了低温胁迫不同时间下番茄幼苗叶片中游离脯氨酸含量和脯氨酸脱氢酶活性,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测了不同处理时间下脯氨酸脱氢酶基因的表达量,并分析了各项指标的动态变化。结果表明,在低温逆境下,耐寒性品种O-33-1中脯氨酸积累量总体呈增加的趋势,而冷敏感品种‘耐运2000’游离脯氨酸积累量下降,说明脯氨酸积累量的变化在一定程度上可以体现番茄抗寒性的强弱;ProDH活性在O-33-1中呈上升趋势,在‘耐运2000’中呈下降趋势,说明脯氨酸的积累受P5CS与ProDH相反方向的共同调节,使植物体内脯氨酸含量保持在适当的水平;2个品种在低温胁迫下ProDH基因表达量都显著降低,说明低温逆境抑制了该基因的表达,使脯氨酸的降解在转录水平上受到调节。     

The Theoretical Investigation on Shear Property ofAnisotropic Discontinuity under Three-dimensional Stress State

Based on the original characteristics of discon tinuity in crustal stress field,considering the spatial shape of Jagged discontinuity and its velation with stress field,these formulasof shear motion direction,the anisotropic dilatancy(normal and widespread)and strength proportyof discontinuitv in three-dimensional stress field are derived under two different boundary conditionsof free and restraining displacement, and the widespread stress in crement under the displacementbeing restrained can be calculated.Pinally the anisotropic rules of discontinuity in three-dimensionalstress field are also confirmed by experimental data.     

Creation of an Experimental System for Testing the Dynamic Tensile Stress of Cells Using Membrane Variable Stress Wave

The constitution, design ideas and working principles of the DDC experimental system for testing dynamic tensile stress of outside body cell using membrane variable stress wave are discussed in detail. A new design measure is put forward, i.e. using airtight liquid for transferring pressure, and a space mechanism which is made up of two moveable linking axes and controlled by DDC for producing dynamic tensile stress with variable stress wave. The space mechanism is made up of two moveable linking axes, the first axis is controlled by an alternative current servo system, at the same time it drives the modulating modulating disc, and its rotation velocity is uniform and adjustable, so the rotating velocity of the disc can be controlled. Second, the hydraulic pressure worktable is driven by step electric motor. By dynamically changing the relative position of the modulating disc and the worktable, the journey of the piston in hydraulic pressure vat can be changed accordingly. The resultant motion of the modulating disc rotation and the radial direction relative movement of the piston can create liquid pressure with variable frequency and amplitude range, and the pressure can be changed into membrane tensile stress with variable frequency and pressure amplitude range using pressure fine tuning, and muhi-path disporting pressure. The system is proved to be simple, reliable, economic and controlled expediently by the experiment conducted.     

Analysis on Internal Stress in Polycrystalline Diamond Films Measured by Raman Spectroscopy

The divagation of the internal stress in diamond films is analyzed .It's found that due to the unknown directions of the stress and crystallographic axes , the proportional parameter to express the relationship between the stress and the shift of Raman spectrum is hard to obtain precisely , resulting in the divagation of the internal stresses which are calculated from the shift of Raman spectrum.     

干旱胁迫对夏玉米不同品种茎杆力学特性的影响

为研究干旱胁迫对夏玉米不同品种茎杆力学特性的影响,从茎杆力学特性角度探讨夏玉米品种的抗旱能力,以8个河南省主栽夏玉米品种为材料,比较干旱胁迫对茎杆抗折力、压碎强度、穿刺强度等抗倒力学指标的影响。结果表明,茎杆抗倒力学特性受干旱胁迫影响显著,平均下降15%~30%;受旱胁迫后,各品种茎杆抗折力、压碎强度、穿刺强度平均下降了26.1%、18.9%和16.8%;品种间差异明显,‘洛玉8号’、‘郑单958’降幅较小,而‘蠡玉16’、‘中科4号’降幅较大。研究结果表明‘洛玉8号’和‘郑单958’抗旱能力较强,而‘中科4号’和‘蠡玉16’抗旱能力较弱。     

Influence of Neutral Principal Stress on the Elastic-Plastic Solution of Expansion of Cylinder Cavities

In the elastic-plastic solution of expansion of cylinder cavities based on Tresca strength criterion and Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion, the influence of neutral principal stress is not considered. In this paper the influence of neutral principal stress on elastic-plastic solution of expansion of cylinder cavities is considered. The calculation shows that the radius and displacement of plastic zone will reduce when the neutral principal stress is considered. The conclusions are of practical significance for geotechnical engineering.     

Behaviours of Medicago truncatula–Sinorhizobium meliloti Symbioses Under Osmotic Stress in Relation with the Symbiotic Partner Input: Effects on Nodule Functioning and Protection

Three genotypes of the model legume Medicago truncatula were assessed for symbiotic effectiveness in cross inoculation with two strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti under mannitol-mediated osmotic stress. Symbioses showed different tolerance levels revealed on plant growth, nitrogen-fixing capacity and indices of nodule functioning and protection. The variability of stress response was essentially correlated with performance at non-stressful conditions. Symbiosis attitude depended on bacterial partner, host-plant genotype and their interaction. Plant genotype manifested the highest contribution to symbiotic efficiency indices under osmotic stress, even for nodulation and nitrogen fixation where the bacterial strain effect is highly pronounced. Contrasting (tolerant/sensitive) associations were identified for tolerance behaviours, involving the same plant genotype with different rhizobial strains and vice versa. In nodules, osmotic stress leads to accumulation of oxidized lipids and decrease in total protein and leghaemoglobin contents. Antioxidant responses were manifested as induction of guaiacol peroxidase (POX, E.C. 1.11.1.7) and superoxide dismutase (E.C. 1.15.1.1). POX induction was higher in tolerant symbioses and both enzymes were suggested as contributors to the protection of nodule integrity and functioning under osmotic stress. In conclusion, symbiotic efficiency in M. truncatula–S.   meliloti combinations under osmotic stress is determined by each symbiont's input as well as the plant–microbe genotype interaction, and POX induction could prove a sensitive marker of tolerant symbioses.     

表层嵌贴预应力CFRP板条加固钢筋混凝土梁的应力传递行为

表层嵌贴预应力FRP板条加固钢筋混凝土结构技术可充分发挥FRP材料强度,且不需设置永久锚具,具有较大的潜力。以试验得到的嵌贴FRP混凝土粘结滑移关系为基础,建立了嵌贴预应力CFRP板条与混凝土的粘结应力微分方程,并根据边界条件推导了方程的解析解,得到了嵌贴预应力CFRP板条放张后界面粘结应力、CFRP拉伸应力的分析模型。与试验结果的比较表明,该模型得出的界面粘结应力及CFRP拉伸应力与试验结果吻合较好。在此基础上,考虑放张后CFRP混凝土界面不出现剥离的条件,分析了粘结界面能抵抗的最大容许预应力。     

持续干旱对油棕幼苗叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响

为研究持续干旱对油棕叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响,以油棕2 年生幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽方式模拟自然持续干旱,测定叶绿素荧光参数及叶绿素含量,并运用隶属函数法对其抗旱性进行综合分析。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,油棕叶片叶绿素含量、可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv/Fm)均降低;初始荧光(F0)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则升高,说明干旱胁迫伤害了光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ),使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)降低,光合电子传递、光合原初反应过程受到抑制,起光保护作用的热耗散(NPQ)提高。4 个品种的叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量的变化存在品种间差异,整个处理过中对干旱的适应性‘热油6号’＞‘热油8号’＞‘热油2号’＞‘热油4号’,因此,叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量可作为抗旱性强弱的诊断指标用于油棕抗旱育种及相关研究。     

低温胁迫下玉米高光谱特征及产量构成的相关分析

为了研究低温胁迫对玉米生长发育的影响并为粮食生产安全提供理论依据,测定了低温胁迫玉米关键发育期的光谱参数,进而研究光谱植被指数与产量构成的关系。结果表明：随着低温胁迫温度降低以及持续时间的增加,红边位置出现“蓝移”现象,红边幅值和红边面积也相应地减小;大喇叭口期 “双峰”现象减缓明显,说明该时期出现低温对玉米生长的影响较大;穗重在不同发育期与DVI(810,680)显著正相关(相关系数为0.8395),线性模型反映光谱植被指数和产量构成的关系。