Replication and immunosuppressive effects of Pseudorabies virus on swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

The infectivity and potential immunosuppressive effects of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was evaluated in swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Virus progeny titers and viral DNA synthesis at various intervals post-inoculation revealed the replication of PRV in both peripheral blood monocytes and lymphocytes; however, replication in lymphocytes was restricted compared with monocytes. PRV infection resulted in the damage and death of monocytes. Although PRV did not appear to affect the viability of the lymphocytes, PRV infection suppressed lymphocyte functions such as proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) synthesis in response to Concanavalin A. This immunosuppression was dependent upon the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of infectious PRV. UV-inactivated PRV was not immunosuppressive. There was no effect of PRV on natural killer (NK) cell activity. The reduction of lymphocyte proliferation by PRV was not reversible by the addition of supernatant containing porcine IL-2 and non-infected monocytes to the infected cultures. The results from these in vitro studies demonstrate that PRV can infect and cause immunosuppressive effects on swine PBMC. These effects may explain the potential role of PRV in predisposing infected pigs to secondary infection and support the hypothesis that PRV can spread systemically by infected PBMC in blood and lymph.     

姜黄素抑制轮状病毒感染猪肠上皮细胞的作用研究

本研究旨在探讨姜黄素对猪轮状病毒(PRV)感染猪肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2细胞)的抗病毒作用。以IPEC-J2细胞为试验对象,分别设置阴性对照组、感染PRV(感染复数=0.1)组和感染PRV后姜黄素(20μmol/L)处理组。在感染PRV后观察细胞病变,利用流式细胞术检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)含量,并通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术和病毒滴度测定法检测PRV在IPEC-J2细胞内的复制与增殖。结果表明：与阴性对照组相比,1)PRV感染导致IPEC-J2细胞病变,显著降低细胞活力(P<0.05),极显著上调细胞内ROS含量(P<0.01);2)姜黄素可显著抑制PRV在细胞内的复制与增殖(P<0.05);3)在PRV吸附细胞阶段添加姜黄素显著抑制了病毒的复制与增殖(P<0.05);4)姜黄素在感染前与PRV直接孵育能显著降低感染后病毒的滴度(P<0.05);5)PRV感染显著提高了细胞内黑色素瘤分化相关基因5、干扰素诱导蛋白44样蛋白抗体和干扰素β的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),显著降低了细胞内Toll样受体适配器分子1、线粒体抗病毒信...     

Antiviral effectiveness of butylated hydroxytoluene against pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus in cell culture, mice, and swine

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was evaluated for antiviral effectiveness on pseudorabies virus (PRV) in cell culture, mice, and swine. When relatively small amounts of BHT were mixed with PRV and incubated at 37 C for 30 or 60 minutes before inoculation into cell cultures, the cell cultures did not become infected with virus. The PRV was not infectious when the virus was treated with BHT and then inoculated intraperitoneally into mice, but was infectious when BHT and PRV were inoculated simultaneously or when BHT was inoculated either 30 or 60 minutes before PRV. Swine fed BHT-medicated feed for 10 days before they were intranasally exposed with virulent PRV did not have overt signs of pseudorabies, had a lower concentration of PRV in nasal mucus than did control swine, and had acceptable blood enzyme and cholesterol concentrations during the experiment. The BHT was detected in tissues of 2 swine after they were fed BHT-medicated feed for 10 days, and higher concentrations of BHT were detected in tissues of 3 swine given BHT feed for 29 days.     

华蟾毒精对小鼠免疫细胞活性的影响

为观察华蟾毒精（CBG）对小鼠免疫细胞活性的影响,本研究采用MTT法检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖情况,检测小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能以及小鼠NK细胞对靶细胞的杀伤作用。结果显示,CBG在一定剂量范围内单独或者协同非特异性丝裂原（Con A或LPS）作用能够显著增强小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖,CBG单独作用可以显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,并能够显著提高小鼠NK细胞对靶细胞的杀伤作用,表明CBG能够提高小鼠免疫细胞的活性。     

不同感染剂量MDRV对番鸭免疫反应和细胞毒性作用的影响

用不同剂量番鸭呼肠孤病毒(MDRV MW9710株)感染8日龄番鸭后,通过检测血液中淋巴细胞对ConA、LPS的反应和NK细胞、细胞毒T细胞(CTL)的细胞毒性作用,探讨MDRV感染对番鸭免疫细胞功能和细胞毒性作用的影响。结果显示,不同感染剂量MDRV均会抑制番鸭血液淋巴细胞对ConA、LPS的增殖反应,降低NK细胞和CTL细胞的杀伤活性,且影响程度与剂量相关;同时感染番鸭生长缓慢,脾脏肿大,胸腺和法氏囊缩小。上述结果表明,MDRV感染能导致番鸭免疫抑制,且细胞免疫抑制程度与感染病毒量有关。     

芒柄花素对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能影响的研究

本研究旨在探讨芒柄花素对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。将100只昆明种小鼠随机分为5组：空白对照组、免疫抑制组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组,每组20只（雌雄各半）,采用灌胃法给药。试验期28 d,试验1~7 d,对照组小鼠灌胃0.6 mL生理盐水,其余各组小鼠均灌胃0.6 mL 40 μg/g体重环磷酰胺（CTX）;试验8~21 d,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组小鼠分别灌胃0.6 mL 50、150、250 μg/g体重芒柄花素溶液,空白对照组与免疫抑制组灌胃0.6 mL生理盐水。试验结束后,测定小鼠脏器指数（胸腺、脾脏）、血清溶血素及IL-2、IL-4含量。采用免疫组化法检测小鼠胸腺、脾脏CD3和CD20阳性淋巴细胞,肝脏CD68阳性KCs细胞。结果表明,环磷酰胺可成功复制小鼠免疫抑制模型。不同剂量芒柄花素均能提高免疫抑制小鼠胸腺和脾脏指数、血清溶血素及血清IL-2和IL-4含量,尤其当芒柄花素灌胃剂量为150 μg/g体重时效果最为明显,与免疫抑制组差异极显著（P<0.01）。免疫组化分析结果显示,不同剂量芒柄花素均可提高免疫抑制小鼠胸腺和脾脏CD3阳性T淋巴细胞及CD20阳性B淋巴细胞数量,并促使肝脏CD68阳性KCs细胞增殖,也以试验Ⅱ组效果最显著,与免疫抑制组差异极显著（P<0.01）。综上,芒柄花素可促进小鼠相关淋巴细胞增殖和细胞因子的释放,进而增强机体体液免疫和细胞免疫功能,并可明显促进肝脏固有吞噬细胞KCs增殖。     

凋亡相关斑点样蛋白敲除PK-15细胞系的建立及对PRV感染的影响

本试验旨在研究凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)的基因敲除对猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)感染PK-15细胞的影响.以慢病毒介导的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,构建猪肾上皮细胞(PK-15)A SC基因稳定敲除细胞系,通过T7核酸酶检测靶基因的敲除效率;CCK-8试剂盒检测PK-15敲除ASC基因对细胞增殖的影响;采用流式细...     

A fusion protein of IgG fc and mouse-derived antigen on the surface of pseudorabies virus particles does not accelerate production of harmful auto-reactive antibodies

Previously we reported that immunization with pseudorabies virus (PRV), harboring chimeric Fc on the surface of the virus particles (PRV/Fc), induced higher immune responses than normal PRV particles. The chimeric Fc was fused with mouse transferrin receptor of transmembrane domain (mTR) and the Fc region of immunoglobulin G1. Since it has been reported that some chimeric protein of Fc and self-antigen induce auto-reactive antibodies, in this present study, we examined whether PRV/Fc induces auto-reactive antibodies that react with mTR. PRV/Fc immunized mice produced higher levels of anti-PRV antibodies and antibodies that reacted with mouse-derived 3T3/A31 cells (A31 cell), compared to normal PRV immunized mice. However, antibodies that reacted with mTR in A31 cells were not detected in both Western blot analyses and indirect immunofluorescence assay. The antibodies reacted with an antigen of approximately 16 kDa in A31 cells, but this antigen has a different molecular mass from that of mTR. The antibody also reacted with the antigen of approximately 16 kDa in RK13 cells in which the virus had been propagated. In addition, antibodies induced by immunization with normal PRV also reacted with the same antigen in A31 and RK13 cells. Moreover, neither kidney disorders, in which high levels of mTR were expressed, nor clinical symptoms of autoimmune diseases were observed in mice immunized with either PRV or PRV/Fc. These results indicated that the antibodies were not induced by mTR-Fc, but were instead induced by trace amounts of RK13 derived antigens contained in PRV or PRV/Fc preparations, and cross-reacted with equivalent molecules in mouse derived A31 cells. Therefore, this study confirmed that immunization with PRV/Fc did not induce harmful auto-reactive antibodies.     

MLKL基因敲除对猪伪狂犬病病毒复制的影响

【目的】构建混合谱系激酶结构域样(mixed lineage kinase domain-like, MLKL)基因敲除的PK-15细胞株(PK-15 MLKL-KO),研究敲除MLKL基因对猪伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabies virus, PRV)复制的影响。【方法】根据MLKL序列设计特异性编辑位点,利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术构建MLKL-sgRNA编辑载体,转染至PK-15细胞,经嘌呤霉素药物筛选获得多克隆细胞系,通过有限稀释法获得PK-15 MLKL-KO单克隆细胞株。通过靶基因组PCR、测序和Western blotting验证MLKL基因在PK-15细胞上的敲除水平;采用Reed-Muench法检测病毒增殖水平;采用PI染色和荧光显微镜观察细胞坏死情况。【结果】试验成功构建MLKL-sgRNA载体,筛选出1株MLKL基因缺失647 bp的PK-15细胞株,Western blotting未检测到MLKL蛋白的表达。与PK-15细胞相比,PK-15 MLKL-KO细胞极显著或显著提高了PRV GD-WH(感染后36 h除外)和PRV Bartha-K61的病...     

他莫昔芬对猪伪狂犬病病毒体外增殖的影响

【目的】研究他莫昔芬(Tamoxifen)在PK15细胞模型上对猪伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabies virus, PRV)感染的抗病毒作用。【方法】以PK15细胞为模型,采用CCK-8细胞计数法检测他莫昔芬对细胞活力的影响;利用ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI凋亡试剂盒检测他莫昔芬对细胞周期和凋亡的影响;利用CytoFLEX流式细胞仪和荧光显微镜检测他莫昔芬处理细胞感染PRV-GFP后病毒增殖的差异;利用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting方法分别检测他莫昔芬处理细胞感染PRV-QXX后PRV gB基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平的变化;利用病毒滴度测定法检测他莫昔芬处理细胞感染PRV-QXX后对病毒的抑制情况。【结果】他莫昔芬用药浓度在6μmol/L时对细胞活力无影响;在6μmol/L以下时,与空白组相比,他莫昔芬处理组对细胞周期与凋亡没有显著影响(P>0.05)。在同一时间点,他莫昔芬处理组PRV-GFP在PK15细胞中的增殖速度极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,他莫昔芬处理后极显著抑制了PRV gB基因mRNA在PK15细...     

Comparison of protection levels against pseudorabies virus infection of transgenic mice expressing a soluble form of porcine nectin-1/HveC and vaccinated mice

We recently generated transgenic mice expressing a soluble form of porcine nectin-1 (PHveCIg) showing remarkable resistance to pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection. Nectin-1, also known as herpesvirus entry mediator C (HveC), is an alphaherpesvirus receptor that binds to virion glycoprotein D (gD). In order to evaluate the level of resistance to PRV infection induced by the expression of PHveCIg in the transgenic mice, the protective effects of vaccinated and transgenic mice were directly compared. Mice were immunized with a live vaccine, through intraperitoneal injection of PRV strain Begonia (an attenuated vaccine strain deleted for gE and thymidine kinase genes) at 4 weeks before challenge. The vaccinated and transgenic mice were challenged with 10LD(50), 20LD(50) or 50LD(50) of PRV strainYS-81 via intranasal route. In the vaccinated mice, no protection was observed in the challenges with 20LD(50) and 50LD(50). Only two out of six vaccinated mice survived in the challenge with 10LD(50). In contrast, four transgenic mouse lines showed significant resistance to PRV infection, although the survival rates varied in the challenge with each viral dose. These results demonstrate clearly the high potential of transgenic strategy in control of pseudorabies.     

猪伪狂犬病病毒变异毒株HeNZK-2014的分离鉴定及gE基因序列分析

为了解猪伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）变异毒株的特点,本研究采集临床疑似PRV感染发病猪的淋巴结等组织样品进行PCR鉴定,选取仅PRV阳性的组织样品经研磨除菌后取上清接种于PK-15细胞进行病毒分离培养、蚀斑纯化、PCR和间接免疫荧光法（IFA）鉴定,采用Reed-Muench法测定PRV的TCID₅₀,接种小鼠并观察临床症状,对纯化的PRV和死亡小鼠脑组织样品进行gE基因PCR扩增及测序分析。结果显示,PRV阳性病料接种于PK-15细胞24 h后出现典型细胞病变（CPE）,经3轮蚀斑纯化后PCR和IFA鉴定结果均为阳性,分离株命名为HeNZK-2014,其TCID₅₀为10^-9.77/0.1 mL;以1×10⁸个TCID₅₀病毒悬液接种小鼠22 h后可引起小鼠出现奇痒、撕咬、死亡等典型猪伪狂犬病症状,死亡小鼠脑组织样品PRV PCR检测结果为阳性;纯化病毒和死亡小鼠脑组织样品gE基因核苷酸序列同源性为100.0%,与GenBank中2011年以前登录的经典毒株位于不同分支,与2011年之后中国流行毒株位于同一分支,在第48和496位各有1个天冬氨酸（D）的插入,具有变异毒株的典型特征。本研究成功分离了1株PRV变异毒株,为进一步开展针对PRV变异毒株的疫苗及其防控研究奠定了基础。     

携带CRISPR/Cas9的重组腺联病毒对伪狂犬病病毒感染小鼠的治疗效应

猪伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)是猪伪狂犬病的病原.目前,针对该病毒有较多成熟的商品化疫苗,但病毒变异频繁,因而在生猪养殖中伪狂犬病的发生仍然较为普遍.如何清除宿主体内野毒是防控该病的关键所在.应用腺联病毒携载CRISPR/Cas9系统,以小鼠为动物模型,针对PRV的TK基因、gE基因和V...     

Isolation and Identification of Variant HeNZK-2014 of Pseudorabies Virus and Sequence Analysis of gE Gene

In order to learn the situation of pig pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant in this study, tissue samples such as lymph nodes which were collected from clinical pigs with suspected PRV infection were identified by PCR. PRV positive sample were inoculated on PK-15 cells after grinding and degerming, with further experiment including virus isolation, plague purification, PCR and IFA identification, TCID₅₀ confirmed by Reed-Muench method, inoculation test and observation of clinical symptoms in mice. The gE gene of purified PRV and brain tissue samples of dead mice were identified by sequencing analysis. The results showed that the virus grown on PK-15 cells could produce typical cytopathic effect (CPE) after 24 h; After three rounds of plaque purification,the isolate was PRV positive identified by PCR and IFA, and nominated as HeNZK-2014; The TCID₅₀ of the isolate was 10^-9.77/0.1 mL; The virus in 1×10⁸ TCID₅₀ inoculation was able to cause itching, tearing, death in infected mice, and PRV could be detected in tissues of dead mice; The molecular genetic variation analysis of gE gene by PCR amplification and clone sequencing indicated that the gE gene from brain tissue of infected mice shared 100.0% homology with HeNZK-2014, and located in a relatively independent branch with newly pandemic isolates in recent years after 2011, but was far from the classical strains before 2011, and both had two insertion of aspartic acid (D) at sites of 48 and 496 amino acids, which were considered to be the typical characteristics of PRV variants. This study successfully isolated a PRV variant, which laid a foundation for further research on vaccine development, prevention and control against PRV variants.     

Pseudorabies virus infection in mink: a host-specific pathogenesis

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes a neurological disease in many wild and domestic animals. The neuropathology elicited by PRV is quite consistent regardless of the host with the only exception of mink, in which it is characterized by a vasculopathy rather than by an encephalitis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying pathogenic mechanism(s) of PRV infection in mink by using immunohistochemistry and laser capture microdissection (LCM) on material from naturally and experimentally infected animals. The inflammatory reaction induced by PRV was minimal or absent not only in the nervous system, where we identified a low number of macrophages and a few T lymphocytes, but also in the primary replication site, the oropharyngeal mucosa; however, the number of PRV-infected cells detected by immunohistochemistry was extremely high both in the peripheral mucosa and in the nervous tissue. On the other hand, the vascular pathology included parenchymal hemorrhages of various degrees and, in specific cortical areas of the brain, fibrinoid degeneration of the capillary walls. Detection of viral antigens by immunohistochemistry revealed infection of endothelial cells of capillaries situated both in the oropharyngeal mucosa and in the brain stem; the presence of PRV DNA in vessels was further demonstrated by PCR performed on LCM samples of brain capillaries. These results can be interpreted as supporting the idea that the different pathology of the disease in mink may be the consequence of an increased endotheliotropism of PRV in this species. Infection of the vessel wall may then lead to vascular pathology and impairment in endothelial cell function, resulting in a weak immune response to infection.     

Modulation of function of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes by high temperature in vitro and in vivo.

Function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and proliferation of lymphocytes after stimulation with mitogens were evaluated in vitro at incubation temperatures of 38.5 and 42 C, and after in vivo heat stress of lactating Holstein cows. Cytochrome-c reduction and random migration of PMNL were reduced when cells were preincubated or incubated at 42 C, but high incubation temperature had little or no effect on phagocytosis and killing of Escherichia coli. Proliferation of lymphocytes was reduced when cells were incubated for 60 hours at 42 C after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, or concanavalin A. After stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, lymphocytes were most sensitive to high temperature during the first 24 hours of the 60-hour culture period. High incubation temperature had little effect on viability of cells. In vivo heat stress had no significant effect on responses of PMNL in vitro, but the decrease in proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro at high temperature was less when cells were obtained from heat-stressed cows. Total leukocyte counts in blood and somatic cell counts in milk were higher in heat-stressed cows. Results indicate that: exposure to high temperature in vitro can depress responses of PMNL and lymphocytes; apparent adaptive mechanisms induced by in vivo heat stress provide protection from effects of high temperature seen in vitro; and evidence could not be found to support the hypothesis that reduction in immune function is the basis for increases in the incidence of mastitis during the summer.     

天门冬多糖对猪脾淋巴细胞体外增殖的影响

试验旨在研究不同浓度的天门冬多糖(ASP),在ConA或LPS的协同刺激下对猪脾淋巴细胞体外增殖的影响。猪脾淋巴细胞体外培养体系中加入不同浓度的天门冬多糖使其终浓度为400、200、100、50、25、12.5μg/ml,在ConA(5μg/ml)或者LPS(10μg/ml)的协同刺激作用下,细胞培养24、48、72 h时,观察猪脾淋巴细胞增殖情况。结果表明,天门冬多糖及其协同ConA或LPS能显著或极显著的促进猪脾淋巴细胞体外增殖(P<0.05或P<0.01)。     

Modulation of sheep lymphocyte responses by Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory products

The effect of Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory products (FhESPs) on mitogen-induced proliferation of sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and PBMC subsets (CD2(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), gammadeltaTCR(+) or CD21(+) cells) were studied. PBMCs were incubated with Concanavalin A (ConA) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at optimal (1 microg per well) or suboptimal (0.25 microg per well) doses and with FhESPs at several doses (1.25-20 microg per well). PBMC subsets were incubated with ConA at a suboptimal dose and with FhESPs at 5 microg per well. These cells were incubated with or without monocytes (CD14(+) cell). FhESPs slightly increased the proliferation of PBMCs stimulated with optimal doses of PHA. FhESPs (10 and 20 microg per well) inhibited the PBMCs stimulated with optimal doses of ConA. FhESP dose-dependent inhibition was observed on PBMCs stimulated with suboptimal doses of ConA. CD21(+) lymphocytes (B lymphocytes), CD14(+) cells (monocytes) and gammadeltaTCR(+) cells were not stimulated by ConA. T lymphocyte subsets (CD2(+), CD4(+) or CD8(+) cells) proliferation was decreased by FhESPs at 5 microg per well. FhESPs inhibits the ConA-induced stimulation of sheep PBMCs and sheep T lymphocyte subsets. Further studies should be done to investigate the mechanism of this FhESP immunomodulatory effect.     

PRV感染三叉神经节细胞对PI3K/Akt信号通路的影响及其调控凋亡

以小鼠三叉神经节(TG)原代细胞为基础,应用实时荧光定量PCR(q-PCR)、Western blot等方法检测伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)(MOI=1)感染TG细胞后不同时间点PI3K、Akt基因的转录水平和蛋白表达情况.PRV感染TG细胞后,利用PI3K特异性抑制剂LY294002处...     

番鸭呼肠孤病毒和H9亚型禽流感病毒共感染对番鸭脾脏免疫抑制作用

8日龄番鸭人工感染番鸭呼肠孤病毒（MDRV）或／和H9亚型禽流感病毒（H9AIV）,观察其脾脏形态和显微结构变化,检测脾脏细胞增殖功能,探讨病毒感染对番鸭脾脏免疫反应的影响。结果显示,H9AIV感染不引起番鸭发病死亡;番鸭脾脏轻度肿大,病理变化以出血、淋巴细胞坏死为主;显著抑制番鸭脾脏淋巴细胞增殖反应。MDRV单独感染番鸭发病率80％、死亡率50％,对番鸭淋巴细胞增殖反应有抑制作用（差异显著）,生长迟缓;脾脏肿大,出现典型坏死病变,细胞凋亡等病理变化。共感染组番鸭发病率100％、死亡率80％,生长迟缓;脾脏异常肿大,白髓区淋巴细胞坏死,数量明显减少甚至消失;坏死灶明显增多,范围增大,坏死灶中淋巴细胞坏死消失后,形成大小不一的空白斑;对番鸭淋巴细胞增殖反应有抑制作用,差异极显著;共感染组在H9AIV病毒检出时间和检出率上均大于AIV组。结果表明,MDRV与H9AIV共感染在番鸭脾脏免疫反应抑制上有协同作用。