蔬菜连作对铜尾矿土壤中有机碳、腐殖质碳以及可溶性有机碳的影响

Carbon of humus acids （HSAC） and dissolved organic carbon （DOC） are the most active forms of soil organic carbon （SOC） and play an important role in global carbon recycling. We investigated the concentrations of HSAC, water-soluble organic carbon （WSOC）, hot water-extractable organic carbon （HWOC） and SOC in soils under different vegetation types of four copper mine tailings sites with differing vegetation succession time periods in Tongling, China. The concentrations of HSAC, WSOC, HWOC and SOC increased with vegetation succession. WSOC concentration increased with the accumulation of SOC in the tailings, and a linearly positive correlation existed between the concentrations of HSAC and SOC in the tailings. However, the percentages of HSAC and DOC in the SOC decreased during vegetation succession. The rate of SOC accumulation was higher when the succession time was longer than 20 years, whereas the speeds of soil organic matter （SOM） decomposition and humification were slow, and the concentrations of HSAC and DOC increased slowly in the tailings. The percentage of carbon of humic acid （HAC） in HSAC increased with vegetation succession, and the values of humification index （HI）, HAC/carbon of fulvic acid, also increased with the accumulation of HSAC and SOC in soils of the tailings sites. However, the HI value in the each of the tailings was less than 0.50. The humification rate of SOM was lower than the accumulation rate of SOM, and the level of soil fertility was still very low in the tailings even after 40 years of natural restoration.     

Characters of humus formed under rice cultivation

To characterize the nature of humus in paddy soils, a comparison was made between the properties of humus in paddy soils and those in adjacent unflooded arable soils.

Rice cultivation generally brought about a considerable increase in organic matter and in the PQ-value, with the exception of Andosol-paddy soils in which organic matter tended to decrease somewhat and the PQ-value remained virtually unchanged. The humification degree of humic acid as judged from Δ log k and RF values was generally lowered by rice cultivation except in the case of Yellow soil-paddy soil in which humic acid was originally low in the degree of humification.

The accumulation of poorly humified humic acid may be a characteristic feature common to all paddy soils. These changes by rice cultivation are observed only in the upper part of the profiles, and seem to be associated with seasonally flooded conditions ot paddy soils. Iron oxides accumulated in subsurface soil have virtually no effect on the properties of humus.     

Accumulation and transformation of organic matter in different-aged dumps from sand quarries

The accumulation and transformation of organic matter were studied in chronoseries of different-aged (3-, 10-, 20-, 30-, 43-, and 60-year-old) soils and a background (reference) plot. The ecogenetic succession of plants on sand quarry dumps was characterized. It was shown that the pedogenesis rate was closely related to the rate of phytocenosis development, and the thicknesses of organic and mineral horizons increased synchronously. The profile distribution of organic matter in young soils was estimated as an ectomorphic distribution, and the humus reserves in the mineral horizons of the same soils were comparable with the reserves of organic matter in the litters. The illuvial horizons of the soils under study played a significant role in the deposition of carbon dioxide; the resistance of organic matter to mineralization increased with age. In the soil chronoseries, the combustion heat of litter organic matter increased, as well as the content of energy accumulated in the litters. The composition of humus differed strongly between the eluvial and illuvial horizons; in the chronosequence, the relative content of humic acids increased in the E horizon, and that of fulvic acids increased in the B horizon. The effect of the phytocenosis on the soil was increasingly mediated with time. The accumulation and transformation of organic matter were the leading pedogenic processes at all stages.     

Dissolved organic matter in lysimetric water of mountain forest soils in the southern Sikhote Alin

The fractional composition of dissolved organic matter and the chemical nature of humic and fulvic acids were studied in lysimetric waters from forest soils of different altitudinal zones in the Sikhote Alin Range. The elemental composition, infrared absorption spectra, concentrations of acid functional groups, and pK spectra of humic and fulvic acids were determined. Fulvic acids predominated in the upper soil horizons, and fraction of nonspecific dissolved organic substances predominated in the lower mineral horizons. The portion of humic acids in the humus horizons markedly decreased from the low-mountain soils to the high-mountain soils; the nitrogen content of humic and fulvic acids decreased in the same direction. Three classes of carboxyl and phenolic groups were determined in pK-spectra of humic and fulvic acids. The soils of high-mountain zones had stronger acidic properties of humic and fulvic acids in comparison with the soils of low-mountain zones. The determined characteristics of the composition of dissolved organic matter and the trends of their changes contribute to our knowledge of pedogenetic processes in the altitudinal sequence of forest landscapes of the Sikhote Alin Range.     

Über Veränderungen im Humuskomplex bei der Degradation von Schwarzerden (Tschernosemen)

Dynamics of organic matter during the degradation of Chernozems In the course of pedogenesis especially the amount and the composition of soil organic matter changes. This is investigated in the presented paper at 6 different developmentstages of a Chernozem-degradation-sequence from Hildesheim region. The mechanisms of this process can be deduced from the ‘degradation products’, found in the different soils. Using several methods for extraction of organic substances by successively stronger reagents or conditions, different amounts of fulvic and humic acids were got. The findings give indications to the different stability of bondings between mineral and organic substances in the soils and their change during degradation. The ascending exhaustive fractionating method was found to be the best for obtaining and-simultaneously - separating completely the organic matter in distinct franctions and also to earn a humus-clay and a silica humic acid component. Using this method, 5 fractions of the humus complex at any of profile-horizons were got in greater amounts and quantitative as far as qualitative determined. It was found that the loss of organic matter is differently distributed to the single humus fractions in the profiles and in the horizon-zones. Therefore it is not sufficient to determine only the total C- and N-content. Comparing the increase or decrease of humic substances in the upper resp. lower zones of the profiles of the sequence, the degradation process can be pursued retrospectively.     

Effect of cultivation on chemical characteristics and respiratory activity of crusting soil from Mazowe (Zimbabwe)

Abstract

Clearing and cultivation in crusting soils from Mazowe (Zimbabwe) has lead to severe changes in most physico‐chemical characteristics related to the concentration and distribution patterns of plant nutrients and to the total amount of soil organic matter. Nevertheless, the concentration of the different humus fractions showed lower intensity changes, as did the mineralization rates of the organic matter. The most significant effects of cultivation on the soil chemical characteristics coincided with those considered to favor clay dispersion and crusting phenomena, including generalized desaturation of the exchange complex and losses of divalent ions with a potential bridging effect between soil particles. Concerning the soil organic matter, the humic acid tended to concentrate in the cultivated soils as a probable consequence of selective biodegradation of the other humic fractions. The composition and activity of soil humus suggest low‐performance organo‐mineral interactions: in these soils the active turnover of the plant wastes is not regulated by intense physico‐chemical interactions with the soil mineral fractions, or by physical encapsulation of organic particles. In consequence, the mineralization rates were relatively constant in the soils studied and unrelated to soil organic matter concentration. The results suggests that there is a possibility to revert the early degradation stages of these soils through a rational management of suitable amounts of crop wastes.     

Assessing the humus status and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> production in soils of anthropogenic and agrogenic landscapes in southern regions of the Russian Far East

The humus status and CO₂ production have been assessed in soils of natural and anthropogenic landscapes in southern regions of the Far East with different types of redox conditions. A higher production of CO₂ is typical of burozems and soddy-eluvial-metamorphic soils with oxidative and contrast redox conditions. These are soils with medium or high humus content, high potential humification capacity, and medium enrichment with catalase. A decrease in the content of humus in the plow horizons of soils in agrogenic landscapes is revealed compared to their natural analogues. The studied soils mainly have humus of the fulvate–humate type. The fractions strongly bound to the mineral soil component prevail in humic acids. In waterlogged mucky-humus gley soils, the anaerobic conditions hamper the biological activity and transformation of organic matter, which favors its accumulation. A low production of CO₂ is observed in soils with reducing conditions. To determine the differences between the CO₂ emission parameters in soils of agrogenic and natural landscapes, monitoring studies should be extended.     

Soil organic matter,C and N accumulation during natural succession and reclamation in an opencast sand quarry (southern Poland)

Abstract

The work presents study results on the formation of humus horizons, the accumulation of organic carbon and nitrogen as well as humus composition in successional and reclaimed soils in a sand mine cast in southern Poland. Research plots were designed in chronosequence: 5, 17, 20 and 25 years. Increased thickness of humus horizon and accumulation of organic carbon was reported both in successional soils and in reclaimed soils. However, in corresponding age groups of reclaimed soils these characteristics were two times as high as in successional soils. The estimated accumulation rate of organic carbon (C_org) was three times higher and total nitrogen (N_t) five times higher in reclaimed soils than in successional soils. In both types of soils there was an increase in the amount of carbon trapped with humic and fulvic acid (C_Ha + C_Fa) and structure of humic acids. Studies indicated that reclamation treatment significantly accelerated soil-formation in opencast sand mine.     

覆膜对有机物料的腐解及土壤有机质特性的影响

砂滤管长期培养试验结果表明,有机物料和农肥施入土壤后,腐解残留率(Yt)与有机物料施入后的时间(t)遵循Yt=Y^λ.t_oe方程式,式中Yo为有机物料缓分解成分的碳理占加入总碳量的百分数,λ为缓解成分的分解速率。覆膜使Yt和Yo值明显降低。田间试验结果表明,覆膜降低了有机质的活性,使PQ值(胡敏酸占可提取腐殖酸的百分数)和A2/A3比值(胡敏酸在波长200nm和300nm处吸光度之比)增高,胡敏酸对光吸收增强。     

水稻土的腐殖质组成

土壤的有机质状况与成土条件之间有着紧密的联系。借助于腐殖质形成分析法,ТюРин确定了腐殖质形成过程的地带性规律。他指出,不同发生学土类,其腐殖质形成有着明显的不同^[1]。Кононова把土壤腐殖质看作为一个高分子物质体系,她证明成土条件对腐殖质的影响,不仅表现在分祖形成方面,而且也表现在胡敏酸的本性方面^[2]。另一方面,一些工作表明,有机厦状况的不同又将对土壤形成过程和土壤性质产生不同的影响^[3]。因此,研究土壤的腐殖质状况,不仅有助于对土壤性质的了解,而且可为成土过程,从而为土壤分类提供有益的资料。     

Characteristics of organic matter in soil surface horizons derived from calcareous and metamorphic rocks and different vegetation types from the Mediterranean high-mountains in SE Spain

A study was carried out on some basic characteristics of the organic matter in the surface horizons of soils from the two different geological (calcareous and acid metamorphic rocks) and ecological systems under a Mediterranean climate in Southeast Spain. The results show some noticeable differences in soil organic matter composition. This is likely due to typical Mediterranean climate and well adapted vegetation. There is a tendency towards a greater stability for the soil humus formed under slightly alkaline soil in comparison to the slightly acidic environment. The samples taken from the latter environment have a higher content in free organic matter, a lower content in total extractable humin and a greater relative proportion of aliphatic chains and lignin in the humic acids. The results also suggest some differences caused by the type of vegetation (forest and scrubland ecosystems) in the soil humus chemistry, with a more obvious negative effect under reforestations with species of Pinus in an acidic soil environment (a higher content in free organic matter, lesser presence of fungal-derived perylenequinonic pigments in the humic acids, and a higher content in little evolved forms of nitrogen and lignin in the humic acids). In general the organic matter under scrubland and Quercus vegetation is more decomposed and the humus is more evolved than under Pinus vegetation.     

The humus status of modern and buried volcanic soils in Mexico and its role in the paleogeographic interpretation of tephra-paleosol sequences

Chemical and optical characteristics of soil humus have been analyzed as “memory” components of the Pleistocene volcanic paleosols in Mexico. We have studied the A1 horizons of buried Andosols of the Nevado de Toluca series and of the modern Andosols formed under different bioclimatic conditions. Data on the organic matter of buried paleosols suggest that Andosols of the Nevado de Toluca series were formed in humid forest ecosystems. Optical characteristics of the humic acids and data on the molecular-mass distribution of the humus make it possible to assume that these soils were formed under pine forests rather than under fir forests.     

高量秸秆不同深度还田对黑土有机质组成和酶活性的影响

在田间耕作条件下黑土3个土层(0~20、20~40、40~60cm)添加4%和8%高量玉米秸秆于尼龙袋中原位培养近4年后,研究不同层次土壤秸秆转化与有机碳积累特征,以及腐殖质各组分和土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明,添加4%的秸秆量0~20、20~40和40~60cm土层有机碳分别增加31.8%、96.4%和171.1%,8%秸秆添加量分别增加了86.2%、193.5%和265.9%,增加秸秆还田深度有利于土壤有机碳的积累。0~20 cm土层在无秸秆还田情况下有机碳下降了29.3%,而20~40 cm土层仅下降了1.8%。土壤有机碳含量和酶活性均随秸秆添加量的增加而提高,腐殖质胡敏酸/富里酸(HA/FA)比值发生较大变化,改善了腐殖质品质。各处理腐殖酸碳(HS-C)和胡敏酸碳(HA-C)的大小为20~40 cm土层0~20 cm土层40~60 cm土层,而40~60 cm土层则更有利于富里酸碳(FA-C)的积累。土壤过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性分别与HA-C、FA-C含量呈极显著正相关、显著正相关。研究结果为深层秸秆还田促进土壤有机质的积累提供了理论依据。     

Heavy metals (copper,lead, nickel,and cadmium) in the organic part of gray forest soils in the Buryat Republic

The levels of the accumulation of copper, lead, nickel, and cadmium in the parent material-soil-plants-soil organic matter system are given for gray forest soils in the Buryat Republic. The concentrations of copper, lead, and nickel in the parent materials do not exceed the corresponding clarkes, and cadmium is present in trace amounts. The concentrations of copper and nickel in the humus horizon are lower than those in the parent material; an opposite situation is observed for lead. The concentrations of copper, lead, and nickel in the soil organic matter and in the herbaceous plants correspond to their contents in the soil and do not exceed the background (clarke) values. Cadmium was not detected in the aboveground part of the plants, though it was found in the root mass and in the organic soil horizon. In the humus of gray forest soils, these heavy metals are mainly present in the acid filtrate remaining after the precipitation of humic acids.     

Protease extraction from soil by sodium pyrophosphate and chemical characterization of the extracts

Two arable soils and one pasture soil had previously been air-dried for 6 d and stored at room temperature. The enzyme activities remaining after this treatment were constant. The soils were then extracted with 140 mM sodium pyrophosphate at pH 7.1. Amino acid N and total organic C content of soils and soil extracts, together with humic and fulvic acids content of soil extracts were determined. Total organic C was determined in soil residues obtained after extraction. Chemical characterization of the organic matter of soils, soil extracts and soil residues was carried out by pyrolysis–gas chromatography (Py–GC). Protease activity was determined in soil extracts and soil residues by using three different substrates: N-benzoyl- -argininamide (BAA), specific for trypsin; N-benzyloxycarbonyl- -phenylalanyl -leucine (ZPL), specific for carboxypeptidases, and casein, essentially non-specific. Comparative studies between specific activities referred to organic C in soils, soil extracts and soil residues and their corresponding pyrogram composition, and also between total extracted or residual activity and the humine or unhumified organic matter content of the corresponding soil, allowed us to establish hypotheses about the type of organic matter the enzymes are associated with. From 12% to 21% of the soil organic C (33% to 39% of which were humic acids) and from 3% and 18% of amino acid N were extracted from soil using pyrophosphate. Py–GC analyses showed that pyrophosphate was effective in extracting condensed humic substances and glycoproteins and that the organic matter present in soil extracts was especially rich in intact or partially-decomposed fresh residues of carbohydrate origin and also in certain humus-associated proteins. Extracted BAA-hydrolysing activity accounted for 11% to 36% of the soil activity, depending on soil type. Extracted ZPL- and casein-hydrolysing activities were, with one exception, remarkably high, accounting for about 100% or even more of the soil activity, depending on soil type. According to the results BAA-hydrolysing proteases are probably mostly associated with highly condensed humus, ZPL-hydrolysing proteases with less condensed humic substances and casein-hydrolysing proteases with fresh organic matter.     

我国几种土壤中腐殖质性质的研究

研究了几种土壤腐殖酸的基本性质,其中包括土壤的腐殖质组成,胡敏酸以及富里酸的元素组成,含氧官能团含量,光密度值与芳化度等,计算了E₄与E₄/E₆比值与上述性质的相关系数。结果表明土壤腐殖质组成和性质与其形成条件有着密切的联系,并且有一定的地带规律性。水稻土中有机质含量增加,HA/FA比值变高,其活性HA显著降低,说明水稻土有利于有机质的积累并改变了腐殖质的组成。E₄、E₄/E₆比值与元素组成,C/H比值,含氧官能团及芳化度之间的相关系数表明E₄除了与C%,O%,酚羟基-O%,醌基-O%呈极显著或显著相关外,还与C/H比值及芳化度呈极显著相关,因此E₄值可作为腐殖物质芳化度的一个指标。     

石灰性母质对土壤腐殖质组成和性质的影响

本文研究了采自泰安、南京、昆明3地在相近植被类型下的石灰性土壤和非石灰性土壤的腐殖质组成和胡敏酸的结构特征。结果表明,和同一地区的非石灰性土壤相比,石灰性土壤不但胡敏酸/富里酸比值恒较高,活性胡敏酸的相对含量显著较低,且其胡敏酸的芳化度和羧基含量较高,全氮及酰胺态氮的含量较低。看来,土壤呈微碱性反应不仅有利于有机物质腐解过程的进行,而且有利于游离基的形成,从而有利于酚类物质相互之间以及酚类物质与含氮化合物之间的缩聚反应和腐殖酸的脱胺作用的进行。     

Transformation of lignin in surface and buried soils of mountainous landscapes

The content and composition of the lignin phenols in plants and soils of vertical natural zones were studied in the Northern Caucasus region and Northwestern Tien Shan. Three types of lignin transformation were revealed: steppe, forest, and meadow ones. It was shown that the degree of oxidation of the biopolymer during the transformation of organic matter increased when going from the living plant tissues to humic acids in surface and buried soils. The portion of lignin fragments remained unchanged during the biopolymer transformation in the following series: plant tissues-falloff-litter-soil-humic acids-buried humic acids. It was also shown that the biochemical composition of the plants had a decisive effect on the structure of the humic acids in the soils. The quantitative analysis of the lignin phenols and the ¹³C NMR spectroscopy proved that the lignin in higher plants was involved in the formation of specific compounds of soil humus, including aliphatic and aromatic molecular fragments. The first analysis of the lignin content and composition in buried soils of different ages was performed, and an increase in the degree of oxidation of the lignin structures was revealed in the soil chronoseries. It was proposed to use the proportions of lignin phenols in surface and buried soils as diagnostic criteria of the vegetation types in different epochs.     

Phosphorus in humus acids

The distribution of phosphorus among humus acid groups in different soil types was studied. It was shown that the binding of P with acid-soluble and-insoluble organic components is determined by the acid-base status of soils, which controls the predominant interaction of P with Fe and Al or with Ca and Mg, and the solubility of the resulting organic phosphates in acid and alkali. The major part of P is associated with the group of humic acids (HAs) in the acid soils and with fulvic acids (FAs) in the neutral and calcareous soils. During the fractionation of organic matter from acid soils, the amount of P redistributed from the HA to the FA group can increase with an increasing acid or alkaline impact on the soil, which breaks the bonds of the phosphorus-bearing organic components with metals.     

Regularities of extracting humic acids from soils using sodium pyrophosphate solutions

Regularities of extracting humic acids from different soil types (soddy-podzolic soil, gray forest soil, and all chernozem subtypes) with sodium pyrophosphate solutions at different pH values (from 5 to 13) have been studied. It is found that, regardless of soil type, the process occurs in two stages through the dissociation of carboxylic groups and phenolic hydroxyls, each of which can be described by a logistic function. Parameters of the logistic equations approximating the extraction of humic acids from soils at different pH values are independent of the content and composition of humus in soils. Changes in the optical density of humic acids extracted from soils using sodium pyrophosphate solutions with different pH values are described in the first approximation by the Gaussian function. The optically densest humic acids are extracted using sodium pyrophosphate solutions at pH 10. Therefore, it is proposed to use an extract with pH 10 for the characterization of organic matter with the maximum possible degree of humification in the given soil.