木薯块根迅速膨大期韧皮部和木质部中的蔗糖代谢

以高淀粉木薯品种华南9号和低淀粉品种华南7号为试料,分析块根膨大中后期蔗糖代谢相关酶活性及其产物的变化规律。结果表明:在块根韧皮部和木质部中,参与蔗糖合成的蔗糖磷酸合成酶和蔗糖合成酶(合成方向)在膨大后期活性均有所升高,而参与蔗糖分解的可溶性酸性转化酶、中性转化酶和蔗糖合成酶(分解方向)在后期活性均下降;细胞壁酸性转化酶活性变化存在明显差异,华南7号在块根膨大中期活性较高,华南9号在后期较高;在块根韧皮部中,蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的含量在膨大后期增加幅度较华南7号明显,而在块根木质部中,华南7号中这3种糖在膨大后期均呈增加趋势,华南9号中却下降,表明华南9号比华南7号有更强的蔗糖代谢的能力,这可能是造成不同品种木薯淀粉含量差异的原因。     

不同品种木薯叶绿体比较蛋白质组学初步研究

以“华南8号”木薯(SC8)和“华南124号”木薯(SC124)的叶绿体作为研究材料,采用改进酚抽提法提取蛋白,通过单向SDS-PAGE电泳和双向SDS-PAGE电泳,比较不同木薯品种叶绿体的蛋白表达谱,并对表达的差异蛋白进行MALDI-TOF MS质谱鉴定,获得15个差异蛋白,其中有6个蛋白在SC124木薯叶绿体中表达较高,9个蛋白表达很低.对蛋白进行功能分析,发现差异蛋白主要参与蛋白翻译后修饰、周转、分子伴侣、碳水化合物运输等过程.通过RT-PCR验证了木薯核酮糖1.5-二磷酸羧化酶、ATP合酶β亚基的基因表达情况,结果表明,ATP合酶β亚基基因表达与蛋白质的表达比较一致,而核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化酶基因与蛋白质表达变化不一致.     

红麻麻株韧皮部与木质部比值的研究

本文研究了不同条件下红麻麻株韧皮部与木质部比值的动态变化。结果表明,播种愈晚,其比值愈大,比值的峰值出现的时间相应推迟;延迟收获,其比值明显降低;栽培密度提高,比值减小;增施氮肥,比值降低,磷肥用量增加,比值提高;在群体中,以株高380厘米,茎粗2.3厘米的麻株,其比值最大,麻株过高过矮,过粗过细其比值均低;品系间的比值相差很大,供试的9个品系中,以品系201最大达0.712,品系83最小,仅为0.565。     

巴西橡胶树木质部和树皮比较蛋白质组学研究

采用改进酚抽法提取巴西橡胶树木质部和树皮蛋白。结果显示,在双向电泳图谱上可分辨500多个蛋白点。木质部和树皮的蛋白表达谱存在明显差异。选取48个差异蛋白点或者高丰度蛋白进行MALDI-TOF MS质谱鉴定,成功鉴定出26个蛋白,其中,与氢氰酸合成相关的两个酶是树皮特有的,而半胱氨酸转甲基酶是木质部的高丰度蛋白。     

木薯试管块根诱导技术研究

以木薯主栽品种‘华南205’组培苗为材料,利用正交实验设计L9(34)分析蔗糖浓度、萘乙酸(NAA)、多效唑(PP333)和茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)对木薯试管块根诱导的影响,筛选适宜木薯试管块根诱导的培养基配方,并对较优配方组合进行验证试验和根系内淀粉粒观察。结果表明:木薯试管块根诱导较优的配方为1/2 MS+6-BA0.02 mg/L+0.1 mg/L PP_(333)+0.02 mg/L NAA+10μmol/L Me JA+50 g/L蔗糖+6.3 g/L琼脂。在该配方诱导条件下,组培苗生根率达80%以上,组培苗形成的根系增粗明显,块根内有丰富的淀粉颗粒形成。PP_(333)在木薯试管块根诱导和增粗中起着重要作用。本研究成功获得了较优的木薯试管块根诱导培养基配方,为木薯块根发生发育机理和育种研究奠定了基础。     

不同木薯品种（系）块根淀粉特性研究

对79个木薯品种(系)块根淀粉的鲜薯含粉率、原淀粉水分、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量、峰值粘度、糊化温度、透明度、恩氏粘度、淀粉粒直径和表面积等淀粉特性指标进行研究.结果表明,不同木薯品种(系)各淀粉特性指标存在很大的差异,不同指标间也有一定的相关性,利用主成分分析对各品种(系)各指标进行综合分析,认为E169、C766、E1424、E339、R72、E217、E344、E232、E316和桂热3号木薯淀粉的加工特性最好,更适合木薯淀粉的深加工.     

木薯试管微型薯与田间块根的结构发育比较

以华南8号木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz cv.South China 8)无菌苗嫩茎为材料,采用植物组织培养方法获得试管微型薯,利用组织解剖学及组织化学方法研究木薯试管微块根(微型薯)的形态结构发育以及田间木薯块根形态结构发育,结果表明:木薯在组培条件下形成的微型薯没有次生结构的分化,微型薯的膨大在结构上表现为初生根皮层细胞体积的增大以及细胞间隙的增加。而田间块根的膨大在结构上表现为次生结构的产生以及大量淀粉的积累;组培微型薯和田间块根淀粉积累相比,存在时间上和空间上的差异,早期生长的微型薯没有淀粉的积累,生长5~10 d后在皮层薄壁细胞可见淀粉粒分布。而田间生长的木薯块根的淀粉是在初生根产生次生结构后就开始积累,淀粉主要积累在次生木质部,少部分分布于皮层薄壁细胞和韧皮部。     

木薯块根不同发育期β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质积累变化及其有色体蛋白质组学研究

木薯是世界重要的粮食作物,在我国发展潜力巨大。蛋白质和类胡萝卜素是重要的营养品质特性,但木薯蛋白质含量低,提高木薯块根类胡萝卜素和蛋白质含量,提高其营养成分,已成为木薯选育种的重要目标。本研究以蛋黄木薯（‘SC9'）、紫叶黄心木薯（‘BGM019'）和白心面包木薯（‘SC101'）3个木薯品种为试验材料,开展黄心和白心木薯块根营养品质特性的研究,分析其不同发育期类胡萝卜素和蛋白质含量的变化,同时利用双向电泳和质谱法开展木薯块根有色体亚细胞结构蛋白质组的研究,揭示其蛋白质含量提高与类胡萝卜素积累的关联性。结果表明：3个木薯品种块根β-胡萝卜素含量在块根形成期、膨大期和成熟期差异显著（P<0.05）,‘BGM019'和‘SC9'蛋白质含量在同一生长发育时期差异不显著（P>0.05）,但显著高于‘SC101'（P<0.05）。随着木薯块根发育成熟,其类胡萝卜素和蛋白质含量均呈上升趋势,且二者表现为正相关。以膨大期为对照,在‘SC9'成熟期块根有色体中检测到36个差异表达蛋白质,其中26个上调表达,10个下调表达;‘BGM019'中检测到49个差异表达蛋白质,其中28个上调表达,21个下调表达;‘SC101'检测到38个差异蛋白质,其中20个上调表达,18个下调表达。通过对上述差异蛋白质的功能分析,发现它们均参与抗氧化、碳代谢和能量代谢、信号转导等多个代谢过程,说明木薯块根类胡萝卜素积累是由多个代谢途径协同作用的结果。对比分析3个木薯品种块根有色体亚细胞结构的差异蛋白质,发现20个差异表达蛋白质在其中2个品种或3个品种间出现相同的表达趋势。它们主要涉及到碳代谢及能量代谢、抗氧化、细胞骨架蛋白、无机离子运输及代谢、分子伴侣和蛋白质合成等代谢途径,其中与抗氧化相关的蛋白质占20%。构建蛋白质生物调控网络揭示块根有色体蛋白质与β-胡萝卜素积累的关联性,为培育优质高营养的木薯新品种提供新思路。     

木薯新品种(系)在云南的适应性比较研究

以华南205(SC205)为对照品种,研究比较F44、F50、G56等22个木薯品种(系)在云南的适应性。结果表明:单株茎叶鲜重为1.8~11.4 kg,最重的是F81,与F50、哥伦比亚18R、F114等品种系差异极显著;最轻的是GR3,与F44、SC5、新选048等品种(系)差异极显著,与SC205、F50、F114、哥伦比亚18R差异显著;每株鲜薯条数为7.6~17.5条,最多是SC8,比SC205(对照)增加53.5%,而最少的是F108;小区鲜薯重为40.0~100.3 kg,最重为新选048,比SC205(对照)增加70.1%,比鲜薯重最轻的SC5显著高产,与其它品种产量差异不显著,且SC5小区鲜薯重比SC205(对照)减产36.2%。综上所述,综合性状相对适合在云南种植的为SC8、GR3、GR4、新选048、GR024-1、GR024-2、F106、哥伦比亚18R、F114、G37、F44、G30、F100、F539共14个品种(系)。     

木薯茎秆纤维形态和化学成分的初步研究

木薯作为一种新型的生物质能源作物,近年来在中国特别是广西发展迅速。其种植和加工过程中产生的大量废弃物（如木薯渣、木薯茎秆）已成为制约木薯产业发展面临的重要问题。文章对木薯茎秆的纤维形态和化学成分进行了初步研究,旨在探索木薯茎秆增值利用的新途径。结果表明：3种木薯茎秆的纤维长度和宽度种间差异性显著,种A、种B、种C的平均纤维长度与宽度分别为976、920、815 μm与34、32、36 μm。3种木薯茎秆的总平均纤维长度为904 μm,宽度为34 μm,双壁厚为7.32 μm,长宽比为27,壁腔比为0.27。种A木薯茎秆的纤维素含量为41.49％,木质素含量为21.44％,灰分含量为3.46％,苯醇抽出物含量为6.96％,1％　NaOH抽出物含量为22.22％,冷水抽提物为11.89％,热水抽提物为14.15％。综合分析表明：木薯茎秆纤维属于中短长度类纤维原料,长宽比小,壁薄,纤维素含量高,可作为纤维板及造纸原料,但需要与其他长纤维原料搭配使用。     

不同药剂处理对食用鲜木薯块根贮藏特性的影响

以食用鲜木薯块根为研究对象,研究不同药剂处理后在10℃和85%相对湿度条件下贮藏,块根主要生理生化特性的变化,探究主要抗氧化酶在贮藏过程的差异。结果表明:采后7 d是块根迅速失水期,其干物率和淀粉含量呈上升趋势,3个处理均可以一定程度延缓失水速度;贮藏前期(0~30 d)NaCl和Na_2S_2O_5溶液处理可以提高SOD和APX酶活性,抑制POD和CAT酶活性,但到了贮藏后期(30~60 d)各处理基本一致。可见98℃、10 g/L的NaCl热水和抗氧化剂Na_2S_2O_5处理在短期内可延缓褐变发生。方差统计分析发现,各6项指标均在贮藏时期分别达极显著差异,各处理对SOD酶活性的影响不显著,对其他5项指标的影响达显著或极显著水平。     

木薯采后生理性变质与淀粉特性研究

以华南系列的SC205、SC5、SC6、SC8和SC10五个木薯品种为材料,于采收后不同时间分析其块根生理变质程度、干物质含量、淀粉含量、支链淀粉比例和淀粉透明度等指标,探讨木薯生理变质与块根淀粉特性的关系。研究结果表明：采后生理变质对块根淀粉特性有明显影响,所有品种淀粉特性指标在采后均呈下降趋势,其中下降最快的是SC205。对各指标的相关分析表明,支链淀粉分别与淀粉含量和淀粉透明度呈显著正相关和极显著正相关。可见,生理变质可导致淀粉透明度的下降,影响淀粉的商品品质。     

木薯块根采后腐烂及贮藏方法研究进展

木薯是非洲和部分南美洲国家的主要食物能量来源,用途广泛。由于其采后迅速发生腐烂质变而极大影响了木薯块根进一步推广运用。随着木薯生物技术研究发展,块根采后生理变化的研究不断地获得重大突破,笔者从不同角度阐述了块根采后腐烂的机理及采后贮藏方法,总结木薯块根采后腐烂的主要原因,并提出解决这一问题关键在于研发快速、有效的处理技术,包括短波紫外线处理技术。     

木薯肉与木薯皮营养成分的研究初报

为提高木薯块根的利用价值,选取3个木薯品系,分别测定木薯肉、木薯皮中7种营养成分的含量。结果表明:木薯肉鲜样干物质含量为31.5%~42.1%,木薯肉干样粗淀粉含量为76.4%~87.0%,均极显著高于木薯皮;木薯皮鲜样含0.28~0.63 mg/hg的β-胡萝卜素和11.9~26.1 mg/hg维生素C,木薯皮干样含25.0%~28.2%粗蛋白、10.5%~21.5%可溶性糖、14.0%~19.9%粗纤维,均极显著高于木薯肉;与相关研究比较,木薯肉营养优于或不亚于甘薯和马铃薯,木薯皮营养优于或不亚于米糠和小麦麸皮。此外,木薯肉和木薯皮中均存在高干物质含量、高粗淀粉含量和低粗纤维含量的相互关系。     

Development of Tuberous Cassava Roots under Different Tillage Systems: Descriptive Anatomy

Abstract

The interaction between the roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and soil physical properties has previously been analyzed. This interaction results in differences in production of plant material and in the physicochemical features of the roots, suggesting that changes in soil physical conditions may be related to changes in root anatomy. This work described the anatomical development of the tuberous cassava roots (cv. IAC 576-70) under different tillage systems. Roots grown under three different tillage systems (minimum, conventional and no tillage) were examined at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after planting (DAP). The tillage systems did not appear to influence root anatomy during root development; at 15 and 30 DAP roots had early secondary growth; at 60 DAP the process of tuber formation had started; at 90 DAP the secondary xylem had completely differentiated to allow storage of starch; at 120, 150 and 180 DAP roots exhibited a similar anatomical structure to that observed at 90 DAP. From these results we conclude that the anatomical structure of cassava tuberous roots is established by 90 DAP and the sequence of establishment and development of tissues that make up the tuberous roots is not influenced by tillage systems during the first 180 DAP.     

不同生长期木薯块根淀粉糊化特性的差异

对木薯品种(系)SC8、南植199、C869、D346和E632在6～11个月生长期的块根淀粉糊化特性进行研究。结果表明,木薯的含粉量随生长期的延长呈先增后减趋势,不同品种的变化拐点各不相同;直链淀粉含量随生长期变化趋势因品种而异,表现出显著的品种效应和生长期差异性;峰值粘度在生长期为8个月后随生长期的延长而增加,其值与鲜薯含粉率、直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关关系;木薯淀粉糊化温度的生长期差异性显著,且变化趋势因品种的差异而略有不同,它与直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关关系。木薯淀粉恩氏粘度与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关。     

Root System Development Including Root Branching in Cuttings of Cassava with Reference to Shoot Growth and Tuber Bulking

Summary

In spite of the important role it plays for water and nutrient acquisition, information on the root system development in cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz) is limited. To examine the root length and branching pattern with reference to shoot growth and tuber bulking, we grew cassava plants in containers under natural climatic conditions in the southern end of Sumatra Island, Indonesia. One 20-cm length cutting of cassava (cv. Ardira IV) was planted in either a plastic bucket or a wooden box. The containers, which were filled with heavy clay soil, had different sizes depending on the growing period. At 30, 60, 100, 140, 180, and 270 days after planting (DAP), both the shoot and roots were sampled for quantitative analysis. The dry weight of both shoot and roots increased rapidly with the leaf area. The axile root number, however, decreased from 60 to 140 DAP as a result of the abscission of roots emerging from the basal part of the cutting during tuber bulking. The total root length reached its maximum at 60 DAP and significantly decreased thereafter because of decay and decomposition during tuber bulking. On the other hand, the root branching either increased the branching order or retained it, as determined from a topological point of view. The root branching during the later growing period compensated for the decrease in total root length and contributed to maintain a sufficient root surface area. The surviving roots with a well-developed branching pattern could absorb water and nutrients essential for tuber bulking.     

Root System Development of Cassava and Sweetpotato during Early Growth Stage as Affected by High Root Zone Temperature

Abstract

Root zone temperature (RZT) is an important factor that affects the establishment of crops in the field. This study was conducted to determine the effect of high RZT on the root system development of cassava and sweetpotato and to assess the response of each root system component of cassava and sweetpotato to high RZTs. Cassava and sweetpotato are widely grown crops in soils that are prone to reach a high temperature especially during the dry season. The plant root system was the primary object of investigation in this study. Cassava and sweetpotato cuttings were grown in pots for 20 days in a growth chamber where two different soil temperature regimes were maintained : 40°C (high RZT) and 25°C (normal). High RZT significantly decreased the total length of the adventitious roots (ARs) and the number and total length of the first order lateral roots (LRs) in both cassava and sweetpotato. Reduction in these root growth parameters was greater in the latter than in the former. High RZT caused a marked increase in the number of the second order LRs in sweetpotato and tended to enhance the formation of the third order LRs. Under high RZT, in cassava, a higher proportion of the total number of ARs and the first order LRs, and thus, a greater fraction of the total root length came from the lower nodes of the cuttings that were buried deep in the soil at planting. In sweetpotato, a greater proportion of the total number and total length of the ARs and the first order LRs was observed in the nodes of the cuttings that were buried closer to the soil surface than those buried deeper. An opposite trend was evident in both cassava and sweetpotato grown under a normal RZT. In the screenhouse experiment where plants were grown for 12 days, root growth of cassava was significantly reduced by the high RZT that prevailed when the soil was not covered with mulch materials. The root development in the mulched soil was similar to that under normal RZT in the growth chamber.