科技小院模式助力农业科技推广的实践与思考

科技小院是"产学研用"紧密结合的新模式,是精准服务"三农"发展的新举措,在创新农业科技、培养农技人才、助力农技推广等起到重要作用。本文采用多案例研究的方法,梳理科技小院运行的特点和成效,深入探讨科技小院发展过程中的制约因素,并为科技小院的高效推广和持续发展提出相应对策建议。结果表明:缺少政策引导与法规保障、科技小院建设效率不高、农民与农技推广人员存在知识代沟等因素制约了科技小院的发展。据此,提出健全科技小院推广政策制度、提高科技小院的建设效率、缩小农户与农技推广人员的知识差距等建议,以期为农业创新体系建设、农业科研体制改革和农业科技推广服务提供理论指导,更好地服务乡村振兴工作。     

Challenging the populist perspective: Rural people's knowledge,agricultural research,and extension practice

Recent trends in agricultural science have emphasized the need to make local people active participants in the research and development process. Working under the populist banner “Farmer First”, the focus has been on bridging gaps between development professionals and local people, pointing to the inadequate understanding of insiders' knowledge, practices, and processes by outsiders. The purpose of this paper is to expose the paradox of the prevailing populist conception of power and knowledge, and to challenge the simple notion that social processes follow straightforward and systemic patterns and can thus be manipulated with a transfer of power from outside to inside. The authors view “knowledge” as a social process and knowledge systems in terms of a multiplicity of actors and networks through which certain kinds of information are communicated and negotiated, and not as single, cohesive structures, stocks or stores. The guiding phrase is “the analysis of difference”, which suggests that knowledge is multilayered, fragmentary, and diffuse, not unitary and systematized. It emerges as a product of the interaction and dialogue between different actors and networks of actors with conflicting loyalties who negotiate over “truth” claims and battle over contrasting images and contesting interests. The paper challenges those promoting Farmer First approaches to reassess how people in different agroecological and sociocultural contexts make sense of and deal with constraining and enabling processes related to research and extension; how they attempt, through recourse to various discursive means, to enroll one another in their various endeavors; and how they use relations of power in their struggles to gain access to and control of social and political space.     

基于“互联网+”的农业专家在线指导平台建设

“互联网+农业”作为转变农业发展的有效方式,为农业技术推广服务“最后一公里”问题提供了解决方案。石家庄市农林科学研究院基于互联网技术建设农业专家在线指导平台,旨在探索农业科技服务“三农”的新途径。农业专家在线指导平台结合技术应用和推广,根据农业生产实际情况开发专家远程监控咨询诊断功能,提高了服务效率和科技转化的服务能力,开创了农业技术和科研成果推广的新模式。     

Grounding the financialization of farmland: perspectives on financial actors as new land owners in rural Australia

Sparked by the conjunction of food, fuel, and financial crises, there has been an increasing awareness in recent years of the scarce and finite character of natural resources. Productive resources such as agricultural land have been touted by financial actors—such as merchant banks, pension funds, and investment companies—as providing the basis for a range of new “alternative” financial asset classes and products. While the drivers, motives, and rationales behind the increasing interest of turning farmland into a financial asset class have been traced by a number of scholars, the interpretations of, and interactions with, financial actors at the community level have received less attention. Based on qualitative research in rural Australia, this paper reveals the grounds on which finance-backed investments have been accepted and accommodated by communities in rural Australia and delineates the reasons that have led to feelings of unease or refusal. The paper thereby demonstrates that the financialization of farmland is neither abstract nor one-sided but rather a multidimensional process that not only includes financial actors but also the impacted rural populations in various ways. Positioning the activities of financial actors in Australia within the emerging research on the financialization of farmland, the paper endorses context-sensitive analyses to better interpret these recent transformations of the agri-food system.     

Planners or performers? Reflections on indigenous dryland farming in northern Burkina Faso

Indigenous agricultural practices in semiarid West Africa must be seen as dynamic operations that serve different ends. These ends are not only agricultural, but symbolic. By highlighting how farmers in the Central Plateau region of Burkina Faso organize their farming strategies, the “agriculture as performance” arguments developed by Richards (1987, 1993) can be both challenged and extended from the humid forest zone of West Africa. Farmers, it can be argued, are also keen “planners;” in order to meet their goals they invest considerable effort in overcoming ecological constraints, and also spend time forging links with various institutions working for agricultural development. Technologies and ideas from multiple sources—including those from some innovative development institutions — are incorporated in agricultural planning and practices in different ways, by different farmers, and for different reasons. The prospect of locally initiated and managed agricultural change emerging on the Central Plateau will be dependent upon this dialogue between farmer innovation, local organizations, and development projects. Agricultural systems are, in many cases, consciously “constructed” through sustained investment in the land and in natural resource management. Dryland management efforts need to recognize the strategic and planned nature of these activities, if they are to work with farmers who are actively building and improving their own livelihood systems.     

Transforming extension for sustainable agriculture: The case of integrated pest management in rice in Indonesia

Investment in agricultural extension, as well as its design and practice, are usually based on the assumption that agricultural science generates technology (“applied science“), which extension experts transfer to “users“. This model negates local knowledge and creativity, ignores farmers' self-confidence and social energy as important sources of change, and, in its most linear expression, does not pay attention to information from and about farmers as a condition for anticipating utilization. In practice, farmers rely on knowledge developed by farmers, reinvent ideas brought from outside and actively integrate them into complex farming decisions. Effective extension seems based on checks and balances that match intervention power with farmers' countervailing power, and mobilize farmers' creativity and participation in technology development and exchange. Alternative models for informing extension investment, design, and practice stress adult learning and its facilitation. The farmer is seen as an expert and farm development as driven by farmers' energy and communication. The article is a case study of a rare large scale attempt to use such an alternative model. It suggests that a shift to knowledgeintensive sustainable practices requires a learning process based on participation and empowerment.     

机遇与挑战——迎接知识经济的到来

本文从多个角度阐述了现代科学技术与现代经济发展的关系,二者相互作用的结果是知识经济兴起的原因。知识经济是知识发展与经济发展的自然结果,是生产力发达的阶段表现。指出知识经济时代社会经济所呈现出的新的本质特点。就知识经济对于我国２１世纪的发展所带来的机遇和挑战,提出必须重视知识创新和制度创新等策略。     

甘肃省农业技术推广存在的问题及对策

十八大报告提出"解决好农业农村农民问题是全党工作重中之重,加快发展现代农业,增强农业综合生产能力,确保国家粮食安全和重要农产品有效供给。"为了促进甘肃省现代农业的发展和新型农业推广体系的构建,该文在分析甘肃省农业技术推广现状的基础上,指出目前甘肃省农业技术推广存在的主要问题,即农业技术推广机制不灵活、管理体制不顺、农技推广人员结构不合理、推广队伍素质较低、资金投入不足、经费严重短缺、农民文化素质低,接受科学技术的能力差等。针对这些问题从体制创新、队伍建设、经费投入、科技教育等方面提出了相应对策。     

Regarding biocultural heritage: in situ political ecology of agricultural biodiversity in the Peruvian Andes

This paper emerges from and aims to contribute to conversations on agricultural biodiversity loss, value, and renewal. Standard international responses to the crisis of agrobiodiversity erosion focus mostly on ex situ preservation of germplasm, with little financial and strategic support for in situ cultivation. Yet, one agrarian collective in the Peruvian Andes—the Parque de la Papa (Parque)—has repatriated a thousand native potatoes from the gene bank in Lima so as to catalyze in situ regeneration of lost agricultural biodiversity in the region. Drawing on participant action research and observation, this paper engages with the projects underway at the Parque—as well as “indigenous biocultural heritage” (IBCH), the original action-framework guiding the Parque’s work. IBCH grounds the ecology of successful crop diversity within the Andean cosmovisión, or worldview—which is included, but marginalized, in mainstream agrobiodiversity conservation policies. The IBCH concept counters apolitical renderings of agrobiodiversity erosion, arguing that this disregard of biocultural heritage perpetuates colonialist devaluations of efficacious “traditional ecological knowledge” and epistemologies. Accordingly, this paper discerns here an on-site, or in situ, political ecology of agricultural biodiversity conservation.     

Agricultural research and farm structural change: Bovine growth hormone and beyond

Emerging bovine somatotropin (or “bovine growth hormone” [bGH]) technology has become highly controversial even though the technology is one to two years from commercial introduction. The bGH controversy is discussed and placed in the context of the evolution of the American public agricultural research system and farm structural change over the past 15 years. It is argued that while many observers tend to overestimate the degree to which bGH will be representative of other biotechnologies applied to agriculture, the bGH case may well reflect a more general pattern of the changing clientele relations of the land-grant system and of the changing character of technology developed within the public agricultural research system. In particular, these new clientele and technical relations may portend a new era in which farmers begin to scrutinize the land-grant research portfolio, which might in turn lead to diminished political support by state-level farmers' groups for agricultural research appropriations.     

Exploring the theory and practice of participatory research in US sustainable agriculture: A case study in insect pest management

Farmers have always played a key role in developing and testing agricultural technology. Scientist initiated agricultural research models and methods that explicitly include the participation of farmers principally have been developed and implemented in the Third World. Recently, these strategies have begun to receive attention in the US sustainable agriculture research community. This paper presents a case study where scientists collaborated with farmers in developing, implementing, and revising research in peach insect pest management in sustainable agroecosystems in California. A theoretical framework constructed from emerging epistemological and philosophical premises is used to point out the imperative of including participatory strategies in US sustainable agriculture. Methods drawn from Rapid Rural Appraisal were adapted to fit the local circumstances of working within intensive peach production systems and with a US farmer or ganization, California Clean Growers Association, in developing a research agenda. Farmer-scientist participation continued throughout the research implementation phases via individual and group meetings. A mid-project workshop provided a forum where farmers had explicit decision-making power over the course of the research project. Selected natural science research results are presented to illustrate the value of merging farmers' and scientists' knowledge in achieving relevant and scientifically interesting information. It is argued that the adoption and innovation of participatory research strategies in US sustainable agriculture will require confronting philosophical and methodological issues at individual and institutional levels.     

Rural innovation systems and networks: findings from a study of Ethiopian smallholders

Ethiopian agriculture is changing as new actors, relationships, and policies influence the ways in which small-scale, resource-poor farmers access and use information and knowledge in their agricultural production decisions. Although these changes suggest new opportunities for smallholders, too little is known about how changes will ultimately improve the wellbeing of smallholders in Ethiopia. Thus, we examine whether these changes are improving the ability of smallholders to innovate and thus improve their own welfare. In doing so, we analyze interactions between smallholders and other actors to provide new perspectives on the role played by smallholder innovation networks in the agricultural sector by drawing on data from community case studies conducted in 10 localities. Findings suggest that public extension and administration exert a strong influence over smallholder networks, potentially crowding out market-based and civil society actors, and thus limiting beneficial innovation processes. From a policy perspective, the findings suggest the need to further explore policies and programs that create more space for market and civil society to participate in smallholder innovation networks and improve welfare. From a conceptual and methodological perspective, our findings suggest the need to incorporate rigorous applications of social network analysis into the application of innovation systems theory.     

智慧农业研究与实践进展

研究旨在梳理当前国内外智慧农业技术推广体系发展进程,为今后的智慧农业技术推广体系的建立奠定基础。应用文献计量法,以中国知网数据库为原始文献来源,高级检索“主题”=“智慧农业”并含“发展”,时间为2012—2017 年,分析所获得550 篇文献的发表年份、期刊分布。研究指出了智慧农业将逐渐成为现代农业发展延伸的核心点,点明了智慧农业与普通农业之间的差别与优势,通过归纳国内外智慧农业发展现状,得出国内应因地制宜发展智慧农业。     

Evolution of agricultural extension and information dissemination in Peru: An historical perspective focusing on potato-related pest control

Multiplicity and continual change characterize the Peruvian agricultural knowledge and information system (AKIS), reflecting changes in the agricultural sector as a whole. The evolution of these changes can be traced back to the pre-Columbian era when a relatively stable and well-organized system based on indigenous knowledge prevailed. During colonial (1532–1821) and early Republican times (beginning 1821) several changes affecting the agricultural sector contributed to a weakening of indigenous knowledge systems. During the 20th century extension services provided by the government and a variety of private organizations began to play an important role in the dissemination of information, albeit in an erratic way. Since the 1970s the system increased in complexity with the emergence of non-governmental institutions. Today government participation is limited and there is a more important participation by a number of NGOs and private organizations. This diversity of actors using different approaches has generated disarray in the information system owing to the lack of coherent policies to guide the interaction among actors. This paper uses the case of potato pest control-related information to illustrate changes in local knowledge systems. It differentiates pest control based on indigenous knowledge, chemical control, and integrated pest management (IPM) and explains how changes in the system have influenced the use of these three types of information in AKIS. Currently, the coexistence of different types of potato pest control information promoted and used by diverse and usually unconnected sets of organizations and individuals presents a challenge and requires inter-institutional action guided by clear policies to promote sustainable agriculture. Oscar Ortiz is an agronomist who specializes in agricultural extension, knowledge systems, and participatory research. He holds an MSc degree in crop production and agricultural extension from the La Molina National Agrarian University of Peru and a PhD from the Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Department at the University of Reading, UK. He has worked for the National Agricultural Research Institute and Nestle Company in Peru and is currently Division Leader for Integrated Crop Management at the International Potato Center (CIP) in Lima. Since 2001 he has been a visiting lecturer at the Graduate School of the La Molina National Agrarian University of Peru. He is a member of the Latin American Potato Association and the International Society for Horticultural Science.     

Drawing lines in the cornfield: an analysis of discourse and identity relations across agri-food networks

In this article, I analyze discourse and identity relations within so-called ‘conventional’ agri-food networks as well as how the conventional sphere perceives, constructs and responds to alternative food movements in Canada. The paper is structured around three primary research questions: (1) How are conventional actors understanding conditions, changes, and challenges within conventional networks? (2) How do conventional actors apply this understanding in advancing conventional interests and discourses, and defending conventional networks? (3) How do conventional actors and discourse construct AFMs? For this research, I draw from survey, focus group, and in-depth interview data alongside text analysis from online sources. I elucidate the interests and motivations behind the identities, stories and messages emerging from the conventional sphere. I conclude that relationship building and communication between diverse agri-food actors may help to expand the range of agricultural knowledge, philosophies and solutions available to farmers, especially those whom are currently quite divided.     

Patterns of participation in farmers’ research groups: Lessons from the highlands of southwestern Uganda

There is increasing interest in farmers’ organizations as an effective approach to farmer participatory research (FPR). Using data from an empirical study of farmers’ research groups (FRGs) in Uganda, this paper examines the patterns of participation in groups and answers questions such as: Who participates? What types of participation? How does participation occur? What are the factors determining participation? Results show that there is no single type of participation, but rather that FPR is a dynamic process with types of participation varying at different stages of the process. Farmers’ participation does not follow the normal adoption curve. Rather, it is characterized by high participation at the initial stages, followed by dramatic decrease and dropping-out, and slow increases toward the end. There is usually significantly higher participation among male farmers at the beginning of the process. However, as FRGs evolve, the proportion of men decreases sharply while the relative proportion of women continues to increase until it dominates the group. The findings do not support the common assumption that groups usually exclude women and the poor. On the contrary, we argue that FRGs are an effective mechanism to provide women and the poor with opportunities to participate in research. However, to be effective, this requires moving beyond head counting to promote more proactive gender and equity perspectives for amplifying the benefits of agricultural research to those who tend to be marginalized or excluded by mainstream development initiatives. This will be critical for making agricultural research more client-oriented and demand-driven.     

以大学为依托的农技推广模式的探索与实践--以西北农林科技大学为例

为了探索适合新的历史时期中国农业科技推广模式,创新完善农业推广体系,西北农林科技大学承担了国家财政部“探索以大学为依托的农业科技推广新模式”项目。通过8a在不同试验站的推广实践,总结了在新的历史条件下中国农技推广的新模式：即以大学教授牵头,以试验站为载体,以农技人员为主体的农业科技推广模式。提出了3种不同子模式：1＋2＋2校地技术人员示范村模式,10＋10能人示范户模式,6＋6＋6示范村模式;并提出了9种具体形式：示范形式,培训形式,指导形式,讨论式形,交流形式,访问形式,引导形式,参与形式和会议形式;阐述了不同试验示范站模式的共性,分述了3个试验示范站的运行模式及其效果,同时分析了大学推广模式的优势在实践中的体现,也指出了大学推广模式存在的问题。     

小农户参与现代农业发展:现实特征、实现基础与机制构建

基于“大国小农”的国情,促进小农户和现代农业有效衔接是推动中国农业现代化发展进程以及实现乡村振兴战略的主要着力点。虽然当前小农户参与现代农业发展存在老龄化、女性化和兼业化“三化”并重的锁定效应、耕地禀赋的刚性效应以及市场准入的壁垒效应,但重新审视小农户的生命活力与现代农业发展的包容性可以发现,小农户和现代农业之间存在相容性关系。进一步提出,实现小农户和现代农业衔接的关键在于建立新型农业服务主体激励相容机制、社会网和利益网“双重”网络机制以及小农户自我发展能力提升机制。     

Introduction to the symposium

A number of multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) and commodity roundtables have been created since the 1990s to respond to the growing criticism of agriculture’s environmental and social impacts. Driven by private and global-scale actors, these initiatives are setting global standards for sustainable agricultural practices. They claim to follow the new standard-making virtues of inclusiveness and consensus and base their legitimacy on their claim of balanced representation of, and participation by, all categories of stakeholders. This principle of representing a wide range of interests with a balance of power is at the heart of a new type of action that forms part of a broader political liberal model for building coalitions of interest groups. The intention of this symposium is to assess the nature of processes and outcomes of this model while paying particular attention to the forms of inclusion and exclusion they generate. In this introduction, we highlight the differences in theoretical approaches to analyzing MSIs and the manifestation of power through them. We distinguish between more traditional political–economy approaches and approaches concerned with ideational and normative power, such as convention theory. We discuss some of the main paradoxes of MSIs related to their willingness to be “inclusive” and at the same time their exclusionary or “closure” effects due in part to interactions with existing political economic contexts and embedded power inequalities, as well as more subtle manifestations of power linked to the favoring of some forms of knowledge and engagement over others.     

新时代基层农技推广体系改革创新实践探索、制约因素及深化路径

在农业生产转型背景下,小农户和新型农业经营主体对公益性农技服务仍然存在刚性需求,但基层农技推广服务市场却出现了"公益疲弱与市场主导"双向发展的局面,如何从根本上解决农业生产经营主体农技服务获取困境是当前基层农技推广体系改革创新的焦点。本文基于江西省五个基层农技推广体系改革创新试点县的案例,通过案例研究分析基层农技推广体系改革创新实践探索的具体成效、制约因素和深化路径。研究发现:在供给乏力、需求换代、技术变革和机制不畅等新时代背景下,基层农技推广体系改革实践探索取得了增量提质、融合发展、服务升级和机制创新等成效,但仍存在农技服务多元供给不畅通、农技推广人员考评机制难执行、服务供需匹配不精准和推广机构运行机制不完善等问题。为此,从引导新型农业经营主体参与服务供给、激发基层农技推广队伍生机活力、实现基层农技推广服务供需精准匹配、完善基层农技推广体系长效运行机制等方面提出深化路径。