IODINE IN SOIL PROFILES IN RELATION TO IRON AND ALUMINIUM OXIDES AND ORGANIC MATTER

The iodine content in successive 10 cm horizons of eighteen soil profiles from England and Wales was determined and correlated with contents of‘free’ aluminium and iron oxides (oxalate-soluble) and organic matter. The pattern of change in iodine content with depth varied considerably with soil type. In the rendzina soils, the content was relatively high in the surface 10 cm but declined markedly with depth. In the podsols, iodine was low at the surface but increased in the B horizon: in one of these soils an iron pan of about 1 cm thickness had an iodine content as high as 37.6 mg/kg. In two soils derived from Ordovician, and one from igneous, rock material, the iodine content was relatively high (up to 25 mg/kg) with maximum values at intermediate depths. In contrast, soils derived from river alluvium and from lowland clays generally had low iodine contents (< 6 mg/kg) which showed little variation with depth in the profile. In a peat soil the iodine content was relatively high in the horizons above 60 cm but was low (1. 3 mg/kg) in the underlying clay. In all 154 samples from the eighteen sites, iodine content was closely correlated with oxalate-soluble aluminium (r= 0.834***) but not with oxalate-soluble iron (r= 0. 35) or organic matter (r= 0.37). However, in the five most acidic soils, with pH below 4. 8, the iodine content was more closely correlated with iron than with aluminium.     

SELECTIVE EXTRACTION OF AMORPHOUS IRON OXIDES BY EDTA FROM SOILS FROM DENMARK AND TANZANIA

Soils from Denmark and Tanzania were extracted with EDTA solutions of different concentrations and pH. After extraction for 3 months there was no significant (95% level) further increase in amounts of iron (and aluminium, calcium, and magnesium) during longer extraction periods. X-ray diffraction showed no change of the crystalline minerals caused by the extraction, which is believed to be specific for amorphous iron oxides. The EDTA method may thus serve as a reference method for the determination of amorphous iron oxides in soils. Although the difference between EDTA-extractable iron and that extracted during 2 h by ammonium oxalate at pH 3.0 in the dark may be high, the ammonium oxalate method is considered to give a fast and often fair estimate of amorphous iron oxides.     

SELECTIVE EXTRACTION OF AMORPHOUS IRON OXIDES BY EDTA FROM A DANISH SANDY LOAM

EDTA extracts (pH 7.5–10.5) from a Danish sandy loam showed no significant (95% level) increase in amounts of aluminium, calcium, iron, and magnesium between three and nine months' shaking. The amounts were independent of the soil: solution ratio (1:10–1:50), the EDTA concentration (0.01 M–0.2 M), and crushing the soil (< 0.25 mm or < 2 mm). IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction showed no change in the mineral composition of the soil during the extraction. The extracted iron was equal to that extracted after 2 h by ammonium oxalate at pH 3.0. EDTA extraction at pH > 7.5 seems to extract selectively iron oxides with solubility products > ～ 10^?41.     

A TECHNIQUE FOR SELECTIVE SOLUTION OF IRON OXIDES IN THIN SECTIONS OF SOIL

A technique to study optically the effects of three different extraction procedures for removing iron from thin sections of soil is described. The distribution of iron in each section is recorded before treatment. Silicone grease is then applied to all parts of the sections except those to be treated. The areas selected for treatment are immersed for 24 hours in one of three beakers containing dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate, 02M ammonium oxalate at pH₃ and 01M K-pyrophosphate at pH10. After treatment, the sections are degreased and the effects of the various treatments examined optically.     

SELECTIVE EXTRACTION OF AMORPHOUS IRON OXIDE BY EDTA FROM A MIXTURE OF AMORPHOUS IRON OXIDE, GOETHITE, AND HEMATITE

Iron (III) was extracted by EDTA and ammonium oxalate from a model substance consisting of amorphous iron oxide, goethite, and hematite precipitated in the presence of quartz sand. Even by varying the EDTA concentration between 0.02 and 0.1 M, pH between 4.40 and 6.00, the solid:solution ratio between I:25 and I:250, and using extraction times up to go days, it was found that EDTA was able to extract only a limited amount of iron. In contrast, 0.2 M ammonium oxalate at pH 3.0 is able to dissolve all the iron compounds if the extraction time is sufficient. Nevertheless, the amount of EDTA-extractable iron is equal to the amount of iron extracted after 4–5 hours with ammonium oxalateat pH 3.0. From X-ray analysis, DTA curves, a solubility product determination, and a kinetic investigation, it is concluded that the EDTA-extractable fraction consists of X-ray amorphous iron oxide, less soluble than polymeric iron hydroxide, and presumably only one compound. Therefore, it is concluded that it may be possible by means of EDTA to carry out a selective extraction of X-ray amorphous iron oxides mixed with goethite and hematite.     

土壤有效磷的测定方法及其与磷素形态关系的研究

土壤有效磷的化学速测法,目前仍是了解土壤磷素肥力水平的主要手段之一。     

腐殖质对白浆土中Fe、Mn、Al形态转化及磷生物有效性的影响

在三江平原布置长期试验，研究连年施用有机肥后土壤腐殖质变化及其对白浆±Fe、Mn、Al形态转化及磷生物有效性的影响。结果表明，施用牛粪后土壤腐殖质含量升高，且以松结态腐殖质的增长为主；土壤的DTPA提取态和有机络合态Fe、Mn、Al含量上升，使土壤有效态磷含量上升。因此，生物措施是治理白浆土，促进土壤磷素养分有效性上升，增大土壤缓冲容量和抗逆性的有效措施。     

CHANGES IN SOIL PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE REMOVAL OF IRON AND ALUMINIUM OXIDES

Red soils representing the major groups in which iron oxides are thought to exert a favourable effect on physical properties, have been treated with Na-dithionite and citrate, or Na-dithionite and 0.05 n HC1. These treatments removed the free iron oxides and some aluminium oxides and silica. Changes in the physical properties of the soils were measured by permeability, wet-sieving, mechanical dispersion, and swelling methods. These were compared with the changes induced by corresponding control treatments in which the soils were treated with Na₂SO₄ and Na-citrate, or Na₂SO₄ and 0.05 n HC1. The control treatments extracted some aluminium oxide and minor amounts of iron oxides and silica. In general, the control treatments decreased the stability of aggregates, increased the proportion of clay and silt but had little effect on the swelling. The treatments, which removed all the free iron oxide, caused no changes in excess of those due to the controls. The specific surface areas of samples treated with dithionite and acid, or sulphate and acid were determined by nitrogen adsorption methods. Removal of free iron oxides led in all but one instance to a reduction in the specific surface area, whereas sulphate and acid invariably increased the specific areas of the samples. The results show that most of the free iron oxides in these soils are present as small particles having little effect on the physical properties of the soil. The changes in physical properties brought about by dilute acid treatment indicate that the ‘active’ oxides in these soils are composed partly or wholly of the aluminium, iron, and silicon oxides which are readily soluble in dilute acid.     

水稻土中铁氧化物的厌氧还原及其对微生物过程的影响

采用厌氧泥浆恒温培养实验 ,测定了添加 6种外源氧化铁后土壤中Fe(Ⅱ )和Fe(Ⅲ )浓度的变化 ,探讨了不同氧化铁的还原能力及其对土壤产H2 、产CO2 、产乙酸和产CH4 过程的影响。结果表明 :无定形氧化铁和纤铁矿易于被还原 ,两者的最终还原程度大体相同 ,但无定形氧化铁存在还原滞后现象 ;针铁矿、赤铁矿、Al取代针铁矿和Al取代赤铁矿难以被还原 ,表现出与对照相同的还原特征 ;铁还原能导致土壤中H2 和乙酸稳态浓度的降低 ,有效抑制了甲烷产生 ;添加Fe(OH) 3和纤铁矿后 ,Fe(Ⅲ )还原占总电子传递的贡献率由对照的 1 8.3 0 %增至 63 .3 2 %和 46.90 % ,而形成甲烷的电子传递贡献率由对照的 80 .92 %降至 3 5 .85 %和 5 2 .3 2 % ,Fe(Ⅲ )还原对电子的竞争消耗 ,使土壤产甲烷过程被强烈抑制     

土壤水分含量和施磷量对旱作水稻磷素吸收的影响

通过温室盆栽和大田试验研究了土壤含水量和施磷量对旱作水稻全磷吸收量的影响。结果表明:土壤水分和施磷量对大田旱作水稻全磷吸收量的影响不显著;对盆栽而言,施磷量的影响显著,但二者的交互作用明显,因而其差异主要体现为水和磷的复合效应;当施磷量(P)为0·030gkg-1、土壤含水量为饱和持水量的80%时旱作水稻吸磷量最高,但相同土壤水分条件下,施磷与不施磷间旱作水稻吸磷量差异最大,而不同施磷量间差异较小;旱作水稻各部分全磷平均吸收量为:籽粒>茎>根。实验结果可以为中国南方丘岗地区水稻旱作的水分和磷素管理提供理论依据。     

云南省主要地质背景区钴、铁和硒在岩石—土壤—饲料中的分布与转移规律研究

对云南省反刍家畜主要生产基地所属的6个地质背景区的土壤、岩石和饲料样品的钴、铁和硒元素进行测定分析。结果表明:土壤和饲料钴、铁和硒元素含量在玄武岩(Ⅴ)和碳酸岩盐红壤区(Ⅰ)较丰富;碳酸岩盐、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区(Ⅱ)居中;而由碎屑岩(Ⅲ)和变质岩(Ⅵ)发育的土壤区土壤和饲料钴、铁和硒元素最低。饲料中钴、铁和硒的含量受地质背景值,特别是土壤中元素的丰度的影响较大。     

铁营养状况及不同形态氮素对玉米体内不同铁库铁再利用的影响

采用分根技术、营养液培养方法 ,研究缺铁条件下供应不同形态氮素对玉米苗期体内不同铁库中铁再利用的影响。结果表明 ,缺铁条件下 ,玉米新生叶片铁营养状况不仅受体内铁库强度大小的影响 ,而且也受外界调节措施—氮素形态的调节。研究发现 ,与NO3-N相比 ,不考虑根细胞质外体铁库时 ,供应NH4-N可使初生叶中 32 %的铁再利用 ,考虑根系铁库时 ,初生叶铁变化不明显 ,而可使根系 40 %的铁转移至地上部。无论根系是否有铁库 ,缺铁条件下 ,NH4-N能提高新叶活性铁含量和伤流液中铁浓度。     

腐殖质对白浆土中Fe、Mn、Al形态转化及磷生物有效性的影响

在三江平原布置长期试验，研究连年施用有机肥后土壤腐殖质变化及其对白浆±Fe、Mn、Al形态转化及磷生物有效性的影响。结果表明，施用牛粪后土壤腐殖质含量升高，且以松结态腐殖质的增长为主；土壤的DTPA提取态和有机络合态Fe、Mn、Al含量上升，使土壤有效态磷含量上升。因此，生物措施是治理白浆土，促进土壤磷素养分有效性上升，增大土壤缓冲容量和抗逆性的有效措施。     

黄壤性水稻土的磷素特征及供磷能力的相关研究

第四纪红色粘土母质发育起来的黄壤性水稻土,二十多年来大量施用磷肥,磷在耕层富集.耕层全磷含量平均0.048%,有效磷含量平均11.6ppm,分别比底土层高1.7倍和7.5倍,比荒地表层高2.1倍和28.4倍.黄壤性水稻土无机磷形态为混合分布型,Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P、O-P分别占无机磷总量的5.9%,30.6%,28.7%和34.8%.小麦、水稻分蘖期测定的A值与产量和植株吸磷量相关,能表示土壤磷素有效性的高低.A值与土壤Fe-P和Ca-P相关,表明这两种磷酸盐是稻麦的主要磷源.Olsen法可作为测定黄壤性水稻士有效磷含量的标准方法.     

GROWTH AND BIOMASS PARTITIONING IN TOMATO IN RELATION TO RATIO OF NITROGEN:PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants were grown in hydroponic culture with nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P) supply ratios from 18:1 to 2:1. Nitrate and phosphate were supplied daily in pre-set ratios to maintain a constant P concentration, giving varying degrees of N limitation. Plant dry weight, weights of plant fractions and N and P concentrations in plant parts were measured at 9 and 18 days. Relative growth rate was related to ratio of N:P supplied, with higher ratios giving a higher growth rate, but a noticeably reduced rate was only apparent at 4:1 and 2:1 ratios. Relative growth rate was largely independent of internal N and P concentrations, although there was an optimum internal N:P ratio of approximately 14:1. The plants took up N and P at rates adjusting towards this 14:1 ratio. Depressed relative growth rate of plants inadequately supplied N was linearly correlated with decreased shoot fraction.     

土壤温度与气温及纬度和海拔关系的研究

土壤温度影响植物根系的生长和分布,影响土壤化学过程的速度和成土母质中原生矿物的风化,所以在美国土壤系统分类中,把在土表下5 0cm深度处的年均土壤温度作为分异特性,用于不同分类级别的区分[1] ,在我国的土壤系统分类中也采用了此办法,把土壤温度状况作为土壤分类的重要依据     

影响磷灰石有效磷含量的因素及磷灰石的分类

各种磷矿石具有不同的有效磷¹⁾含量已是众所共知的事实。本文主要研究决定不同有效磷量的一些有关因素和有效磷含量的变化与各种磷灰石性质的关系。这些问题在研究磷矿石磨成粉体作为磷肥直接施用的肥效时,具有实际的应用价值。     

松嫩平原黑土区玉米生产氮磷配合肥效优化模型的研究

通过对黑土区玉米生产氮磷肥配合多年多眯次的试验研究,建立产量与肥效地优化模型,优化解析出黑土区玉米生产氮磷含最佳用量的Ｎ１７２．９ｋｇ／ｈａ,Ｐ２Ｏ５５７．４ｋｇ／ｈａ,氮磷比为３．０：１,可获得最佳产量７７９１．０ｋｇ／ｈａ;最佳用量范围内,氮,磷用量相同时,平均每公斤氮可增产玉米１４．４ｋｇ,每公斤磷可增产玉米１６．９ｋｇ,磷的肥效比氮好,但氮的增产潜力远比磷大,单施磷可增产玉米７３４．９ｋｇ     

SOIL GENESIS IN RELATION TO GROUNDWATER AND SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES NEAR VEGREVILLE,ALBERTA1

The study was designed to obtain information on flow and salinity of the groundwater, and on moisture regimes above the water table at selected sites near Vegreville, Alberta, and to relate this information to features of soil genesis revealed by soil mapping and analysis. All soils on the lower slopes, unlike those at upper elevations, contained accumulations of salts and gypsum, but the depth of salt accumulation and therefore the kind of soil appeared to be related only partly to current groundwater flow directions and the depth of the water table. The sodium content of the discharging groundwater and past flow conditions also appeared to be important. Lateral flow above the water table is suggested as being of possible importance in desalinization of surface horizons.