铜和维生素A及互作效应对肉仔鸡生产性能及理化指标的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡448只,随机分为8组,每组4个重复,每重复14只(公母各半)。采用4×2(Cu×VA)完全随机试验设计,研究了日粮添加不同水平的Cu(0,8,150,225 mg/kg)和维生素A(1 500,5 000 IU/kg),对肉仔鸡不同生长阶段(0~4周龄和5~7周龄)的生产性能及理化指标的影响。结果表明:铜的适宜添加量,前期为8 mg/kg,后期为0~8 mg/kg;全期高铜抑制了肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫功能、CuZn-SOD活性及胰岛素浓度;维生素A(5 000 IU/kg)组获得较好的生产性能、免疫功能及CuZn-SOD活性,并显著(P<0.05)抑制了血清胰岛素浓度;Cu与维生素A互作效应对前期体增重及全期料重比影响均显著(P<0.05),对后期淋巴细胞ANAE %、全期血清CuZn-SOD活性及前期血清胰岛素浓度影响均极显著(P<0.01),且二者间存在互补作用。     

铜、维生素A及互作效应对肉仔鸡糖脂代谢的影响

选用1日龄艾维因肉仔鸡448只,随机分为8个组,每个组4个重复,每个重复14只鸡(公母各1/2)。采用4×2(Cu×VA)完全随机设计,日粮Cu的添加量为0、8、150和225mg/kg,VA的添加量为1500和5000IU/kg,探讨肉仔鸡体内Cu与VA对血清糖脂代谢的影响。结果表明:低Cu(0~8mg/kg)组显著降低血糖(GLU)、血清胆固醇(CHO)和血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL)浓度,显著提高血清胰岛素(INS)、血清甘油三酯(TG)和血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)浓度;高VA(5000IU/kg)组极显著降低GLU、CHO、TG、HDL和LDH浓度,极显著提高INS浓度;Cu(225mg/kg)×VA(5000IU/kg)组显著降低GLU、INS、CHO和TG浓度,Cu(0~8mg/kg)×VA(5000IU/kg)组极显著降低血清HDL和LDH浓度。因此,在肉仔鸡日粮中另外添加Cu水平为0~8mg/kg,VA水平为5000IU/kg时,有利于肉仔鸡糖原及脂肪合成。     

铁和维生素A对肉仔鸡肝脏、血清中A、E浓度的影响

研究日粮Fe(0 .30 ,6 0mg kg)和VA(75 0 ,15 0 0 ,2 70 0IU kg)水平对肉仔鸡不同生长阶段 (0～ 4周龄和 5～ 7周龄 )肝脏、血清中VA、VE浓度的影响。结果表明 :铁对前后期肝脏及血清的VA浓度影响均显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,随着铁添加水平的增加 ,肝VA浓度下降 ,血清VA浓度上升。铁对前后期肝脏及血清的VE浓度影响均极显著 (P <0 .0 1) ,随着铁添加水平的增加 ,肝VE浓度下降 ,血清VE浓度上升。VA对前后期肝脏及血清的VA浓度影响均显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,随着VA添加水平的增加 ,肝脏及血清的VA浓度上升。VA对前后期肝脏及血清的VE浓度影响均显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,随着VA添加水平的增加 ,肝VE浓度下降 ,血清VE浓度上升。     

铁和维生素A互作效应对肉仔鸡体内相关血液理化指标的影响

选用 1日龄艾维因肉仔鸡 5 0 4只 ,随机分为 9组 ,每组 4个重复 ,每个重复 14只鸡 (公母比为 1∶ 1) ,采用 3× 3(Fe× VA)完全随机试验设计 ,研究了日粮中不同添加水平的 Fe(0、30、6 0 mg/ kg)和 VA(75 0、15 0 0、2 70 0 IU/ kg)对不同生长阶段 (0～ 4周和 5～ 7周 )肉仔鸡体内相关血液理化指标 :血红蛋白 (Hb)含量、红细胞计数 (RCC)、红细胞压积 (PCV)、血沉 (ESR)的影响。结果表明 :1日粮铁添加水平对 0～ 4周肉仔鸡血液的 Hb含量 ,RCC,PCV和 ESR值影响均显著 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,5～ 7周时仅对 RCC值影响显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。 2日粮 VA添加水平对前后期 Hb含量影响均不显著 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,对前后期 RCC值影响均显著 (P<0 .0 1) ,对后期 PCV值影响显著 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,对前期 ESR值影响显著(P<0 .0 5 ) ,VA显著影响肉仔鸡体内铁状况血液指标。3交互作用对前后期 Hb含量、前期 RCC、后期 PCV、前期 ESR值影响均显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。 Fe(0 m g/ kg)× VA(70 5 IU/ kg)组前后期产生的 Hb含量和前期 RCC均低于正常范围 ,机体处于贫血状态。 4 Fe和 VA互作有助于改善血液 Hb含量和 RCC值     

维生素A水平对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响

试验研究饲粮添加不同水平维生素A对 4～ 9kg早期断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响。结果表明 ,添加VA2 2 0 0～ 4 4 0 0 0IU kg使仔猪的日增重显著提高 (P <0 .0 5 )、采食量和饲料转化率趋于提高 ;但添加 2 2 0 0IU kg和 5 5 0 0IU kg两组间生长性能较接近 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,添加量超过 5 5 0 0IU kg时 ,日增重和采食量随VA添加量增加而趋于降低(P >0 .0 5 ) ,添加 110 0 0 0IU kg组生长性能显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。添加VA对免疫功能的影响主要为 :(1)使血液白细胞数趋于降低 ;血液白细胞中单核细胞比例趋于提高 ,在添加 5 5 0 0IU kg和 110 0 0IU kg组较高 ,进一步提高VA添加量 ,反而趋于降低 ;(2 )使血清T淋巴细胞中CD4 亚群比例趋于降低、CD8亚群比例极显著降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,但在添加 5 5 0 0～110 0 0 0IU kg组间较接近 ,各组CD4 CD8比值差异不显著 ;(3)随添加VA水平提高 ,PHA诱导的皮褶厚度增长值趋于提高 ,至添加VA110 0 0IU kg组较高 ,之后变化不大。综合试验结果认为 ,于基础饲粮上添加VA2 2 0 0IU kg可满足 4～ 9kg早期断奶仔猪获较好生长性能的需要 ,添加VA110 0 0IU kg仔猪各免疫功能较高。     

低能低蛋白条件下日粮维生素A对0～6周龄肉仔鸡生产性能影响的研究

本研究在较低的能量蛋白水平下,测定日粮中添加维生素A（VA）对0~6周龄肉仔鸡的影响。将180只1日龄AA肉仔鸡（公母各半）随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每重复20只,第1、2、3组VA添加水平别为（IU/kg）：3000、6000和12000。结果表明,VA添加量为6000IU/kg的组体重显著大于添加量为3000IU/kg的组（P〈0.05）,和添加量12000IU/kg的体重差异不显著（P〉0.05）;VA添加量对0~3周龄料重比有显著影响（P〈0.05）,添加量3000IU/kg的组最大,其他2个组差异不显著;VA添加量没有对4~6周龄和0~6周龄料重比产生显著影响（P〉0.05）。综合结果说明0~6周龄肉仔鸡日粮VA6000IU/kg较为适宜。     

铁和维生素A及互作效应对肉仔鸡胃肠道铁含量的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡504只,随机分为9组,每组4个重复,每重复14只鸡,公鸡比为1∶1,采用3×3(Fe×VA)完全随机试验设计,研究了日粮添加不同水平的Fe(0mg/kg、30mg/kg、60mg/kg)和VA(750IU/kg、1500IU/kg、2700IU/kg)对肉仔鸡不同生长阶段(0周龄～4周龄和5周龄～7周龄)腺胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠的铁含量影响。结果表明:铁添加水平对4周龄肉仔鸡腺胃铁含量影响显著(P<0.05),随着铁添加水平的增加,腺胃铁含量也增加。对后期腺胃铁含量影响显著(P<0.01),且随着铁添加水平的增加,腺胃铁含量降低。铁对前后期十二指肠、空肠铁含量影响均显著(P<0.01),对前后期回肠铁含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。前期铁(0mg/kg)组十二指肠、空肠、回肠各段中铁含量最高,而后期铁(0mg/kg)组十二指肠、空肠、回肠各段中铁含量最低;②VA对后期腺胃铁含量影响显著(P<0.01),VA对前期十二指肠铁含量影响显著(P<0.05),随着VA添加水平的增加,十二指肠中铁含量也增加,说明VA可促进十二指肠对铁的吸收;③交互作用对后期腺胃、十二指肠铁含量影响显著(P<0.01)。     

日粮中不同锌及维生素A水平对肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫性能和有关酶及激素的影响

以AA肉仔鸡为试验动物 ,采用6×2(Zn×VA)重复实验设计 ,研究了日粮添加不同水平的锌(Zn)(40 ,80 ,120 ,160 ,200和320mg/kg)和维生素A(VA)(2700和8800IU/kg)对生产性能、免疫性能、7周龄血清和肝脏CuZn -SOD活性、血清碱性磷酸酶活性及血清胰岛素浓度的影响。结果表明 ,肉仔鸡对Zn的需要量有阶段性区别 ,前期添加320mg/kg,后期添加80～120mg/kg能获得较好的生产性能和免疫性能。VA的添加量为2700IU/kg 时前后期的生产性能均较佳。日粮Zn水平对血清CuZn -SOD的影响极显著(P<0.01) ,Zn水平为80～160mg/kg 时活性最大 ;日粮Zn水平对肝脏CuZn -SOD的影响接近显著水平 ,Zn水平为160～200mg/kg 时活性最大 ;日粮Zn水平、VA水平及二者的交互作用对血清碱性磷酸酶活性的影响均极显著(P<0.01) ,Zn的添加水平为80mg/kg时 ,酶活性最大 ,日粮高水平VA(8800IU/kg)使酶活性显著增加(P<0.01)。日粮Zn及VA水平对血清胰岛素浓度均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。高Zn(320mg/kg)使胰岛素浓度明显升高 ,高VA明显抑制了胰岛素浓度     

维生素A、D及其相互作用对肉仔鸡生长性能及组织维生素A、E浓度的影响

本试验旨在研究维生素A、D及其相互作用对肉仔鸡生长及组织维生素A、E浓度的影响。试验采用4×4完全随机试验设计,将384只8日龄健康艾维茵雄性肉仔鸡称重后随机分为16个处理组,每个处理组3个重复,每个重复8只。其中,VA设4个添加水平,分别为1500、3000、15000和45000 IU/kg日粮;VD设4个添加水平,分别为500、1 250、2500和5000 IU/kg日粮,共构成16个处理组。结果表明,日粮VA水平为3000 IU/kg时,血清VA浓度趋于稳定,生长速度最快;日粮VA水平为45000 IU/kg时,肝脏、肾脏VA浓度显著升高,VE浓度显著下降,生长速度有明显下降的趋势;日粮VA水平为15000 IU/kg时,肝脏、肾脏VA浓度显著上升,同时对VE产生明显的拮抗作用,引起血清、肾脏的VE浓度显著下降;日粮VA水平为1 500 IU/kg时,血清、肝脏、肾脏VA浓度及生长速度均呈明显的降低趋势。日粮VD水平在500~5000 IU/kg内增加,对肉仔鸡生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮VA为15000 IU/kg时,肉仔鸡VA有过量的可能;日粮VA为45000 IU/kg时,肉仔鸡VA过量;日粮VA为1500 IU/kg时,肉仔鸡VA有临界缺乏的可能。日粮VA与VD在对血清、肝脏VA浓度的影响方面存在一定互作效应,主要表现在高剂量VD对过量VA有一定拮抗作用。     

肉仔鸡体内铁与维生素A互作效应的研究

选用1日龄艾维因肉仔鸡504只 ,随机分为9组 ,每组4个重复 ,每重复14只鸡 (公母各半 ) ,采用3×3(Fe×VA)完全随机试验设计 ,探讨肉仔鸡体内Fe与VA的互作效应。试验日粮铁的添加量为0 ,30 ,60mg/kg ,VA的添加量为750 ,1500 ,2700IU/kg。结果表明 :①随着Fe添加水平的增加 ,肝脏VA浓度显著降低 (P<0.05) ,而血清VA浓度显著增加 (P<0.05) ,Fe对动员肝脏VA入血有促进作用。②高水平VA使前期十二指肠Fe浓度显著升高 (P<0.05) ,促进了Fe的吸收 ;低水平VA使后期肝脏Fe浓度显著增高(P<0.01) ,抑制了Fe的动员 ;VA对前后期血清Fe浓度影响均不显著 ;随着VA水平增加 ,后期胫骨Fe浓度显著增加 (P<0.01) ,前后期红细胞计数显著升高 (P<0.01) ,VA可促进Fe由贮存组织向所需组织的动员 ,VA可促进骨髓造血。③交互作用对前后期肝脏VA浓度、后期血清VA浓度、前期红细胞计数及后期胫骨Fe浓度影响均显著     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

Antibacterial action of combinations of oxytetracycline, dimethyl sulfoxide, and EDTA-tromethamine on Proteus, Salmonella, and Aeromonas

Antibacterial effects against Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Aeromonas hydrophila were obtained with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. Antibacterial effects were not observed with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide plus oxytetracycline or with dimethyl sulfoxide plus EDTA-tromethamine. Using a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique, inhibitory activities of the various combinations of solutions were studied, and isobolograms were plotted. A synergistic effect was seen with combinations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. The greatest synergistic effect was observed when the mixture was caused to react with P mirabilis. These findings were confirmed by kinetic studies of microbial death, using one-fourth minimal inhibitory concentrations of these preparations.     

Comparative cardiovascular, analgesic, and sedative effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To compare sedative, analgesic, and cardiopulmonary effects after IV administration of medetomidine (20 microg/kg), medetomidine-hydromorphone (20 microg of medetomidine/kg and 0.1 mg of hydromorphone/kg), and medetomidine-butorphanol (20 microg of medetomidine/kg and 0.2 mg of butorphanol tartrate/kg) in dogs. ANIMALS: 6 dogs healthy mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Instruments were surgically inserted, and heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), core body temperature, and cardiac output (CO) were measured 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after injection. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke index (SI), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were calculated. Arterial samples for blood gas analysis were collected 0, 15, and 45 minutes after injection. Intensity of analgesia, degree of sedation, and degree of muscle relaxation were evaluated at aforementioned time points and 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 minutes after injection. RESULTS: Administration of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol was associated with increases in SAP, MAP, DAP, MPAP, PCWP, CVP, SVR, PVR, core body temperature, and PaCO2 and decreases in HR, CO, CI, SV, SI, RR, pH, and PaO2. Clinically important differences were not detected among treatments. Medetomidine-hydromorphone and medetomidine-butorphanol provided a longer duration of sedation and better quality of analgesia, compared with medetomidine alone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Medetomidine-hydromorphone or medetomidine-butorphanol is associated with improved analgesia and sedation but has cardiopulmonary effects comparable to those for medetomidine alone.     

Toxicology of selected pesticides, drugs, and chemicals. Anticoagulant, cholecalciferol, and bromethalin-based rodenticides

The control of rodent pests is a continuing goal of mankind. To this end, a multitude of rodenticides have been produced, each designed to kill rodents by exerting their toxic effects on various body systems. As examples, veterinarians have had to manage companion animal poisonings due to anticoagulant, sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080), thallium, barium carbonate, and zinc phosphide-based rodenticides. Many of these rodenticides were introduced because of their anticipated safety in relation to nontarget species; unfortunately, this has not been the case. Veterinarians must attempt to identify the specific rodenticide involved in poisoning cases. Therapeutic success in these poisonings is often more dependent upon symptomatic and supportive care rather than the use of antidotal therapy.     

Echocardiography, electrocardiography, and radiography of cats with dilatation cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and hyperthyroidism

The echocardiographic, ECG, and radiographic findings of sequentially examined cats with dilatation cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 7), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, n = 8), and hyperthyroidism (HT, n = 20) were compared with those of healthy control cats (n = 11). Cats with DCM were easily differentiated from healthy cats by echocardiography and from cats with HCM and HT by a dilated left ventricle at end-diastole with a mean +/- SD of 2.20 +/- 0.36 cm, reduced fractional shortening (2.9% +/- 3.7%), reduced aortic amplitude (0.07 +/- 0.05 cm), reduced left ventricular wall amplitude (0.09 +/- 0.09 cm), and increased E-point septal separation (0.83 +/- 0.29 cm). The cats with HCM were most consistently recognized echocardiographically by increased left ventricular wall thickness at end-diastole (0.75 +/- 0.12 cm). Some cats with HT had abnormal echocardiograms with left ventricular wall hypertrophy. These cats could usually be differentiated from the cats with HCM because of normal or increased ventricular wall amplitude, aortic amplitude, or percentage of thickening of the left ventricular wall and interventricular septum. Left atrial enlargement (left atrial diameter greater than 1.57 cm or left atrium/aorta greater than 1.75) was commonly detected by the echocardiogram in cats with DCM, HCM, or HT. The echocardiogram was helpful in differentiating the type of cardiomyopathy (DCM, HCM, or HT) when plain thoracic radiographs indicated that cardiomegaly existed. The ECG may have indicated incorrectly that there was left ventricular enlargement in some cats with HT, and it did not indicate consistently that left ventricular enlargement existed when present in cats with DCM or HCM. The ECG was a poor indicator of left atrial enlargement in all cats.     

Correlation between corneal sensitivity and quantity of reflex tearing in cows,horses, goats,sheep, dogs,cats, rabbits,and guinea pigs

Objective Guinea pigs have a very low threshold of corneal sensitivity and at the same time nearly no reflex tearing compared to dogs, cats, and horses. The question arose whether there is a general correlation between corneal sensitivity and the quantity of reflex tearing. Animals studied Totally 160 animals of 8 different species (20 animals per species) were investigated. Procedures The corneal touch threshold (CTT) was measured with a Cochet–Bonnet esthesiometer. The palpebral fissure length (PFL) was measured with a calliper ruler. The Schirmer tear test (STT) was modified by adapting the width of the STT strip to the PFL of every species. For the STT II, 0.4% oxybuprocaine was applied. Results Corneal touch threshold: Cows (1.67 g/mm²), horses (1.23 g/mm²), sheep (1.13 g/mm²), goats (1.44 g/mm²), dogs (2.16 g/mm²), and cats (1.33 g/mm²) show similar CTT values. In contrast, rabbits (6.21 g/mm²) and guinea pigs (7.75 g/mm²) show a significantly lower CTT. Tear Production Difference STT I ? STT II: Rabbits have the greatest decline in tear production with 38.4%, followed by sheep (33.3%), dogs (31.1%), cats (24.7%), cows (23.7%), horses (18.0%), and goats (14.0%). Guinea pigs have no decline, but a slight increase of ?16.0%. Correlation CTT and STT II ? STT I Difference: Pearson’s correlation coefficient shows a small, but significant correlation. The coefficient of determination can only forecast a value with 7.1% certainty. Conclusions The high variance and low reproducibility of results suggest that the measuring devices are inappropriate to assess the evaluated parameters. Therefore, no assured correlation between the corneal sensitivity and the quantity of reflex tearing could be found.