沼渣与化肥配合施用对大豆生长发育、产量和品质的影响

采用随机区组设计,研究了沼渣与化肥配合施用对大豆生长发育、产量和品质,以及耕层土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥相比,沼渣与化肥配合施用后,茎粗、根容和根瘤数均有所增加,植株生长表现较好;常规施肥+沼渣30.0×103kg.hm-2产量显著高于其它处理,粗蛋白含量较常规施肥处理提高1.12%,含油量提高0.04%,是大豆较优的施肥配比组合。     

长期施肥对大豆生长状况及产量的影响

以海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站长期定位试验为平台,选择了5个不同施肥处理,包括无肥(CK),单施氮肥(N),氮肥+有机肥(N+OM),氮、磷、钾配合施用(NPK),氮、磷、钾+有机肥(NPK+OM),研究了连续27年不同施肥处理对大豆生长和产量的影响。结果表明:长期施用有机肥能够明显增加大豆株高和荚数,并且能增加植株的生长速度,氮磷钾肥配合施用能增加大豆根瘤干重和根瘤数,而有机肥对根瘤的作用不显著。与单施化肥和无肥相比,施用有机肥处理大豆的根冠比较小,说明有机肥能够促进地上部干物质的积累。长期施肥对大豆产量构成因子的影响表现为:NPK+OM>NPK>N+OM>N>CK,大豆产量也表现出相似趋势,说明有机肥的施用能够改善大豆的产量性状,同时氮肥配施有机肥的大豆产量低于氮、磷、钾平衡施肥的处理,说明在东北黑土区有机肥不能代替磷钾肥施用。     

氮磷钾肥配施对大豆干物质积累及产量的影响

合理施肥能明显改善大豆生长状况并提高产量,但山东地区大豆生产中不施肥、肥料施用配比不合理现象较为普遍。为了探明该地区大豆高产施肥中氮磷钾最佳配比用量,通过大田试验,采用“3414”肥料试验设计和亚有限大豆品种辽豆11,研究了氮磷钾肥配合施用对大豆植株干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明：大豆生长过程中,植株地上部干物质不断增加,植株各部分之间干物质分配比例呈动态变化;不同处理N、P2O5和K2O的累积量之间及与干物质的积累量之间呈极显著线性关系,大豆对N、P2O5、K2O吸收比例为2．89：1．00：1．75;氮磷钾肥配合施用显著提高大豆产量,各施肥处理产量较不施肥处理增产27．9％～43．2％;大豆高产最佳吧料配比用量N50．0kg·hm^-2,P2O5 105．0kg·hm^-2,K2O 90．0kg·hm^-2和3种肥料施用比例N：P2O5：K2O=1：2．1：1．8可作为该地区大豆生产氮磷钾肥配施参考依据。     

不同施肥处理下大豆品种辽豆15根系性状的比较

以大豆品种辽豆15作为试材,设置不施肥、复合肥和复合益生菌3个处理,比较不同施肥条件下大豆根系形态、根瘤数量、根瘤干重和根冠比的差异,结果表明,在大豆分枝期、开花期或鼓粒期,与不施肥相比,施用复合肥条件降低了辽豆15的根长、根系表面积、根毛数量、根瘤数量、根瘤干重和根冠比;施用复合益生菌则提高了辽豆15的根长、根系表面...     

基于玉米-大豆轮作的不同施肥体系对大豆开花后根系形态及产量的影响

探讨玉米-大豆轮作条件下，降低生产成本、减少环境污染的大豆施肥模式，是目前东北大豆生产需要解决的技术问题。本研究基于建立的玉米-大豆轮作体系设置了5种施肥处理，分别为：T1：玉米施用化肥，大豆不施肥；T2：玉米施用化肥，大豆施用有机肥；T3：玉米施用化肥，大豆施用1/2量的化肥；T4：玉米施用化肥，大豆施用化肥；T5：玉米与大豆所需化肥总量一次性全部施入到玉米种植年份，大豆不施肥。分析了不同施肥模式对大豆不同生育期0~10、10~20、20~30cm土层深度内大豆根系干物质积累、根系形态特征时空变化以及与产量的关系。结果表明，经两个轮作周期，T2处理大豆产量最高为 2959kg·hm-2，比T4处理显著高出7.3%，产量提高主要体现在大豆的株高、主茎节数、单株荚数和单株粒数等性状的改善，而T1、T3、T5处理的大豆产量比T4处理显著低出15.4%，8.5%和5.0%。T2处理显著增加了大豆R6期0~10cm土层的根重密度，比T4处理显著高出42.3%，且与产量呈显著正相关，相关系数为0.655(p < 0.01)；T2处理也明显增加了大豆R1期0~10、10~20cm土层以及R6期20~30cm土层的根长密度，分别比T4处理显著高出25.3%、71.3%和27.6%，且与产量呈显著正相关，相关系数为0.692 (p < 0.01)。与T4处理相比，尽管T3处理显著增加了大豆R1期10~20、20~30cm土层的根重密度和R6期10~20cm土层的根长密度及根表面积密度，但均与产量呈显著负相关。T4处理只显著增加R1期单位体积的根表面积，而对大豆根平均直径和其它时期单位体积的根表面积的影响不大。因此，不同施肥措施影响大豆根系特征及其产量的关系问题比较复杂。施用有机肥可通过增加表土层根的重量以及深土层根的长度从而提高大豆的产量。因此在有机肥源供应充足的地区，玉米、大豆两区轮作基础上，玉米收获后秋施15t·hm-2有机肥，是提高大豆产量，降低生产成本，减轻化肥应用负面环境影响的替代措施。     

北方地区大豆施肥技术初探

大豆施肥技术是大豆生产的关键技术之一,掌握正确的大豆施肥技术对提高大豆单产和节省生产成本具有十分重要的意义。本文阐述了大豆各种施肥技术和施肥方法,为北方的大豆生产和大豆施肥提供参考依据。     

大豆专用肥对轮作,连作大豆叶片超微结构的影响

本文通过透射电镜观察了常规施肥与施用大豆专用复肥对轮作。连作大豆叶片超微结构的影响。结果发现，大豆连作导致叶绿体基粒片层结构破坏，淀粉粒积累，基粒片层结构出现“空隙区”。与常规施肥相比，施用复肥增强了轮作，连作大豆叶片叶绿体基粒片层结构的完整性，增加了基粒数量和基粒片层数，为促进大豆叶片的光合作用创造了条件，相关分析表明，叶绿体基粒片层数与大豆植株营养生长呈显著正相关。     

不同施肥处理对大豆根际土壤微生物及土壤肥力影响

为研究不同施肥方式对大豆根际土壤微生物数量及土壤肥力影响,采用无肥、常规肥、有机肥、常规施肥+生物肥4种肥料处理,分别于大豆播种前、苗期、花期、鼓粒期和成熟期对大豆根际土壤的细菌、真菌、放线菌进行测定.结果表明:肥料的施用可提高土壤微生物的数目及土壤肥力,其中有机肥处理与常规肥+生物肥处理在大豆各生育时期可明显增加土壤...     

长期定量施肥对大豆根系形态和根瘤性状的影响

为阐明施肥对大豆根系生长和结瘤性状的影响,以中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站长期定位施肥试验为平台,研究了施用不同种类肥料(NPK、NPKM、NK、NP和PK)对大豆根系特征和根瘤性状的影响.结果表明:各施肥处理大豆根长、根表面积和根体积变化趋势相似,均在结荚期出现峰值.NPK和NP处理的根长和根表面积比其它施肥处理大,而...     

常规施肥与钙肥不同加量对讷河市大豆产量的影响

通过3年7项次的大豆常规施肥与钙肥的不同加量的效果试验,研究了大豆施用钙肥的增产效果和效益。结果表明,适量增加钙肥的施用对大豆有明显的增产效果,其增产与效益表现为8kgCaO〉10kgCaO〉5ksCaO〉2kgCaO〉CK〉15kgCaO〉20kgCaO。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.