新疆天然胡杨林和野生骆驼刺丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究初报

为探明新疆常见的 2 种建群植物胡杨(Populus euphratica)和骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)丛枝菌根真菌的侵染状况、群落的种类和分布,在塔里木河中游和昌吉老龙河下游的胡杨林分别采集了 13 个土壤和根系样,在骆驼刺根周围分别采集了 8 个土壤和根系样,对土样中丛枝菌根真菌的种类和根系菌根的侵染状况进行了分析.结果表明:胡杨根周围 AM 真菌的优势种为缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)、大果球囊霉(G.macrocarpum)、沙荒球囊霉(G.deserticola)、透光球囊霉(G.diaphanum)和象牙白球囊霉(G.eburneum).骆驼刺根周围 AM 真菌的优势种为沾屑多样孢囊霉(Diversispora spurcum)、摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)和聚丛球囊霉(G.aggregatum).胡杨根系侵染频度和侵染强度分别可达80%和100%,骆驼剌根系侵染频度和侵染强度分别达65%和90%.说明胡杨和骆驼刺是丛枝菌根依赖性很强的植物,且丛枝菌根真菌的多样性也十分丰富.     

AM真菌对红花生长及其有效成分的影响

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizas,AM)真菌是土壤生态系统中广泛分布的优秀微生物资源,是具有重要经济价值的药用植物。本文基于人工培育条件下对中药材红花(Carthamus tinctorius)分别进行摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)和混合菌(G. mosseae,Glomus etunicatum,Glomus microagregatum,Glomus caledonium,Glomus cladoideum和G. intraradices) 3种AM真菌接种处理,并以接种等量灭活菌种作为对照组处理。采用高效液相色谱法测定不同采摘时期红花绒中羟基红花黄色素A和山奈素含量的变化。结果表明:与对照组相比,AM真菌接种处理显著促进了红花生物量的积累,且AM真菌混合接种效果显著高于AM真菌单接种;在次生代谢产物合成方面,AM真菌接种处理以及不同采摘期的红花中羟基红花黄色素A和山奈素的含量差异不显著。表明AM真菌虽能促进红花的生长,但不影响羟基红花黄色素A和山奈素的合成。     

水分胁迫下AM真菌和根瘤菌对沙打旺生长及养分吸收的影响

利用温室盆栽试验研究水分胁迫下接种丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌和根瘤菌（Rhizobium meliloti）对沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens Pall.) 生长和养分吸收的影响。在土壤相对含水量65%和35%条件下,分别设不接种（对照）、单接根瘤菌、单接摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和双接根瘤菌与摩西球囊霉等4个处理。结果发现：干旱胁迫显著抑制沙打旺AM真菌侵染率（P<0.05）,而接种根瘤菌在两种水分条件下均显著促进摩西球囊霉对沙打旺根系的侵染（P<0.05）。接种AM真菌不仅显著提高沙打旺对P的吸收（P<0.05）,而且明显促进根瘤的生长。无论是在干旱条件下或是在正常供水条件下,双接根瘤菌与摩西球囊霉处理对沙打旺生长及养分吸收的效应显著高于单接菌处理,植株地上部、地下部生物量以及N、P、K等吸收量均为最大。结果表明：AM真菌与根瘤菌双接种技术在干旱、半干旱区受损生态系统的植被恢复中具有一定的应用潜力。     

AM真菌对加拿大一枝黄花与菌根植物和非菌根植物种间作用的影响

为明确丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis与本地菌根植物和非菌根植物种间竞争格局的调控作用,采用温室盆栽试验,通过接种摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae(GM)、根内球囊霉G. intraradices(GI)及其混合菌种(GM+GI)3种处理,分析AM真菌对加拿大一枝黄花与本地菌根植物玉米Zea mays和非菌根植物油菜Brassica campestris种间作用的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,接种AM真菌均显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花和玉米的菌根侵染率,菌根侵染率为13.720%～50.015%,且前者的菌根侵染率明显高于后者。单独种植时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌尤其是接种混合菌种显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数和总干重。在加拿大一枝黄花与玉米混合种植时,与单独种植相比,加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数、根长和总干重均较低;同时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌显著提高了玉米的相对竞争强度而对加拿大一枝黄花的相对竞争强度没有显著影响。在加拿大一枝黄花和油菜混合种植时,与对照相比,接种AM真菌则显著提高了加拿大一枝黄花的株高、叶片数、净光合速率和总干重;同时,接种AM真菌促进了入侵种的竞争优势而抑制了非菌根植物油菜的生长。说明加拿大一枝黄花与本地种的竞争格局受到与之混生物种的菌根依赖性强度以及AM真菌的种类差异影响。     

丛枝菌根真菌和甜菜夜蛾的相互作用

为探索丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌与植食性昆虫的相互作用,将摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae BEG167,Fm)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices BEG141,Gi)和地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme Berch,Gv)3种AM真菌以及甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua分别接种至花生和番茄上,通过测定AM真菌的侵染定殖和甜菜夜蛾的生长发育指标分析AM真菌与甜菜夜蛾的相互作用。结果显示,甜菜夜蛾取食菌根花生植株后,Fm、Gv和Gi的侵染率和泡囊数均有增加,侵染率分别是未取食的1.15、1.10和1.11倍,而Fm的泡囊数增加最显著,是未取食的1.27倍。在菌根番茄植株上,Fm和Gv的侵染率显著增加,分别是未取食的1.24倍和1.94倍,Fm、Gv和Gi的泡囊数均显著增加,分别是未取食的1.50、1.98和1.42倍。甜菜夜蛾取食菌根花生和菌根番茄植株后,幼虫存活率下降,幼虫历期和蛹期明显延长;Fm对其影响最显著,甜菜夜蛾在花生上的存活率、幼虫历期和蛹期分别为26.67%、26.78 d和10.67 d,在番茄上分别为35.52%、24.33 d和10.39 d,与取食非菌根植株处理差异显著。表明甜菜夜蛾能在一定程度上促进AM真菌的侵染和定殖,而AM真菌能抑制甜菜夜蛾的生长和发育,但其影响因AM真菌种类而不同。     

旱生条件下柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌生态学研究

通过从分布于山西、陕西和内蒙古三省区12个样地中的柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)根围采集土样和根样,系统研究了柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌种类组成和生态分布.试验结果表明,在已分离鉴定出的12种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)6种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)3种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)1种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)2种,而摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)是优势菌种. AM真菌能与柠条锦鸡儿形成良好的共生结构,AM真菌平均总定殖率59.98%,平均孢子密度为830.59个/100 g土.不同采样地之间的AM真菌种类和分布差异显著.孢子密度与菌丝和总定殖率呈显著正相关;孢子密度与土壤速效N呈极显著正相关,丛枝定殖率与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,总定殖率和菌丝定殖率与土壤pH呈极显著正相关.     

AM真菌和根结线虫互作对黄瓜生长及生理特征的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了丛枝菌根真菌Arbuscularmycorrhiza（AM）和南方根结线虫Meloidogyneincognita互作对黄瓜幼苗生长及生理特征的影响。结果表明,预先接种地表球囊霉Glomusversi—forme再接种线虫处理的鲜、干重较只接种线虫的处理显著增加;预先接种AM真菌再接种线虫处理的根结线虫病情指数、AM真菌侵染率较只接种线虫的处理明显降低;接种线虫使黄瓜植株的过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）及苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、总酚含量有不同程度提高,其中预先接种根内球囊霉G．intraradices对黄瓜植株起到了较好的保护作用;与对照相比,只接种线虫处理的叶片磷含量降低了25．26％,预先接种AM真菌再接种线虫处理的叶片磷含量较只接种根结线虫的含量高。     

丛枝菌根(AM)与桃树根癌病关系初探

通过对上海市奉贤区桃树果园调查发现,桃树丛枝菌根(AM)的形成与根癌病的发生表现出一定的相互抑制作用。根据不同时间、顺序对桃树苗木人工接种根癌土壤杆菌(Agrobactium tumefaciens)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae),结果表明桃树苗木形成AM后可以抑制根癌病的发生,反之苗木感染根癌病后也降低了AM真菌对根的侵染和在根内的扩展,对苗木同时接种Agrobactium tumefaciens和Glomus mossea时,病原菌要优先于AM真菌侵染寄主并形成病害。AM提高了苗木根系内与抗病性相关的过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性。     

AM真菌与西瓜枯萎病关系初探

 在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌Gigaspora rosea Nicol.& Schenck、Glomusmosseae(Nicol.& Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe和Glomus versiforme(Karsten) Berch与西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. niveum)的关系。结果表明,接种AM真菌能促进西瓜植株的生长发育,增加植株干重;显著减少根内和根围土壤中镰刀菌群体数量及其对根系的侵染率;降低枯萎病发病率和病情指数,从而减轻西瓜枯萎病的危害。接种F.oxysporum f. sp. niveum能降低AM真菌对西瓜的侵染率,并且AM真菌与镰刀菌的不同接种时间和顺序影响西瓜枯萎病的发生发展,证实AM真菌与镰刀菌存在竞争关系。另外,AM真菌对西瓜高感枯萎病品种的防治效果优于抗病品种,说明高感品种对菌根的依赖性较大。     

沙棘AM真菌孢子形态结构及其生态适应性

为了探明干旱环境下AM真菌形态结构及其生态适应性,2009年7月在内蒙古和河北农牧交错带选取4个样地,采集沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)根围土壤样品,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对分离的AM真菌进行分类鉴定。共分离鉴定3属17种AM真菌,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)11种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)5种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种。沙棘AM真菌孢子具有体积小、颜色深、孢壁厚,整体形态不饱满等特征,表现出对干旱荒漠环境的生态适应性。扫描电镜下,不同属种孢子表面纹饰特征差异明显,可作为AM真菌属种分类的参考依据。     

Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on citrus growth and mineral composition

The vesicular arbuscular fungusGlomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe was retrieved from citrus trees growing in loess soil in the Negev region of Israel. Inoculation of citrus seedlings with the mycorrhizal fungus greatly increased the growth of plants in soil low in phosphorus. Rough lemon responded more than Sour orange. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza caused higher concentrations of P and Cu and lower concentrations of N, K and Ca in leaves of inoculated plants.     

Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the protection of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) against bayoud disease

In the present study, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus monosporus, Glomus deserticola, Glomus clarum and a complex of native AMF coming from the Aoufous date palm grove in the south of Morocco) have been shown to protect date palm seedlings against bayoud disease. Treatment with AMF reduced disease severity by 8–77% depending on the AMF isolate used. In addition, all mycorrhizal fungi stimulate significantly shoot height and biomass and increase the number of leaves per plant. The plants associated with Aoufous complex present the best improvement of plant growth and great effectiveness in reducing bayoud disease incidence. Moreover, the AMF induce change in activities of two defence-related enzymes (peroxidases and polyphenoloxidases). The potential involvement of this induced biochemical defence reaction in protecting date palm against bayoud is discussed.     

Evaluation of Natural Chemical Compounds Against Root-lesion and Root-knot Nematodes and Side-effects on the Infectivity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

The survival of two species of plant parasitic nematodes: the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus brachyurus, and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, was evaluated in saturated atmospheres of 12 natural chemical compounds. The infectivity of two isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, under identical experimental conditions, was also determined. All the compounds tested exerted a highly significant control against M. javanica and among them, benzaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, borneol, p-anisaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde caused a mortality rate above 50% over P. brachyurus. The infectivity of G. intraradices was inhibited by cinnamaldehyde, salicilaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, p-anisaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, while only cinnamaldehyde and thymol significantly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization by G. mosseae.     

Book reviews

Book reviews in this article
Pflanzenschutz in Gemüsebau, by Gerd Cruger.
Plant Protection for Human Welfare (Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Protection, Brighton, 1983).     

Evaluation of morphology of infection structures in distinguishing between different Allium rust fungi

Fifteen isolates of rust fungi were collected in the United Kingdom and in the Netherlands from severalAllium species. The samples represented three putative rust species. The morphology of the telia, teliospores and urediniospores was investigated. From urediniospores infection structures were induced on leek, and their morphology was described. Telia and teliospores were not available on every sample. Morphology of the infection structures clearly differentiated between ‘leek’ type and ‘chive’ type isolates. The morphology of infection structures ofPuccinia mixta is very similar to that ofUromyces ambiguus, but clearly distinct fromPuccinia allii sensu Jennings from leek. Quantitative differences in urediniospore characters differentiated between the putative species, but there was overlap between the taxa. We conclude that morphology of infection structures of urediniosporelings is a useful trait for identification of rust isolates fromAllium. This is especially true where more than one rust species may occur on the same host species, as withAllium fistulosum.     

Screening of chemical attractants for second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne species on agar plates

The attractiveness of 60 aromatic compounds, mainly carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and phenols, to second-stage juveniles (J2) of four Meloidogyne species (M. hapla, M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. marylandi) was evaluated based on the relative density of J2 attracted to a test compound on an agar plate in an 8.5-cm Petri dish. Three types of nematode responses were observed in the single-compound assays: attraction, in which J2 were attracted to test compounds; concentration-dependent attraction, in which J2 were attracted to the zone located 1–2 cm from test compounds; and no response. None of the test compounds effectively attracted M. incognita or repelled J2 of any species. Thirty-five compounds attracted J2 of at least one of the other three nematode species. Highly effective attractants were trans-cinnamic acid, salicylic acid, 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyacetophenone, o-vanillin, carvacrol, 3-methoxybenzyl alcohol, 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde, trans-p-methoxycinnamaldehyde, 4-methoxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde, 2-methoxy-4-propenylphenol, and thymol. Salicylic acid dissolved in the agar reduced the attraction of M. marylandi J2 to salicylic acid and to o-vanillin. Two- and three-compound assays revealed differences in attractiveness to M. marylandi J2 between or among structural isomers of the attractants. o-Vanillin and salicylic acid were much more attractive to M. marylandi than vanillin and the two isomers of salicylic acid, respectively. It is not clear whether nematodes utilize the attractants found in the study for locating hosts in nature, but the attractants may have potential for use in nematode control.     

花园葱蜗牛形态学与PCR检测鉴定技术

花园葱蜗牛(Cepaea hortensis Müller)是我国新增的进境植物检疫性有害生物名录中的成员,该螺与近似种在贝壳形态上难以鉴别。本文应用贝壳、软体解剖和PCR技术相结合的方法,研究了花园葱蜗牛的检测鉴定技术,结果表明,PCR方法特异性强、灵敏度高、检测结果稳定,并与形态学鉴定结果一致,该方法为非软体动物分类专业的检疫人员检测鉴定花园葱蜗牛提供了快速简便的技术方法。     

丛枝菌根真菌与小麦孢囊线虫的相互作用

 近年来, 小麦孢囊线虫(cereal cyst nematodes, CCN:主要病原为燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae)对小麦(Triticum aestivum)的危害日益严重, 亟待探索新的生防途径。丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)作为环境功能生物, 对寄主植物具有生物药肥双重作用, 不仅能促进植物吸收利用养分, 而且能拮抗土传病原物、提高植物抗病性。本研究以AMF与CCN相互作用为切入点, 试图明确AMF与CCN相互作用关系, 并科学评价不同AMF抑制CCN、降低病害的效应。试验于温室盆栽条件下进行, 设接种AMF Gigaspora margarita(Gi.m)、Glomus mosseae(G.m)、Glomus intraradices(G.i)、Glomus versiforme(G.v)、Gi.m +G.m+G.i+G.v、CCN、CCN+Gi.m、CCN+G.m、CCN+G.i、CCN+G.v、CCN+Gi.m+G.m+ G.i+G.v和不接种对照(CK)共12个处理。结果表明, 接种AMF各处理均能降低小麦孢囊线虫侵染率、土壤中孢囊数和根内J2数量, 其中Gi.m处理抑制效果最大;CCN不同程度减少AMF侵入点数和产孢数量。Gi.m 和CCN+Gi.m处理的根内丛枝着生数量最多, 而后者根内的超氧化物歧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于其他处理、丙二醛含量则显著低于其他CCN+AM真菌处理。Gi.m和G.i处理的小麦株高、地上部干重高于其他处理;Gi.m 和CCN+Gi.m的处理的单穗重和单株产量均高于其他处理。表明AMF能不同程度拮抗CCN、促进小麦生长和提高产量, 其中, Gi.m是高效菌种。结论认为, AMF与CCN之间存在一定相互抑制作用, AMF能通过诱导植株防御反应拮抗CCN。