氮肥对2种松树苗木生长的影响

为了探讨氮肥对松树苗木生长的影响,以油松和樟子松为试验材料,对这2种松树的高度和生物量的变化及转移情况进行研究。结果表明:施用氮肥对油松和樟子松高度的生长有显著影响,依次为高氮中氮低氮;低氮肥处理的地上生物量最高,中肥和高肥处理的生物量向根系转移量降低,3种施肥处理均以高氮量处理生物量最低。     

Biomass and Nutrient Accumulation at Different Growth Rates in Thinned Plantations of Corsican Pine

Regressions of weight of tree components on volume or volumeincrement were prepared using measurements from a crop of Pinusnigra var. maritima (Ait.) Melv. that had shown large growthresponses to nitrogen fertilizer. These regressions were solvedfor the appropriate values of volume or volume increment frompublished yield tables for this species, to give tables in termsof harvestable biomass of different tree components, by age,for Yield Classes 6 to 16. Using values for nutrient concentrationobtained from the experimental crop, similar tables were preparedgiving the weights of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn and Cu that wouldbe removed on harvesting any component. Nutrient losses estimatedfrom these tables are discussed and compared with the knowninput of nutrients in rainfall and from other sources.     

Effect of the Needle-cast Fungus Lophodermella sulcigena on Growth of Corsican Pine

Infection of current-year needles of Corsican pine near Aberdeenby Lophodermella sulcigena (Rostr.) v. Höhn. resulted ina 59 per cent reduction in the volume growth of the stem overa 12-year period; height increment was not affected significantly.     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Current Climate on Wood Properties of Corsican Pine (Pinus nigra var maritima (Ait.) Melv.)

Selected wood and cell characteristics were examined in incrementcores from two 46-year-old pines that had been fertilized withammonium sulphate 37, 38 and 39 years after planting. Fertilizationincreased the ring-width and greatly reduced the latewood percentand the bulk density of both early and late wood; the effectswere greatest shortly after the last application of fertilizer,but remained apparent for at least five further years. Thoughboth trees produced more early wood cells only one of the twoproduced more latewood. The average tracheid diameter was not changed, though its rangewithin the annual ring was increased. There were decreases intracheid wall-thickness and length, and in wall volume per tracheid.These changes were greatest in latewood, so that the differencebetween early and latewood was reduced, while the characteristicsof the earlywood were exaggerated. Resin canal radial (but nottangential) diameter and cross-sectional area increased, thoughnumber of canals per unit area of ring was unchanged. Correlations with temperature, insolation and rainfall in March-Juneand July-October suggest that (1) wood properties are influencedby the weather of both the current and the previous growingseasons; (2) the climatic optima for the fertilized and unfertilizedtrees are different and consequently (3) the weather influencesthe effect of fertilization on wood properties.     

氮肥施用量及施用深度对酿酒葡萄土壤氮素残留的影响

根据凉州灌区酿酒葡萄氮肥施用现状,设置酿酒葡萄氮肥施用量及施用深度试验,研究氮肥施用量及施用深度对酿酒葡萄产量、收获后土层氮素残留量及第2年酿酒葡萄萌芽期土层氮素残留的影响。结果表明,高氮(300 kg N/hm~2)和中氮(240 kg N/hm~2)处理之间产量差异不显著,但相对于低氮(180 kg N/hm~2)处理显著增产28.6%和24.1%;2015年收获期,随着施氮量的增加,0～200 cm土层硝态氮残留量不断增加,高氮处理达到165.1 kg/hm~2,相对于低氮和中氮处理增加了94.6%和53.8%;2016年萌芽期,随着施氮量的增加,0～200 cm土层硝态氮残留量不断增加,高氮处理达到182.2 kg/hm~2,相对于低氮和中氮处理平均增加了76.0%和41.5%。10 cm与30 cm施肥深度相比,酿酒葡萄产量、2015年收获期和2016年萌芽期0～200 cm土层硝态氮残留量差异不明显。该研究合理分析了凉州灌区酿酒葡萄氮肥施用现状条件下土层氮素残留情况,为地区酿酒葡萄氮肥合理施用提供了理论依据。     

氮素施用量对文冠果幼苗养分含量分布及转运效率影响的研究

通过设置不同的氮肥施用量处理,对文冠果幼苗内养分含量以及转运效率的变化进行研究,结果表明:氮肥施用量以250 mg·株~(-1)的处理对文冠果树幼苗养分含量的分布更加有利,且各种养分运转效率以氮素为最高,磷素水平最低。磷素可能是影响文冠果产量的一个重要因素,在生产中应注重磷元素的合理使用。     

不同造林密度和施肥量对枫香生长的影响分析

通过对福建枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)进行不同造林密度和施肥量的试验,结果表明:随造林密度的增大,枫香林的胸径、树高、冠幅、枝下高呈现出递增趋势;但除了树高在最小与最大存在显著差异(P＜0.05)外,胸径、冠幅、枝下高无显著差异.在尿素不同量(100 g、300 g、500 g)与过磷酸钙不同量...     

Corsican Pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima (Ait.) Melville) in Southern Britain: A Study of Growth and Site Factors

Measurements of fifty crop and site factors in thirty plantedCorsican pine stands in south and east England were subjectedto multivariate analysis by the method of principal components.The correlations between components describing crop and sitesuggest that low winter minimum temperatures affect growth ofCorsican pine more than warmth in the growing season. A componentgrouping soil total phosphate levels and soil pH also appearsto be causally related to growth potential whereas other componentsdescribe variables considered to result from the effects ofa tree crop. The site water balance, as reflected by growingseason rainfall, potential evaporation, and water storage inthe soil is apparently unrelated to growth differences.     

Effect of Different Forms and Rates of Nitrogen Fertiliser on the Growth of Lodgepole Pine

Application of four forms of nitrogen fertilizer each at threerates produced significant positive responses in shoot growthin a seven-year-old Pinus contorta, Dougl. stand on a deep,infertile peat in south Scotland. The response was shortlived(4 years) and was followed by a period (1–2 years) whenshoot growth fell below the control level. Form of N did notaffect the result but rate of N did and these effects are discussedwith respect to annual shoot growth, foliar N levels and shootgrowth:foliar N correlations.     

长效复合肥在松树容器育苗上的应用研究

马尾松和火炬松的容器育苗试验结果表明,施用长效复合肥能明显促进苗木生长。与普通复合肥相比,苗木生物量分别增加255％和165％;长效复合肥的用量以每株0．8～1．2g为宜。     

马尾松林下补植阔叶树后森林凋落物量、养分含量及周转时间的变化

在25年生的马尾松林下分别补植拉氏栲、青栲、闽粤栲、格氏栲和苦槠,形成针阔混交异龄林。补植16年后,对上述5种混交林类型及马尾松纯林的森林凋落物量、养分含量及周转时间进行研究。上述5个混交群落和马尾松纯林的年凋落物量分别为6149·1、7533·2、6741·1、7151·5、8041·7和3442·8kg·hm-2。各混交群落总凋落物量的季节动态呈双峰型,第1次峰值出现在2—4月份,第2次峰值出现在8、9月份。在凋落物组成中,枯叶占绝对优势,占凋落物总量的50%~71%,其余依次为枯枝6%~26%、树皮9%~19%、果实和其他组分5%~17%。各混交群落中来自马尾松的凋落物占50%~58%,来自阔叶树的凋落物占42%~50%,且两者的组成有明显差异。凋落物各组分的养分含量存在较大差异,N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量范围分别为3·25~12·98、0·24~0·97、0·37~6·55、12·77~35·40、2·35~6·10g·kg-1。各林分类型凋落物中养分元素的年归还总量为Ca>N>Mg>K>P。5个混交林群落及马尾松纯林凋落物中的养分年归还总量分别为238·05、213·77、223·93、289·90、304·12和142·01kg·hm-2。6个群落的森林地被物现存量分别为8448·0、15565·8、11993·7、12718·6、6974·2和5020·0kg·hm-2,其中L层在各群落中所占比例分别为47·2%、59·6%、51·3%、61·0%、85·4%及86·3%,平均为61·7%。森林地被物中各养分元素的含量在群落和组分之间存在明显差异,但总的趋势表现为Ca>N>Mg>K>P。最后,通过对年凋落量和林地凋落物积累量的比较分析,上述6个群落的凋落物周转时间预测值依次为0·76、1·42、0·97、1·17、0·84及1·52年,其中枯枝的周转时间明显大于枯叶,且马尾松的枯叶和枯枝的周转时间普遍大于阔叶树。     

不同氮施肥量对油松幼苗生长及其生物量的影响

为了比较不同氮用量水平下中国北方地区油松幼苗生长及其生物量的变化,特开展研究。结果表明,在施氮为10 nmol·L~(-1)时幼苗最高,为1.44 m,在施氮量为20 nmol·L~(-1)处理下,油松幼苗基径最粗,为37.45 mm;以不施氮肥的处理根生物量最大,为120.21 g;随着浓度的增加,茎生物量逐渐降低,5 nmol·L~(-1)处理的茎生物量最大,为192.41 g,施氮浓度为10 nmol·L~(-1)处理下叶生物量最大,为37.13 g。     

Long-term Growth Effects Following Forest Nitrogen Fertilization in Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies Stands in Sweden

Forest nitrogen (N) fertilization induces changes in the soil and soil microorganisms that could hypothetically affect the long-term productivity of the soil. The tree growth response following a normal (i.e. 150 kg N ha^?1) single shoot N fertilization has a duration of 7–10 yrs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether any residual effects on tree growth persist, which could be attributed to previous N fertilization. The study included six Pinus sylvestris L. and three Picea abies (L.) Karst. experimental sites, sampled for growth parameters 14–28 yrs after the last fertilization. Residual growth effects were on average small, and not statistically significant. Negative residual growth effects of varying duration could be discerned, especially at low-fertility P. sylvestris sites. However, there was an overall tendency for growth to increase in the long term after N fertilization. The main conclusion is that operational forest N fertilization with a normal N dose should not be regarded as a threat to long-term forest production.     

黑龙江森林资源变动与经济增长关系的探讨

分析黑龙江省森林资源随经济增长的历史消长变动趋势,表明黑龙江省森林资源消耗与经济增长之间关系正逐渐趋于协调。探讨黑龙江省森林资源变动与经济增长内在联系的定量研究方法。以把握和协调黑龙江省森林资源变动与经济增长关系为目标,基于SPSS的相关分析和回归分析法对未来黑龙江省森林资源与经济增长的关系做出判断。结果表明,未来几年,黑龙江省近成过熟林蓄积和天然林蓄积会随人均地区生产总值增长而减少;而森林面积、人工林面积与蓄积、幼龄林蓄积、中龄林面积与蓄积以及天然林面积都会随人均地区生产总值增长而增加。     

盆栽条件下不同形态氮肥对甜樱桃的树体生长作用的研究

不同形态氮肥对果树生长发育、结果习性等过程有显著影响。试验采用盆栽的方法研究不同类型的氮肥处理对甜樱桃幼树的生长、生理和营养效应,探讨氮素营养对樱桃生长发育的影响,为科学肥水管理提供参考依据。     

Stem Form and Taper Changes After Thinning and Nitrogen Fertilization in Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris Stands

Stem form and taper changes after thinning and thinning combined with N fertilization were studied in 23 Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and 46 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in Sweden observed for 5-28 yrs. Average taper was calculated for the stem section 1.3-6.0 m above ground level and as the ratio between the diameter at breast height and total tree height for periods of 5-10 yrs. At the start of the experiment, before the first thinning, the dominant height was 12-15 m. Once 65% of the basal area had been removed in a single thinning from below, the remaining trees showed a strong increase in taper compared with trees in unthinned stands. Stems in stands treated with heavily recurrent thinnings from below also increased in taper, although the increases were not always statistically significant. Trees in thinned, N-fertilized Scots pine stands in middle and northern Sweden developed a more pronounced taper compared with stems in equally thinned, unfertilized stands.     

马尾松生长性状与生长应力的关系

选取3块不同立地条件的马尾松试验林(沙河集纯林、八公山纯林和混交林),从中选取具有3种树干形态(直立、倾斜和弯曲)的马尾松共24株,测定其立木生长性状,随后采用钻孔法测定不同周向位置立木表面轴向生长应力,分析两者之间关系.结果如下:1)多因素方差分析表明:主效应周向相对位置对生长应力指示值(GSI)影响在0.001水平上显著;周向相对位置和树高分段的二元交互效应对GSI影响在0.05水平上显著,其余效应对GSI影响均不显著;2)偏相关分析研究中,在直立树干所有自变量与GSI之间的偏相关系数均不显著;倾斜树干中,周向相对位置与GSI之间正偏相关系数在0.05水平上显著,其余自变量与GSI之间偏相关系数均不显著;弯曲树干中,周向相对位置与GSI之间正偏相关系数也在0.05水平上显著.综合分析多因素方差分析和偏相关分析表明,对于不同树干形态,立木的高径比、倾斜角、冠形因子对表面轴向生长应力的影响程度不尽相同.研究认为,可以通过间伐降低直立树干和弯曲树干的高径比,从而能在一定程度上降低马尾松立木的轴向表面生长应力,通过控制倾斜角和冠性因子也可以一定程度上影响倾斜树干轴向表面生长应力的大小和分布.     

Nitrogen Mineralization and Organic Matter Decomposition in Scots Pine Humus

Nitrogen deficiency in many northern coniferous forests is associatedwith increasing age of the crop and is thought to be due toa slow rate of release of available nitrogen from the organiclayers of the forest floor. Practical ways of stimulating nitrogenrelease from this material by applications of nitrogen, phosphorus,and lime are being studied in a 40-year-old crop of nitrogen-deficientScots pine (Pinus sylveitris L.) at Culbin Forest, Moray. Threeyears after lime and phosphorus treatments, and two years afterthe second fertilizer nitrogen application, significant treatmenteffects included both markedly higher pH values and increasedrates of organic matter decomposition on incubation (at 30 °Cfor 62 days) for humus from plots given lime and higher ratesof net production of mineral nitrogen on incubation for humusfrom plots given fertilizer forms of ammonium sulphate, urea,and ammonium nitrate. Only urea-treated humus still showed asignificantly higher total nitrogen content at this time, I.54per cent of organic matter compared with 141 per cent in untreatedmaterial.     

马尾松树针叶立体分布和模拟为害对树木生长影响的研究

１９９３￣１９９４年，对马尾松树进行调查研究后表明，１株１５年生松树针叶平均鲜重为２１１８ｇ，其外层１年生针叶占总重数６１％，内层２年生针叶占总重数３９％，１￣３轮枝叶占２５％，１￣４轮枝叶占７５％；针叶被害２５％时，留４轮枝叶可承受松毛虫１９条，是留３轮枝叶的２．４倍。