重庆低海拔区牧草引种试验报告

2004～2006年在重庆市巴南区渔洞低海拔试验基地对由美国、新西兰、澳大利亚及加拿大引进的43个豆科牧草品种和9个禾本科牧草品种进行了野外生长观测和室内营养成分分析,从中选择出生长状况好、产量高的6种豆科牧草紫花苜蓿(游客等)和3种禾本科牧草扁穗牛鞭草(重高)及一年生黑麦草(特高、Ya97-2)进行大面积示范推广。     

重庆低海拔区牧草引种试验报告

2004～2006年在重庆市巴南区渔洞低海拔试验基地时由美国、新西兰、澳大利亚及加拿大引进的43个豆科牧草品种和9个禾本科牧草品种进行了野外生长观测和室内营养成分分析,从中选择出生长状况好、产量高的6种豆科牧草紫花苜蓿(游客等)和3种禾本科牧草扁穗牛鞭草(重高)及一年生黑麦草(特高、Ya97-2)进行大面积示范推广.     

重庆市巫山县牧草引种试验

1999-2000年在重庆市巫山县花竹坪综合试验基地对引自美国、新西兰、澳大利亚及加拿大的17个豆科牧草品种和21个禾本科牧草品种进行了野外生长观测和室内营养成分分析，其中豆科牧草紫花苜蓿（阿尔冈金）、百脉根和禾本科牧草饲用高梁（大力士）及狼尾草生长状况好、产量高，值得大面积示范推广。     

主要栽培牧草营养动态及适宜利用时期

以我国北方主要栽培牧草30个品种为材料,用常规分析法、范氏洗涤纤维分析法、酶分析方法测定评价了主要栽培牧草的营养成分及营养价值,分析比较其动态变化,提出了不同牧草适宜利用的生育期.结果表明,豆科牧草的粗蛋白质(CP)含量高于禾本科牧草,总纤维(OCW)含量低于禾本科牧草,低消化性纤维(Ob)含量无明显差异;但豆科牧草随生育期变化不大,而禾本科牧草随生育期变化明显.豆科牧草酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量高于禾本科牧草,高消化性纤维(Oa)含量禾本科牧草明显高于豆科牧草,总体上豆科牧草消化率低于禾本科牧草.豆科牧草营养价值大部分呈现随生育期进程阶段性下降的趋势,而禾本科牧草大部分从营养期到开花期表现急速下降.综合分析获得高品质饲草的适宜利用时期,禾本科牧草大部分为营养期,少部分在整个生育期均无大的差异;豆科牧草在营养期,开花期及营养期或成熟期无大的差异.     

牧草新品种引种试验初报

8个豆科牧草和5个禾本科牧草品种在哈巴河县引种试验的结果表明：豆科牧草阿尔岗津-1表现最好，生物产量达873．38kg／667m^2；禾本科牧草皖草2号表现最好，生物产量达1466．74kg／667m^2.这两个品种可作为新疆牧草产业发展的首选品种。     

优质牧草引种试验（当雄点）研究报告

1998--2001年在海拔4200m的当雄县草原站；对从国内引进的60个牧草品种(其中禾本科10属37个品种、豆科8属22个品种，苋科1属1个品种和国外引进的19个品种(其中禾本科7属17个品种，豆科1属1个品种)、胡颓子科1属1个品种)计79个牧草品种进行了小区试验，对部分品种进行区间试验，经过对牧草的生育期观测、生长速度测定、产草量测定、越冬率测定、营养成份测定等综合分析研究，筛选出11种比较适宜在当雄县及相同生境地区种植的优良牧草品种，分别是巴西燕麦、丹麦444燕麦、加拿大燕麦、青海披碱草、甘农二号紫花苜蓿、甘农三号紫花苜蓿、卒粒苜缩、Sikem多花黑麦草。791-2箭舌豌豆、7501箭舌豌豆、葡萄牙毛苕子。     

不同补播配置模式对宁夏荒漠草原土壤有机碳和全氮储量的影响

以不同人工补播配置模式(禾本科牧草混播、豆科牧草混播、禾本科+豆科牧草混播、禾本科牧草+豆科牧草+小灌木混播及封育未补播)为研究对象,研究补播不同牧草配置模式对宁夏荒漠草原土壤有机碳和全氮储量的影响.结果表明:在0～10cm和10～20cm土层间,禾本科牧草混播模式土壤有机碳和全氮含量最高;在20～40cm土层,封育未...     

改良祁连山区退化草原适宜牧草品种选择试验

适宜的牧草品种是发展畜牧业生产、建立人工草场、改良退化草场的物质基础.为改良祁连山区退化天然草原,通过牧草品种引种对比试验,选择适宜的牧草品种.共引种54个牧草品种,豆科、禾本科牧草各占27种.通过对参试品种进行出苗率、越冬率、物候期、生长速度、产草量等测定分析,综合评价在祁连山区的适宜性.结果表明,有23个品种对当地气候环境较为适宜,其中,紫花斜茎黄芪等13个豆科牧草品种和爱冠无芒雀麦等10个禾本科牧草品种,可作为在祁连山高海拔冷凉地区进行退化天然草原改良的适宜牧草品种.     

云南省优良牧草引种研究报告

通过3年在3个不同生态环境条件下对57个牧草品种的干物质产量、主要营养成分、茎叶比例、抗逆性和适口性等指标进行观测,筛选出在温带环境条件下优良的豆科牧草9个、禾本科9个;在中亚热带环境条件下优良的豆科牧草8个、禾本科5个;在南亚热带环境条件下的优良豆科牧草4个、禾本科5个.这些牧草品种的干物质产量高,适应性强,可为相似生态环境条件下建植优良的人工草地提供可靠的品种使用依据.     

云南省优良牧草引种研究报告

通过3年在3个不同生态环境条件下对57个牧草品种的干物质产量、主要营养成分、茎叶比例、抗逆性和适口性等指标进行观测,筛选出在温带环境条件下优良的豆科牧草9个、禾本科9个;在中亚热带环境条件下优良的豆科牧草8个、禾本科5个;在南亚热带环境条件下的优良豆科牧草4个、禾本科5个。这些牧草品种的干物质产量高,适应性强,可为相似生态环境条件下建植优良的人工草地提供可靠的品种使用依据。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -