12个芒果品种抗氧化酶活性差异分析

以12个芒果品种为试材,通过检测不同芒果品种叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,采用Duncan比较对各抗氧化酶活性进行差异分析。结果表明:桂热芒10-2号的SOD活性最强,桂热芒10号的SOD活性最弱;桂热芒23号POD活性最强,桂热芒282号POD活性最弱,桂热芒780-17号的CAT活性最强,泰国芒14号的CAT活性最低;桂热芒282号的PPO活性最强,桂热芒30号的PPO活性最低。通过初步检测12个芒果品种的抗氧化酶活性,不同芒果品种的SOD活性在229.1467~463.8700 U/g·min;POD活性在0.5333~3.8667 U/g·min;CAT活性在16.4967~41.8100 U/g·min;PPO活性在0.0167~0.2067 U/g·min,为下一步探讨芒果对抗逆胁迫响应机理奠定理论依据。     

套袋对梨果品质、矿质营养及贮藏期病害发生的影响

以玉露香、红香酥、五九香和锦丰等4个梨品种果实为试材,研究了套袋对梨果品质、矿质营养及贮藏期病害发生的影响。结果表明,套袋果可溶性固形物、可滴定酸(除红香酥外)和维生素C含量显著低于不套袋果(P0.05),而硬度高于不套袋果,对果实单果重的影响未表现出规律性变化且差异未达到显著水平(P0.05),外黄内黑纸袋对锦丰和五九香梨梨果品质的下降作用较塑料膜袋对玉露香和红香酥梨高。调查同时发现,套袋显著增加了五九香梨果实冷藏期虎皮病发病率和病情指数,显著降低了玉露香梨病果率。     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗多酚代谢3种酶活性的影响

为探讨He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗多酚代谢相关酶活性的影响,利用5 mW·mm-2的He-Ne激光和增强UV-B(10.08 kJ·m-2·d-2)辐射处理"晋麦8号"小麦幼苗,分别在不同时段测定苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)及过氧化物酶(POD)的活性.结果表明,增强UV-B辐射使小麦幼苗叶片PAL活性升高,PPO与POD活性降低,且随处理天数的增加,不同处理组小麦幼苗叶片PAL、PPO、POD活性间具有一定相关性.长期增强UV-B辐射,导致多酚类物质的代谢速度降低甚至停止,自由基不能被及时清除,生物膜破坏:经过一定剂量的He-Ne激光辐照可修复增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗叶片多酚类物质代谢的损伤.     

NaOH对梨种子萌发及生长的影响

对早熟梨品种早酥和中熟梨品种黄冠种子进行不同质量浓度的NaOH和时间处理结果表明,NaOH浸种+5 ℃沙藏层积60 d处理的梨种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数较蒸馏水浸种及NaOH浸种处理明显高,能促进种子的正常生长,且早酥梨种子要比黄冠梨种子对NaOH敏感,说明梨种子的休眠为复合休眠,不同品种对NaOH质量浓度及处理时间的响应不同。经NaOH浸种+60 d低温沙藏层积处理,明显能提高种子发芽率,以早酥梨4 g/L NaOH浸种1 h和黄冠梨4 g/L NaOH浸种6 h为佳。随NaOH质量浓度和浸种时间的增加,梨种子生长呈先增强后减弱的趋势,且早酥梨快于黄冠梨。     

硒、锌及其交互作用对夏茶多酚氧化酶活性的影响

通过配合喷施不同浓度亚硒酸钠（Na2SeO3）和醋酸锌[(CH3COO)2Zn·2H2O],研究硒（Se）、锌（Zn）及硒锌交互（Se-Zn）作用对夏茶叶片多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性的影响。结果表明,单施Se（100~200 μg/mL）和单施 Zn（0.4%~0.8%）处理,茶叶叶片PPO活性相对较高;高浓度Se（400 μg/mL）和 Zn（1.2%）处理对PPO活性的提高效应不明显,甚至有一定的抑制作用。同一Se、Zn处理喷施16 d后,茶叶叶片PPO活性相对较高。中浓度Zn（0.4%~0.8%）与中浓度Se（100~200 μg/mL）配合喷施,夏茶叶片多酚氧化酶活性较高;而高浓度的硒锌配施对PPO活性无明显促进效应。同一配施处理,喷施16 d后PPO活性变化趋于稳定,且比喷施8d活性增幅较大。高浓度的Zn与不同浓度的Se配施,PPO活性的时间效应不甚明显,而低中浓度Zn与不同浓度Se配合喷施后,PPO活性的时间效应明显。     

肉桂精油及其复配物对砀山酥梨保鲜效果（简报）

采用涂膜处理和低温冷藏(0～2℃)相结合的方法,测试了肉桂精油及其与壳聚糖和CaCl2复配对砀山酥梨的保鲜效果.结果表明,肉桂精油及其与壳聚糖和CaCl2复配对砀山酥梨采后贮藏具有明显的保鲜作用,其中以60 μL/L肉桂精油 1%壳聚糖 1?Cl2配比的复合物保鲜效果最好,可显著延缓砀山酥梨采后口感和风味的变化,可使呼吸高峰较对照推迟10d出现,并能显著抑制丙二醛(MDA)含量的增加及相对电导率和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的上升;贮藏后第40 d,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别较对照增加238.54%、146.06%,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性较对照降低了55.56%.     

山核桃仁多酚组分分析及抗氧化研究

以山核桃仁多酚为原料,通过酸水解分析仁多酚内可能含有的有机酸成分,结果表明,仁多酚干物质经脱糖苷之后,可以形成自由的酚酸,检测到没食子酸及绿原酸含量分别为18.2mg·g-1及246.7mg/g干物质;同时山核桃仁多酚干物质进行体外抗氧化分析表明,仁多酚具有较高的抗氧化活性,对DPPH自由基和·OH自由基清除率较高,其抗氧化能力一定范围内与VC及BHA相当.     

喷硼对梨果硼、钙含量及石细胞形成相关酶活性的影响

以黄花梨为试验材料,分别于幼果期、膨大期和成熟期进行叶面喷施硼酸,研究外源硼对梨果实硼和钙含量、石细胞含量及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:1）从叶面喷硼对果实吸收硼的短期效果来看,果实发育的不同时期叶面喷施硼酸均促进果实对硼的吸收,其各处理的促进效果顺序为幼果期果实膨大期果实成熟期,不同时期叶面喷施硼酸均提高了果肉中水溶态硼、半束缚态硼和束缚态硼的含量; 2）幼果期喷硼提高了梨果实的钙含量,而果实膨大期和成熟期喷硼降低了果实内的钙含量,但各时期喷硼处理均提高梨果肉细胞壁内的钙含量; 3）不同时期叶面喷施硼酸降低了梨果石细胞含量,果实过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性也低于对照,且幼果期处理效果最佳。     

低温季节西南亚高山森林土壤多酚氧化酶动态研究

以亚高山针叶林均质化土壤为研究对象,采用裸露地表、凋落物覆盖、积雪覆盖、凋落物和积雪同时覆盖4个不同覆盖处理的原位培养实验,对各处理在低温季节(11月～5月)土壤表层(0~10cm)和下层(10～20 cm)多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性动态进行了分析,结果表明:(1)在低温季节,所有处理表层PPO活性在12~2月出现波动,差异不显著;下层土壤PPO活性逐渐升高,到低温季节结束前后活性达到最高,但是不同处理的升高幅度不同;(2)积雪和凋落物覆盖变化引起不同处理和不同深度土壤PPO活性动态的差异性响应。不论是表层还是下层土壤,在整个低温季节积雪对PPO活性的影响达到极显著水平,但凋落物覆盖能缓冲积雪对PPO活性的效应。(3)降雪时空格局变化对亚高山土壤PPO的影响主要体现在没有凋落物覆等盖层的裸露土壤,在有凋落物等覆盖情况下,全球变化可能导致的积雪减少甚至消失对土壤PPO活性的影响不大。     

小麦多酚氧化酶(PPO)基因的分类及非同义cSNP对籽粒PPO活性的影响

小麦（Triticum aestivum）籽粒多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性是影响面团褐变的主要原因。通过对NCBI上注册的小麦PPO基因序列的搜索与比对后发现,现有的小麦PPO基因按表达方式可分为两大类（Ⅰ和Ⅱ）,其中第Ⅱ大类的PPO基因与小麦籽粒PPO活性密切相关,第Ⅱ大类第i小类中的PPO基因可能位于小麦2A和2D以外的染色体上,可作为改良面团色泽的侯选基因。通过对具有完整开放阅读框（ORF）的4条PPO基因比对后发现,位于小麦2D染色体长臂上的PPO基因（PPO-2D）存在丰富的等位变异,等位基因间有94个单核苷酸变异（SNP）,其中发生在编码区的SNP（cSNP）有80个,这些cSNP中有36个影响到基因编码的氨基酸序列,属非同义cSNP。在非同义cSNP处,设计引物STS-H,对130个已连续测得两年PPO活性的小麦品种进行PCR扩增,结果发现STS-H在大部分低PPO活性品种中没有扩增出目标片段（a）,而大部分高PPO活性品种可以扩增出460bp的目标片段（b）。方差分析表明,a、b两种类型品种的PPO活性均值差异达极显著水平（P〈0.01）,说明非同义cSNP对小麦籽粒PPO活性有重要影响。与STS01引物（低PPO活性显性标记）比较后发现,STS-H与STS01是一对互补标记,根据STS01和STS-H引物各自的特点,研究了能同时扩增两对引物的多重PCR反应体系。     

丁香叶油及其与壳聚糖和CaCl_2复配对砀山酥梨的保鲜效果

研究了砀山酥梨用丁香叶油及其与壳聚糖和CaCl2复配剂涂膜处理后低温冷藏(0℃~2℃)的保鲜效果。结果表明,丁香叶油及其与壳聚糖和CaCl2复配剂对砀山酥梨具有明显的保鲜作用,其中以DKLO2(40μl/L丁香叶油+1%壳聚糖+1%CaCl2)浸涂保鲜效果最好,可显著延缓砀山酥梨采后硬度和可溶性固形物的下降,可使呼吸高峰较对照推迟10d出现,并能显著抑制MDA含量的增加及相对电导率和PPO活性的上升;贮藏至第30天,SOD活性较对照增加95.61%,CAT和POD活性分别是对照的2.22及4.28倍。DKL02浸涂处理可使砀山酥梨的贮存期达7个月。     

Apple and pear peel and pulp and their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant potentials in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets

The aim of this study was to assess the bioactive compounds of apple and pear peel and pulp in vitro and their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant potentials in vivo. The antioxidant potentials measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), beta-carotene bleaching (beta-carotene), and nitric oxide inhibition radical scavenging (NO) tests in apple peel and pulp were significantly higher than in pear peel and pulp, respectively. The ethanol extract of apple peels showed the strongest inhibition of lipid peroxidation as a function of its concentration and was comparable to the antioxidant activity of butylated hydroxyanisole. The pear pulp extract had the weakest antioxidant ability, whereas other extracts such as apple pulp and pear peel were nearly equal. The antioxidant activities comprised contributions from polyphenols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids and correlated well with polyphenols and flavonoids. The correlation coefficients between polyphenols and antioxidant activities by DPPH, beta-carotene, and NO were as follows: 0.9207, 0.9350, and 0.9453. Contrarily, the correlation coefficient between the content of dietary fiber and the antioxidant activities test was low. The content of all studied indices in apple and pear peel was significantly higher than in peeled fruits (p < 0.05). Diets supplemented with fruit peels exercised a significantly higher positive influence on plasma lipid levels and on plasma antioxidant capacity of rats than diets with fruit pulps.     

Analyses of arbutin and chlorogenic acid, the major phenolic constituents in Oriental pear

The HPLC retention time, photodiode array UV spectrum analysis, and LC/MS results indicated that arbutin and chlorogenic acid are the main phenolic constituents in Oriental pear. The two compounds exist in different organs of the Yali pear, which is one of the major cultivars of Pyrus bretschnrideri. The contents of arbutin in the leaf bud, floral bud, flower, and young fruit were 11.9, 12.4, 8.29, and 9.92 mg/g fresh weight (FW), respectively. Chlorogenic acid amounts in the same organs were 2.26, 3.22, 5.32, and 3.72 mg/g FW, respectively. During development, the concentration of the two compounds in Yali pears was the greatest in young fruit (9.92 mg/g FW of arbutin and 3.72 mg/g FW of chlorogenic acid), and then declined swiftly with fruit growth to less than 0.400 and 0.226 mg/g FW, respectively, in mature fruit. Large differences existed in the distribution of the two compounds in parts of the mature fruit of 14 Oriental pear cultivars. The greatest concentration of arbutin was found in the peel (1.20 mg/g FW), which was 3-5 times greater than that found in the core and 10-45 times greater than the level in the pulp. The concentration of chlorogenic acid in the core was greater than that in the peel. The compounds in 17 cultivars of Oriental pear, including P. bretschnrideri, Pyrus pyrifolia, Pyrus ussuriensis, and Pyrus sinkiangensis, were compared with those in 5 cultivars of Occidental pear (Pyrus communis). The mean concentration of arbutin in the Oriental pear cultivars was 0.164 mg/g FW, greater than the 0.083 mg/g FW found in the Occidental pear cultivars. The greatest arbutin content was 0.400 mg/g FW, found in the Yali pear. However, the mean concentration of chlorogenic acid in the Oriental pear was 0.163 mg/g FW, less than that found in the Occidental pear (0.309 mg/g FW).     

钙、硼营养对黄冠梨品质和果面褐斑病发生的影响

为探讨钙、硼营养对黄冠梨品质和褐斑病的影响,于幼果套袋之前进行叶面喷施0.3% H3BO4 (B)、0.5% CaCl2(Ca)、0.3% H3BO4＋0.5% CaCl2 (B＋Ca) 3次,每次间隔7d的试验。结果表明,3种处理均能显著降低果实贮藏前期果皮多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性、提高过氧化物酶（POD）活性和冷藏期间果皮褐斑指数;其中B+Ca处理效果最明显,并显著提高采收时单果重、果皮中Ca含量、Ca/Mg和Ca/K;Ca、B+Ca处理能降低果皮中可溶性酚含量;B处理显著提高果皮和果肉中的硼含量。这说明B+Ca处理能明显改善黄冠梨果实采收品质和贮藏性能。     

黄河故道砀山酥梨花期低温冷害风险的评估方法初探

低温冷害为砀山酥梨花期的主要气象灾害之一,其风险评估具有重要意义。运用数理统计方法研究分析1983-2006年砀山酥梨物候资料和同期气象资料,从酥梨始花期和整个花期的日最低气温的概率分布入手,建立了酥梨花期低温冷害风险评估模型。结果表明：（1）砀山酥梨花期内遭受某一级别的低温冷害的风险,可由始花期出现的概率与花期内逐日出现某一级别低温冷害的概率之和的乘积来表示,一般是酥梨始花期越早、花期历时越长,遇到某一级别低温冷害的风险越大。所得风险评估方程,可用于风险评估。（2）砀山酥梨开花始期具有正态分布特征,即始花期早和迟的出现频率较小,处于历年始花期均值附近的频率较大。（3）砀山酥梨花期遭受低温冷害的指标可分为花期内出现日最低气温≤7℃、≤5℃、≤3℃三个级别。（4）酥梨始花后到某一日遭受某一级别低温冷害的累积概率,除始花日出现≤3℃低温冷害的概率与始花期早晚呈线性关系外,其他日期的累计概率均与始花期的早晚呈指数关系。     

Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit (pulp, peel, and seed) and Jam: antioxidant activity

To study the antioxidant activity of quince fruit (pulp, peel, and seed) and jam, methanolic extracts were prepared. Each extract was fractionated into a phenolic fraction and an organic acid fraction and was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/diode array detection and HPLC/UV, respectively. Antiradical activities of the extracts and fractions were evaluated by a microassay using 1,1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. The phenolic fraction always exhibited a stronger antioxidant activity than the whole methanolic extract. Organic acid extracts were always the weakest in terms of antiradical activity, which seems to indicate that the phenolic fraction gives a higher contribution for the antioxidant potential of quince fruit and jam. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts showed that peel extract was the one presenting the highest antioxidant capacity. The IC50 values of quince pulp, peel, and jam extracts were correlated with the caffeoylquinic acids total content. Among the phenolic fractions, the seed extract was the one that exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. The IC50 values of quince pulp, peel, and jam phenolic extracts were strongly correlated with caffeoylquinic acids and phenolics total contents. For organic acid fractions, the peel extract was the one that had the strongest antiradical activity. The IC50 values of quince pulp, peel, and jam organic acid fractions were correlated with the ascorbic acid and citric acid contents.     

不同钾氮配比对荔枝果实矿质元素含量及其耐贮性的影响

【目的】在广东省惠州市荔枝主产区,于2009 2012年连续3年研究不同钾氮养分比例对荔枝果实矿质元素含量的影响及其与耐贮性的关系,以期为荔枝高产优质高效栽培与耐贮增值的科学施肥技术提供理论依据。【方法】在大田栽培条件下,以1995年嫁接苗种植的国内主栽品种妃子笑为试材,设钾氮不同施用比例(K2O/N分别为0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2和1.4)5个处理,分别用K0.6N、K0.8N、K1.0N、K1.2N、K1.4N表示。在荔枝收获期测定果实矿质元素含量,并进行室温(25±1°C)自然贮藏试验,每2d采样测定相关贮藏指标。【结果】1)随着K2O/N比的提高,荔枝外果皮钾(K)、硼(B)含量呈下降趋势,内果皮K含量呈先下降后增加,果肉K、内外果皮和果肉钙(Ca)、内果皮B含量均呈现先增加后下降,果核Ca含量呈现逐渐增加的趋势。2)随着K2O/N比的提高,内外果皮K/Ca、Mg/Ca、(Mg+K)/Ca、K/B比均呈先下降后增加,外果皮Ca/B比呈增加的趋势。3)内果皮K含量与果实好果率呈极显著负相关,外果皮Ca、内果皮B含量与果实好果率呈显著或极显著正相关。内、外果皮K含量与果皮细胞膜透性呈显著正相关,外果皮Ca含量与果皮细胞膜透性呈显著负相关。内、外果皮K含量与多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈显著正相关,而内、外果皮Ca含量则与两种酶活性呈显著负相关。4)内、外果皮K/Ca、Mg/Ca、(Mg+K)/Ca和K/B比与果实好果率呈显著或极显著负相关,与果皮细胞膜透性、PPO和POD活性均呈显著或极显著正相关,而Ca/B比则完全相反。【结论】荔枝生产中合理调控钾、氮养分施用比例(K2O/N),不仅可以提高内、外果皮的Ca/B比值,还有利于降低内、外果皮K/Ca、Mg/Ca、(Mg+K)/Ca和K/B的比值,对提高果实耐贮性具有重要作用。本试验条件和施肥方法下,K2O/N的施用比例以1.2∶1时能最大限度地满足优良耐贮性能适宜的养分含量及比例。     

应用微生物肥料提高砀山酥梨品质的研究

对8年生砀山酥梨树施用微生物肥料试验结果表明,在高N水平下施用微生物肥料,砀山酥梨叶片N含量显著降低;P、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn、K、Fe、B元素含量明显增加。合理施用微生物肥料可以提高产量和增加果实含糖量、糖酸比和Vc含量等,果实品质明显改善;果实耐贮性和梨果的等级显著提高。在试验条件下微生物肥料的最佳施用量为1.0kg/株。     

Low-density lipoprotein antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds and polyphenol oxidase activity in selected clingstone peach cultivars

The antioxidant potential of eight clingstone peach cultivars was investigated by determining phenolic compounds and inhibition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Cultivars low in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were also selected to minimize enzymatic browning. Inhibition of LDL oxidation varied from 17.0 to 37.1% in peach flesh extract, from 15.2 to 49.8% in whole peach extract, and from 18.2 to 48.1% in peel extract. Total phenols were 432.8-768.1 mg/kg in flesh extract, 483.3-803.0 mg/kg in whole extract, and 910.9-1922.9 mg/kg in peel extract. The correlation coefficient between relative LDL antioxidant activity and concentration of total phenols was 0.76. Peel PPO activity was higher than flesh activity in most cultivars. The lowest PPO and specific activities were found in the Walgant cultivar, followed by Kakamas and 18-8-23. These three cultivars combine the desirable characteristics of strong antioxidant activity, low PPO activity, and lower susceptibility to browning reactions.     

基于云模型的黄河故道砀山酥梨气候适宜性分析

选取黄河故道砀山酥梨代表性产地砀山县为样点,利用梨树物候期长期定位观测资料和气象监测数据,基于云模型理论建立了光、温、水气候适宜度。采用加权综合法和几何平均法,确定不同物候期和年际气候适宜度。结果表明,日照适宜度可由左半云,气温与降水适宜度可由梯形云来刻画。综合气候适宜度与梨果实际单产、气候产量和单株产量的相关系数分别为0.4452(P0.05)、0.3734和0.5620(P0.01)。1961-2015年,砀山酥梨气候适宜度变化趋势不明显,但1961-1989年和1990-2010年分别为气候适宜度偏高与偏低时段,1987年为气候适宜度累计距平最大年份。研究期间,气温适宜度呈极显著增加趋势,每10a约增加0.0274。日照与降水适宜度无明显变化趋势,降水适宜度平均值比日照和气温适宜度低,且变异系数是日照和气温适宜度变异系数的4倍。各物候期气候适宜度未呈现趋势性变化,但萌芽期和花期的气候适宜度偏低,在0.50~0.53,且变异系数较大,在45.0~57.0。其它物候期气候适宜度和变异系数相对偏小。在气候变化背景下,气温升高对梨果生长有利,砀山酥梨生产中应加强萌芽-花期的管理,以增强梨树的气候适宜性。