机理Ⅰ植物铁吸收与运输的分子机制

铁虽然在地壳中的含量很高,但生物有效性非常低,植物如何适应缺铁胁迫一直是植物营养与植物逆境生理领域研究的热点问题。近两年来,人们对于植物,尤其是机理Ⅰ植物适应铁胁迫的机制又有了新的认识,铁还原酶基因的表达部位除根系外,在地上部、花等器官也能够检测到;IRT1基因是机理Ⅰ植物主要的Fe(Ⅱ)运输基因;烟碱酰胺在铁的长距离运输中起到重要作用。本文从还原、吸收、长距离运输及对这些过程的调控等方面综述了近年来有关机理Ⅰ植物适应铁胁迫的研究进展,并对将来的研究方向进行了初步展望。     

机理I植物铁吸收与运输的分子机制

铁虽然在地壳中的含量很高，但生物有效性非常低，植物如何适应缺铁胁迫一直是植物营养与植物逆境生理领域研究的热点问题。近两年来，人们对于植物，尤其是机理I植物适应铁胁迫的机制又有了新的认识：铁还原酶基因的表达部位除根系外，在地上部、花等器官也能够检测到；IRT1基因是机理I植物主要的Fe (Ⅱ) 运输基因；烟碱酰胺在铁的长距离运输中起到重要作用。本文从还原、吸收、长距离运输及对这些过程的调控等方面综述了近年来有关机理I植物适应铁胁迫的研究进展，并对将来的研究方向进行了初步展望。     

机理Ⅰ植物铁营养的吸收转运及信号调控机制研究进展

铁是植物正常生长发育必需的微量元素之一。在通气良好的碱性或石灰性土壤中,常常因铁有效性低而难以满足植物生长发育所需,缺铁已成为继缺氮和缺磷之后农业生产所面临的又一重要的营养障碍因子。与机理Ⅱ植物相比,机理Ⅰ植物更易缺铁,因此全面了解机理Ⅰ植物的铁吸收及利用机制是分子育种改良此类植物铁营养的重要基础。基于国内外的相关研究进展,从机理Ⅰ植物的根际铁活化、根系铁吸收、木质部和韧皮部中的铁运输以及胞外和胞内铁的再利用等几方面进行综述;在此基础上,从bHLH和MYB转录因子调控网络、蛋白的泛素化修饰以及小分子化学信号调控途径等几方面,重点阐述机理Ⅰ植物铁营养吸收、转运及稳态平衡过程的调控机制;同时,对研究中存在的部分问题及未来研究方向进行简要的讨论分析。     

植物源铁生物有效性及评价方法研究进展

缺铁是个世界性的营养失衡问题,给人类健康和经济发展带来严重的负面影响。主要膳食中的铁缺乏或低生物有效性被认为是造成铁缺乏的主要原因。通过植物育种措施,尤其是提高植物源铁富集育种被认为是解决铁营养失衡最经济且有效的途径。然而,近年的研究表明,人体铁吸收与植物源有效铁量密切相关,而与铁积累总量没有相关性。快速、准确的评价植物源铁生物有效性对高有效性富铁作物育种意义重大。本文阐述了植物源铁富集和生物有效性的基因型差异及影响因素, 并分析了铁生物有效性评价方法的优缺点,为植物源铁生物有效性育种及评价提供参考。     

植物吸收和转运铁的分子生理机制研究进展

铁是植物正常生命活动过程中的必需微量元素之一。由于土壤中铁的有效性很低,导致植物极易缺铁,不仅影响作物的产量和品质,而且影响人类微量元素健康,因此如何通过生物强化达到人类铁营养状况改善的目的是目前该研究领域关注的热点。本文就近5年来植物铁吸收、体内转运、子粒中积累等重要生物过程的分子生理机制的研究进展进行了详细阐述,其中对水稻兼备机理I和机理II铁吸收机制有了新的认识,而且发现YSL蛋白家族在植物铁吸收、转运和子粒积累过程中的重要性。同时,讨论了利用上述机制的研究结果通过基因工程和农学措施改善植物铁营养和提高作物子粒铁富集的技术途径。     

策略Ⅰ植物铁吸收稳态调控研究进展

铁是植物生长发育所必需的微量元素.作为辅酶因子和电子传递链组分,铁参与了光合作用、呼吸作用等多种重要的生理代谢过程.铁在地壳中的含量虽然丰富,但在中性和碱性土壤中大多以Fe3+的形式存在,溶解度极低,限制了土壤中铁的生物有效性,导致植物生长发育易受缺铁影响,致使植物缺铁失绿已成为全世界普遍关注的问题.但在低pH和长期淹...     

植物对锌吸收运输及积累的生理与分子机制

锌是植物必需的营养元素,也是重金属污染元素之一。现代分子生物学的发展,极大地推动了植物体内与锌吸收运输有关转运蛋白的研究。目前发现,锌铁控制运转相关蛋白(ZIP)、自然抵抗相关巨噬细胞蛋白NRAMP、重金属ATPase酶、阳离子扩散协助蛋白CDF、Mg2+/H+的反向交换转运蛋白MHX等运输蛋白参与细胞内Zn2+离子的跨膜运输,调节植物细胞内Zn2+平衡与分配。利用数量遗传学手段在在水稻上已找到与缺锌植株死亡率和叶片青铜病发生率有关QTL位点。而在Thlaspi caerulescens 和Arabidopsis halleri植物上鉴定出控制锌含量的QTLs,为寻找控制植物高效积累Zn的遗传基础规律打下了基础。     

铁、镁、锌营养胁迫对植物体内活性氧代谢影响机制

活性氧是植物体内常见的一类自由基,对植物有很强的伤害。本文总结了铁、镁、锌元素胁迫影响植物体内活性氧代谢机制。铁对于催化植物体内的Haber-Weiss反应产生活性氧具有重要作用。镁诱导植物体内活性氧代谢失调与光氧化有密切关系。缺锌条件下,植物体内活性氧含量升高,其机制是多方面的:NADPH氧化酶氧化能力提高,O2产生增多;体内铁浓度升高,增强了铁诱导的活性氧的产生;光氧化伤害加重;清除系统活性降低。     

植物体内西罗血红素的研究进展

植物以硫酸盐和硝酸盐的形式从土壤中吸收硫元素和氮元素,但硫酸盐和硝酸盐皆需要一定的还原反应才能被同化吸收利用。该还原过程的第二步是由亚硝酸盐还原酶（nitrite reductase, NiR）和亚硫酸盐还原酶（sulphite reductase,SiR）催化的,这些酶的结构中都具有一个起关键作用的西罗血红素辅助因子。本文主要介绍生物体内西罗血红素的合成过程及其在硫元素、 铁元素生化反应中的作用。     

植物根表铁,锰氧化物胶膜及其在植物营养中的作用

在渍水土壤中，由于嫌气条件下存在有许多Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾２＋，长期适应这种环境的植物具有氧化根际的能力，从而在其根表淀积形成铁、锰氧化物胶膜。研究表明，这些包被在根表的铁、锰氧化物胶膜在适应淹水条件、养分吸收及重金属离子进入植物体过程中起着重要作用，具有重要生态意义。本文综述了近年来国际上这方面的研究进展。     

Evolution of Iron Acquisition in Higher Plants

In the plant kingdom, two iron (Fe) acquisition strategies exist. All plant species, except grasses, acquire Fe^{2 +} from soil after reduction of Fe^{3 +} using the Strategy I mechanism. Although expressing many Strategy I activities, grasses employ the Strategy II mechanism, which involves the synthesis, secretion, and uptake of phytosiderophores that chelate Fe^{3 +} from soil. In recent years, several genes involved in Fe acquisition have been identified in plants. This study examined the phylogenetic distribution of iron-acquisition genes of five dicots, five grasses, and one gymnosperm. Both Strategy I and II plant species possessed either all or some genes for Strategy I. For Strategy II genes, only the five grasses expressed genes for phytosiderophore synthesis. Due to the conservation of Strategy I genes among both Strategy I and II species and absence of Strategy II genes from dicot and gymnosperm species, we concluded that Strategy II in grasses was derived relative to Strategy I.     

缺铁条件下酵母中铁转运转录水平的研究进展

铁作为生物体内重要元素,在很多细胞功能以及生化过程中具有重要作用。尽管多数土壤中铁含量较为丰富,但在碱性或中性土壤中可以吸收利用的可溶性铁量却无法满足植物需要。在这种情况下所导致的缺铁胁迫不利于植物生长发育。本文从铁吸收系统的激活、胞内铁源的启动和铁相关代谢活动的调控三个方面阐述了酵母细胞中铁转运转录水平上的研究现状,最后展望了其发展前景。     

Iron Homeostasis in Plants: Sensing and Signaling Pathways

Abstract

Since iron is both an essential element as well as a potential toxin, it is a nutrient which on the one hand fulfils many important functions in plants but on the other can cause severe cell damage as a consequence of the formation of reactive hydroxyl radicals. Uptake of iron, its concentrations within particular tissues, and its subcellular distribution is therefore subject to careful control. In addition, the low bioavailability of iron in most soils necessitates the mobilization of sparingly soluble iron compounds. This has led to the evolution of concerted responses that assist in maintaining an adequate supply of iron for plant roots. These responses comprise morphological changes, such as the development of extra root hairs, formation of rhizodermal transfer cells, and induction of cluster roots, as well as induction of genes coding for enzymes involved in the mobilization and uptake of nutrients. Investigations at the protein, mRNA, and structural level showed that both systemic responses, involving transmission of long distance signals, and external nutritional signals, inducing localized responses, are involved in the complex control of iron homeostasis. A number of components have been identified at the molecular level, but the interplay between these components and the signal transduction cascades leading to an iron status within an adequate range are largely unknown. This review summarizes the available data that explain how these processes are coordinated to maintain a continuous and acceptable Fe supply despite changing environmental conditions.     

植物中铵转运蛋白的研究进展

铵转运蛋白在众多生物中被克隆与鉴定,它是一种广泛存在于微生物、植物细胞及动物的细胞膜上主动转运铵离子的载体,分子量约为48kD,含有10-11个跨膜域。本文阐述了植物铵转运蛋白分离鉴定的过程,对于铵转运蛋白的结构、功能、基因表达调控等方面作了较详细叙述。不同氮素条件下,铵转运蛋白基因通过转录调控表现了对铵离子吸收转运的不同特点,使植物根系在较宽的浓度范围中吸收铵离子,为细胞内铵离子库的内稳态提供了理论依据。铵转运蛋白有助于作物更有效的吸收氮素,为农业生产粮食增收提供了有利保障。     

土壤溶质运移特性研究进展

可溶性化学物质(土壤溶质)在土壤中的运移和分布已成为近年来研究的热点。本文综述了近年来土壤溶质运移机理、吸附模型、溶质运移数学模型等方面的研究进展。     

容重对铁尾矿水分运移特征的影响

[目的]探究紧实度对铁尾矿水分运移特性的影响,为铁矿区水土保持及植被恢复提供科学依据。[方法]采用室内一维土柱试验和张力计法,分别测定1.50,1.55,1.60,1.65,1.70g/cm~3这5个容重水平下的入渗过程及水分特征曲线。[结果](1)随着容重增加,铁尾矿入渗能力降低,容重与稳渗率、湿润峰距离、累积入渗量呈显著线性负相关关系(p0.05);(2)铁尾矿剖面水分含量随土层深度的增加而下降,1.50～1.60g/cm~3含水量在不同深度上分层明显,1.65和1.70g/cm~3尾矿砂剖面含水量分异性较小;(3)Green-Ampt模型拟合铁尾饱和导水率与实测值相关系数为0.886,计算精度较高,Kostiakov模型拟合不同容重铁尾矿入渗过程效果最佳(R~2=0.989);(4)铁尾矿在脱湿过程中,高容重下持水能力明显下降,1.60g/cm~3持水保水性最好,van Genuchten模型拟合水分特征曲线表明,饱和含水率(θ_s)、残余含水率(θ_r)、进气值(α)、形状系数(n)等参数随容重增大而减小。[结论]高度压实严重抑制铁尾矿水分入渗和持水能力,因此复垦修复中应以疏松尾矿基质改善结构特性为主。     

Interaction of Different Iron Chelates with an Alkaline and Calcareous Soil: A Complementary Methodology to Evaluate the Performance of Iron Compounds in the Correction of Iron Chlorosis

Abstract

A great number of studies have shown that the stability of iron chelates as a function of pH is not the unique parameter that must be considered in order to evaluate the potential effectiveness of Fe‐chelates to correct iron chlorosis in plants cultivated in alkaline and calcareous soils. In fact, other factors, such as soil sorption on soil components or the competition among Fe and other metallic cations for the chelating agent in soil solution, have a considerable influence on the capacity of iron chelates to maintain iron in soil solution available to plants. In this context, the aim of this work is to study the variation in concentration of the main iron chelates employed by farmers under field conditions—Fe‐EDDHA (HA), Fe‐EDDHMA (MA), Fe‐EDDHSA (SA), Fe‐EDDCHA (CA), Fe‐EDTA (EDTA), and Fe‐DTPA (DTPA)—in the soil solution of a calcareous soil over time. To this end, soil incubations were carried out using a soil:Fe solution ratio corresponding to soil field capacity, at a temperature of 23°C. The soil used in the experiments was a calcareous soil with a very low organic matter content. The variation in concentration of Fe and Fe‐chelates in soil solution over time were obtained by measuring the evolution in soil solution of both the concentration of total Fe (measured by AAS), and the concentration of the ortho‐ortho isomers for Fe‐EDDHA and analogs or chelated Fe for Fe‐EDTA and Fe‐DTPA (measured by HPLC). The following chelate samples were used: a HA standard prepared in the laboratory and samples of HA, MA, SA, CA, Fe‐EDTA, and Fe‐DTPA obtained from commercial formulations present in the market. The percentage of iron chelated as ortho‐ortho isomers for HAs was: HA standard (100%); HA (51.78%); MA (60.06%); SA (22.50%); and CA (27.28%). In the case of Fe‐EDTA and Fe‐DTPA the percentages of chelated iron were 96.09 and 99.12, respectively. Results show that it is possible to classify the potential effectiveness of the different types of iron chelates used in our experiments as a function of two practical approaches: (i) considering the variation of total iron in soil solution over time, MA is the best performing product, followed by HA, CA, SA, DTPA, EDTA, and ferrous sulfate in the order listed and (ii) considering the capacity of the different iron chelates to maintain the fraction of chelated iron (ortho‐ortho isomers for HA, MA, SA, and CA and total chelated iron for EDTA and DTPA) in soil solution, the order is: SA > CA > HA > MA > EDTA ≈ DTPA. This result, that is related to the nature of the chelate and does not depend on the degree of chelated Fe in the products, indicates that SA and CA might be very efficient products to correct iron chlorosis. Finally, our results also indicate the suitability of this soil incubation methodology to evaluate the potential efficiency of iron compounds to correct iron chlorosis.     

Transport of Foliar Applied Iron (59Fe) in Vicia faba

Abstract

Radioactively labeled iron (⁵⁹Fe) was used to study iron retranslocation from mature leaves of Broad bean (Vicia faba L. var. Scirocco). Our experiments offered the possibility to detect and quantify the translocation of foliar applied iron by imaging technique in combination with tissue analysis. ⁵⁹Fe labeled solution was placed as a droplet onto the leafs upper surface of intact plants. Distribution of ⁵⁹Fe was analyzed after 0.5 h up to 2 days. Iron was translocated acropetally (towards the tip of the treated leaf) as well as basipetally. Movement in the apical direction was predominant, amounting to about 65% of ⁵⁹Fe translocated from the application site. About 35% of ⁵⁹Fe were transported basipetally, corresponding to absolute amounts of 2.8–53.6 pmol h^?1. After 30 min, it was detectable in the petiole, which included a translocation of 20 mm basipetal from the application site. A mean of 15% of the iron retranslocated from a leaflet was detected in non‐treated leaflets of the same leaf. This iron was supposed to have been exchanged from the phloem into the xylem pathway, probably within the petiole. When the loading rate into the phloem was estimated on basis of the sum of retranslocated ⁵⁹Fe per time and per area of the leaf treated, a range of 0.031–2.21 pmol h^?1 mm^?2 (mean: 0.62 pmol h^?1 mm^?2) was obtained. This was not sufficient to meet an estimated demand for iron in the growing terminal bud, but could cover about 25% of it. In conclusion, average iron retranslocation from leaves of Fe‐sufficient plants was not large enough to meet the iron demand of the growing shoot. This was not due to a limitation in iron availability for transport, as an excess amount of iron was supplied which was not biologically bound, but a limitation due to transport facilities, probably in the phloem, seemed to be more likely in this case.     

植物根系细胞抑制镉转运过程的研究进展

镉是我国重金属污染土壤中最常见的元素,在酸性土壤中,镉能在水稻和蔬菜等作物根系中大量富集,并转运到地上部,其中可食部分的镉含量直接影响食品的质量安全。植物根系的细胞壁、细胞膜和细胞器对镉具有识别能力,能通过沉淀作用、络合作用和区域化作用等,把大量的镉固定在根系内,抑制其向地上部转运,从而保证地上部各种生理活动的正常进行。本文综述了植物根系细胞各组分的控镉原理,为发掘优异的种质资源和基因资源提供参考。     

Iron Toxicity in Wetland Rice and the Role of Other Nutrients

Abstract

Iron (Fe) toxicity is a widespread nutrient disorder of wetland rice grown on acid sulfate soils, Ultisols, and sandy soils with a low cation exchange capacity, moderate to high acidity, and active Fe (easily reducible Fe) and low to moderately high in organic matter. Iron toxicity reduces rice yields by 12–100%, depending on the Fe tolerance of the genotype, intensity of Fe toxicity stress, and soil fertility status. Iron toxicity can be reduced by using Fe-tolerant rice genotypes and through soil, water, and nutrient management practices. This article critically assesses the recent literature on Fe toxicity, with emphasis on the role of other plant nutrients, in the occurrence of and tolerance to Fe toxicity in lowland rice and puts this information in perspective for future research needs. The article emphasizes the need for research to provide knowledge that would be used for increasing rice production on Fe-toxic wetlands on a sustainable basis by integration of genetic tolerance to Fe toxicity with soil, water, and nutrient management.