溴敌隆毒杀小家鼠的现场试验研究

本试验采用0.005%和0.01%溴敌隆毒饵防治小家鼠,适口性均好。用小堆密布法投毒饵灭效高于大堆稀布法。用0.005%溴敌隆毒饵连续投毒3日,取得比0.0375%杀鼠迷毒饵饱和投毒灭效高11.52%。故提倡推广使用0.005%溴敌隆毒饵小堆密布法杀灭小家鼠。可获得95%以上的灭效。     

小家鼠的取食习性与控制

本文研究了影响小家鼠Mus musculus L.从饵场取食量的几个因素。单个笼置的老鼠在四天时间内从纸板场获取的食物远比从相同设计的塑料场获取得多。饵场相对于墙的方位对取食没有明显的影响,但连续几夜老鼠多在同一饵场取食。本文还讨论了这些结果对害鼠控制业以及设计抗干扰诱饵场的意义。     

天门市农区小家鼠消长规律及防控策略

根据1998～2010年12a鼠情监测,明确了小家鼠在天门农区的消长繁殖规律.12a间出现了3次波动,1999年至2001年处于优势地位,2002年至2005年略低于黄胸鼠.从2006年至今又上升为优势位置.全年以6、9、12月为上夹率高的三个峰期,1、7月上夹率最低.雌雄性比例为1:0.72.胎平仔数4.64只,子宫...     

黔中地区小家鼠种群数量动态及预测预报模型

为了摸清小家鼠种群数量季节变化规律及其预测方法,采用夹夜法调查逐月捕获率,以捕获率为预测指标,建立预测预报模型,对1987~2005年贵州省息烽县小家鼠种群数量动态及种群数量进行分析预测。结果表明,小家鼠多年平均捕获率为3.26%±0.86%,在4月、7月、10月出现3次数量高峰期。根据历年小家鼠种群数量变动幅度及发生危害情况,制定了小家鼠种群数量分级标准。分析各月种群数量与数量高峰期4月、7月、10月种群密度的关系,建立了应用3月、6月、9月种群数量提前1个月预测数量高峰期4月、7月、10月种群密度的3个短期预测预报模型:Y1=1.5542X1-0.4258,Y2=1.3799X2+0.3213,Y3=1.1523X3+0.6890,以及应用4月种群数量预测当年平均种群密度的中期预测预报模型:Y4=0.4945X4+0.8187。经回测验证,数值和数量级预测值与实测值基本相符,数值预测平均吻合率为84.83%~93.94%,数量级预测平均吻合率为77.78%~100%。预测模型在2005年进行应用,结果较准确。     

关于褐家鼠和小家鼠昼夜活动规律的观察

本文报告1981年10月上旬在济南郊区的仓库和农村住房内，用格粉板法观察家鼠的昼夜活动规律。在密度较高又无人干扰的仓库内，17－20时3个小时的踏格数就占昼夜踏格总数的28．1％，为褐家鼠－昼夜活动的最高峰。在住宅内，从20时至次晨4时8个小时的踏格数占昼夜踏格总数的74．5％。小家鼠与褐家鼠同时存在时，小家鼠的活动高峰时间与褐家鼠恰恰相反，7－17时10个小时小家鼠的踏格数占昼夜踏格总数的86．0％，而17时至次晨4时11个小时褐家鼠的踏格数占昼夜踏格总数的78．7％。作者认为，这是小家鼠对褐家鼠存在时的一种适应形式。     

褐家鼠对各种不同饵料的摄食试验及现场防制效果

褐家鼠是南宁市城乡室内优势鼠种和防制的主要对象。1989年4月—1990年12月我们对其进行了室内摄食量试验、现场盗食率测定及现场防制效果研究。选择性摄食试验结果表明,褐家鼠喜食大米、稻谷和玉米粉(粒),摄食系数为1.8、1.0和1.6(0.4);在无选择摄食试验中还喜食混合饵料,摄食系数大多数大于1,其次为麦麸、黄豆麸、花生、黄豆、马铃薯和木薯,摄食系数分别为0.7—1。对大米、稻谷、玉米、木薯的盗食率分别为55.7％、38.4％、33.9％、23.2％;各自配成的敌鼠钠盐毒饵的盗食率分别为63.0％、46.0％、42.5％和29.0％。现场防制家鼠的防效为75.4％—85.0％。根据上述结果,我们认为目前我区毒杀褐家鼠选择诱饵的原则是:因时制宜、因地制宜,以大米、稻谷和玉米为配制毒饵的首选饵料,辅以非粮饵料,如大力开发以玉米为基饵的多种诱饵混配料,扩大诱饵选择范围,可达到降低成本、提高经济效益和灭鼠效率的目的。     

黄胸鼠对基饵的无选择摄食试验

在1988—1990年对南宁市郊区的黄胸鼠(Rattus Fiavipecus)进行的无选泽摄食试验中,明确了该鼠是素食、杂食性鼠种,不喜食动物性饵料,喜食植物性饵料,尤喜食大米、玉米(摄食系数0.8),仅次于稻谷;其次为木薯、麦麸和花生(摄食系数0.6)第三为黄豆、黄豆麸和马铃薯(摄食系数0.4—0.6).以玉米为主要成份渗入适量麦麸和面粉制成的复合饵料的适口性也很好,摄食系数在0.4—1.6之间,是用来代替谷物类饵料的优良诱饵,极宜在广西推广使用,作配制毒饵的基饵.     

新疆杨对盐分离子吸收选择性和运输选择性的研究

本文研究两组同龄新疆杨(Populus alba L.var.pyramidalis)(一组土壤含盐量较低,树木长势良好,另一组土壤盐分高,树木长势差)对盐分离子的吸收选择性系数和从根至边材,从边材至叶的运输选择性系数,结合盐分离子在树体各部位的分布状况,探讨新疆杨对长期盐胁迫的生理反应。主要结论为:盐胁迫下新疆杨通过选择性吸收K+,抑制过多Na+进入根系,新疆杨对盐分离子的运输选择性主要体现在根向边材的运输中,新疆杨根系对Na+具有较强的截留作用,对Cl-和SO42-也有一定截留作用。     

Bromadiolone susceptibility in wild and laboratory Mus musculus L.(house mice) in Buenos Aires,Argentina

BACKGROUND: Rodents are major pests in many agricultural systems, where they can cause significant economic losses and involve a sanitary risk. The application of anticoagulant rodenticides for rodent control has showed a decrease in effectiveness through time because of the development of resistant populations and the development of aversion behaviour. The goal of the present study was to test the susceptibility to bromadiolone and the existence of anticoagulant resistance in Mus musculus L. (house mouse) in Argentina. We conducted a feeding test with wild animals captured in poultry farms and a laboratory strain that were fed with bromadiolone bait. RESULTS: Three animals of the field experimental group survived the 21 days study period, while for laboratory animals mortality was 100%. Control field animals which were fed without anticoagulant showed 100% survival. CONCLUSION: We found evidence of the presence of anticoagulant resistant M. musculus L. in the study area. Feeding behaviour may have contributed to increasing the time of survival, and may be a mechanism that allows metabolic clearance of the bromadiolone. Under field conditions control with anticoagulants would be less effective because animals have alternative food. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Distribution and frequency of VKORC1 sequence variants conferring resistance to anticoagulants in Mus musculus

BACKGROUND: Emerging resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides may significantly impair house mouse (Mus musculus L.) control. As in humans and rats, sequence variants in the gene vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) of house mice are strongly implicated in the responses of mice to anticoagulants. This study gives a first overview of the distribution and frequency of such potentially resistance‐conferring sequence variants in house mice, based on tissue samples from 30 populations in Germany, Switzerland and the Azores. RESULTS: Except for one population from south Germany, sequence variants were found in individuals from all locations sampled (29 out of 30 sites surveyed), with less than 10% of the individuals matching the wild‐type genotype. The most frequent and widespread amino acid substitutions were Leu128Ser, Tyr139Cys and a group of linked sequence changes (Arg12Trp/Ala26Ser/Ala48Thr/Arg61Leu). Where these substitutions occurred as the sole variant, the proportion of homozygous individuals was 72–83%. CONCLUSIONS: An evaluation of published data revealed that the three most frequently found sequence variants are associated with a substantial loss of rodenticide efficacy of first‐generation anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin, coumatetralyl), as well as the second‐generation compound bromadiolone and most probably also difenacoum. Knowledge of the distribution and frequency of resistance‐conferring sequence variants will stimulate their further functional characterisation and facilitate the choice of effective active substances for house mouse control. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Large-scale identification of rodenticide resistance in Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus in the Netherlands based on Vkorc1 codon 139 mutations

BACKGROUND

Resistance to rodenticides has been reported globally and poses a considerable problem for efficacy in pest control. The most-documented resistance to rodenticides in commensal rodents is associated with mutations in the Vkorc1 gene, in particular in codon 139. Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides has been reported in the Netherlands since 1989. A study from 2013 showed that 25% of 169 Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) had a mutation at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene. To gain insight in the current status of rodenticide resistance amongst R. norvegicus and house mice Mus musculus in the Netherlands, we tested these rodents for mutations in codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene. In addition, we collected data from pest controllers on their use of rodenticides and experience with rodenticide resistance.

RESULTS

A total of 1801 rodent samples were collected throughout the country consisting of 1404 R. norvegicus and 397 M. musculus. In total, 15% of R. norvegicus [95% confidence interval (CI): 13–17%] and 38% of M. musculus (95% CI: 33–43%) carried a genetic mutation at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates genetic mutations at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene in M. musculus in the Netherlands. Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides is present in R. norvegicus and M. musculus in multiple regions in the Netherlands. The results of this comprehensive study provide a baseline and facilitate trend analyses of Vkorc1 codon 139 mutations and evaluation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies as these are enrolled in the Netherlands. © 2022 The Dutch Pest and Wildlife. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Pymetrozine,a Fast-Acting and Selective Inhibitor of Aphid Feeding. In-situ Studies with Electronic Monitoring of Feeding Behaviour

Pymetrozine, a pyridine azomethine compound, represents a novel insecticide with a selective activity against homopteran insects. It acts in a unique way: aphids are not knocked down on contact but seem to die of starvation. This implies an effect of pymetrozine on feeding behaviour. The aim of the present work was to elucidate how and at which step pymetrozine interferes with the complex mechanisms underlying phloem feeding. The effect of pymetrozine, applied in various ways, on different phases of stylet penetration and feeding activity of individual aphids was studied using the Electrical Penetration Graph technique (EPG). Initial choice experiments indicated that pymetrozine does not have a deterrent or antifeedant action. Topical application (150 ng pymetrozine mg^-1 fresh weight) inhibited stylet insertion into the plant. When injected, less than 30 ng mg^-1 was sufficient to produce the same effect. When pymetrozine was systemically applied via plant spraying or root uptake, aphids started feeding normally. After some time, however, they withdrew their stylets from the phloem and walked around with unaffected locomotion. At low doses aphids eventually recovered and resumed feeding. High doses, however, irreversibly disrupted feeding and prevented stylet reinsertion. Aphid motility was not affected up to an estimated haemolymph concentration of 1 mM pymetrozine. Aphids which eventually stopped feeding on pymetrozine-treated plants showed EPGs with distorted salivation/ingestion patterns. It is concluded that pymetrozine does not have a general toxic effect on aphids but selectively interferes with the nervous regulation of feeding behaviour which consequently results in death due to starvation after a few days. © 1997 SCI.     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘脊椎动物群落的摄食集团及其生态适应

本文依据实地观测资料,探讨了古尔班通古特沙漠南缘区脊椎动物群落各摄食集团的动种构成及其随物候期食物资料变化所产生的相应分化和转换,揭示出该区域脊椎动物食集团具有不稳定的特征,分析得出,少数生态适应性强的物种摄食量集团的分化是维系沙质荒漠生态系统完整性的重要生态过程,它介研究脊椎动物群落营养结构动态的关键摄食集团。     

瓢虫对烟蚜的控制效能及异色瓢虫与烟蚜茧蜂的取食竞争作用

为了明确4种主要捕食性瓢虫对烟蚜的控制效能及其与优势寄生性天敌烟蚜茧蜂的取食竞争作用,在室内条件下测定了七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫、六斑月瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫对烟蚜的捕食效能和异色瓢虫与烟蚜茧蜂的取食竞争作用。结果表明,4种瓢虫捕食烟蚜后均能正常完成发育,发育历期分别为异色瓢虫(17.11 d)七星瓢虫(16.25 d)六斑月瓢虫(13.69 d)龟纹瓢虫(12.73 d),其中异色瓢虫的4龄幼虫期最长,达4.15 d,显著高于其他瓢虫;异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫、六斑月瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫完成生长发育对烟蚜的总捕食量分别为687.0、635.6、359.2和253.2头,各瓢虫间差异显著。在烟蚜茧蜂和异色瓢虫的共存系统中,增加异色瓢虫的数量,异色瓢虫和烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的个体控制数量均会降低;增加烟蚜茧蜂的数量,显著降低了种内的个体寄生量,但对异色瓢虫的控蚜作用无明显影响。该研究结果将为合理利用天敌昆虫组合控制烟蚜提供技术依据。