Wheat pre-breeding using wild progenitors

To facilitate the use of wheat wild relatives in conventional breedingprograms, a wheat pre-breeding activity started at ICARDA in 1994/1995season. Preliminary results of gene introgression from wild diploidprogenitors, Triticum urartu, T. baeoticum, Aegilops speltoides andAe. tauschii and tetraploid T. dicoccoides are described. Crosseswith wild diploid Triticum spp. yielded high variation in plant andspike morphology. Synthetic hexaploids were produced from crosses of alocal durum wheat landrace `Haurani' with two Ae. tauschiiaccessions. Both Ae. tauschii accessions carry hybrid necrosis allelesthat gave necrotic plant phenotypes in crosses with some bread wheats.Backcross progenies with agronomical desirable traits, i.e. high spikeproductivity, short plant stature, earliness, drought tolerance and highproductive tillering, were identified in crosses of durum wheat with wild Triticum spp. and in a cross of one of the hexaploid synthetics with alocally adapted bread wheat cv. `Cham 6'. Resistance to yellow rust wasfound in durum wheat crosses with the three wild Triticum spp. andAe. speltoides and leaf rust resistance was identified in crosses withT. baeoticum and Ae. speltoides. The results show that wheatimmediate progenitors may be a valuable and readily accessible source ofnew genetic diversity for wheat improvement.     

Use of the gene pools of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides and Aegilops squarrosa for the breeding of common wheat (T. aestivum), through chromosome-doubled hybrids

Summary Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (wild emmer wheat, AABB, 2n=28) and Aegilops squarrosa (goat grass, DD, 2n=14) comprise a rich reservoir of valuable genetic material, which could be useful for the breeding of common wheat (T. aestivum, AABBDD, 2n=42). Many accessions of both wild species, most of them selected for resistance to stripe rust, were used to make amphiploids. Two strategies were applied: (1) the production of autopolyploid cytotypes of the wild species, followed by hybridisation, and (2) the production of allotriploid interspecific hybrids, followed by doubling of the number of chromosomes. The first route was unsuccessful because of failure of the crosses between the autopolyploid cytotypes, possibly due to incongruity between the two species and to reduced fertility in the autopolyploid cytotypes. The second route yielded the desired synthetic hexaploids. However, the rate of success of the crosses was low and there were great differences between years, and within years between crosses. Embryo rescue was applied to obtain the primary hybrids (2n=21), which were highly sterile and had on average 0.3 bivalents and 20.4 univalents per pollen mother cell. Various abnormalities were recorded. Doubling of the number of chromosomes sometimes occurred spontaneously or was brought about by colchicine treatment. The large scale of the interspecific hybridisation programme ensured that one-third of the female and one-sixth of the male accessions were represented in the synthetic hexaploids.     

Starch characterisation and variability in GBSS loci of synthetic hexaploid wheats and their durum and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegilops tauschii</Emphasis> parents

Greater variability in starch properties is found in lower ploidy wheats than in commercial hexaploid wheats. This paper reports on the starch properties and variability in granule bound starch synthase (GBSS) loci of 17 diploid (Aegilops tauschii) and 12 tetraploid (durums) potential progenitors of wheat, compared with 29 synthetic hexaploid wheats produced from such progenitors. Starch properties examined were granule size distribution, swelling power, amylose content, gelatinisation and amylose-lipid dissociation properties. A PCR screening method was able to detect the presence or absence of each of the three GBSS genes. It also detected polymorphisms in eight diploids and nine hexaploids, all displaying the same 25 bases deletion in the D genome allele of GBSS. Two tetraploids and five hexaploids were null 4A for GBSS. There was little difference in the amylose contents and amylose-lipid dissociation peak temperatures of the synthetic hexaploids and the lower ploidy wheats. The synthetic hexaploids showed intermediate swelling power values with the durums giving the highest swelling powers. The durums also had higher B granule contents than the A. tauschii accessions, but not as high as the synthetics. However, the A. tauschii samples gave the highest gelatinisation peak temperatures. The presence of the null 4A mutation was positively correlated with swelling power, amylose content and DSC measurements. The new smaller D genome allele of GBSS was associated with slightly higher swelling power. These results confirm the value of wheat progenitor lines as sources of new starch properties for hexaploid wheat. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Assessment of genetic diversity in synthetic hexaploid wheats and their Triticum dicoccum and Aegilops tauschii parents using AFLPs and agronomic traits

Synthetic hexaploid wheats are of interest to wheat breeding programs, especially for introducing new genes that confer resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. A group of 54 synthetic hexaploid wheats derived from crosses between emmer wheat(Triticum dicoccum, source of the A and B genomes) and goat grass (Aegilops tauschii, D genome donor) were investigated for genetic diversity. Using the AFLP technique, dendrograms revealed clear grouping according to geographical origin for the T. dicoccum parents but no clear groups for the Ae. tauschii parents. The geographical clustering of the T. dicoccum parents was also reflected in the dendrogram of their derived synthetic hexaploids. Diversity of the T. dicoccum parents and their derived synthetic hexaploids was further evaluated by measuring 18morphological and agronomic traits on the plants. Clustering based on morphological and agronomic data also reflected geographical origin. However, comparison of genetic distances obtained from AFLP and agronomic data showed no correlation between the two diversity measurements. Nevertheless, similarities among major clusters with the two systems could be identified. Based on percentage of polymorphic markers, the synthetic hexaploids had a considerably higher level of AFLP diversity (39%) than normally observed in cultivated hexaploid wheat (12–21%). This suggests that synthetic hexaploid wheats can be used to introduce new genetic diversity into the bread wheat gene pool. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Chromosome pairing in durum wheat haploids with and without <Emphasis Type="Italic">ph1b</Emphasis> of bread wheat

Durum or macaroni wheat (Triticum turgidum L., 2n = 4x = 28; AABB) is an allotetraploid with two related genomes, AA and BB, each with seven pairs of homologous chromosomes. Although the corresponding chromosomes of the two genomes are potentially capable of pairing with one another, the Ph1 (Pairing homoeologous) gene in the long arm of chromosome 5B permits pairing only between homologous partners. As a result of this Ph1-exercised disciplinary control, durum wheat and its successor, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42; AABBDD) show diploid-like chromosome pairing and hence disomic inheritance. The Ph mutants in the form of deletions are available in bread wheat (ph1b) and durum wheat (ph1c). Thus, ph1b-haploids of bread wheat and ph1c-haploids of durum wheat show extensive homoeologous pairing that has been shown by us and several others. Here we study the effect of ph1b allele of bread wheat on chromosome pairing in durum haploids, whereas we studied earlier the effect of ph1c allele in durum haploids that we synthesized. In durum wheat, the ph1b-haploids show much higher (49.4% of complement) pairing than the ph1c-haploids (38.6% of complement). Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the USDA or imply approval to the exclusion of other products that also may be suitable.     

人工合成小麦与普通小麦杂交后代衍生群体的Rht8基因分析

【目的】四倍体小麦与节节麦杂交培育的人工合成小麦已广泛应用于国内外小麦品种改良。通过研究人工合成小麦与普通小麦杂交后代的Rht8基因型,有助于提高分子标记育种效率,也有助于Rht8 基因型的多态性研究,并为人工合成小麦在中国小麦品种改良和分子标记育种中的应用提供依据和方法;【方法】以引自CIMMYT的人工合成小麦分别与中国四川成都平原主栽普通小麦品种杂交、回交的BC2F2:6后代群体中选育的113份优良高代系和川麦38、川麦42、川麦43和川麦47育成品种为材料,采用特异引物的PCR 扩增和改进的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对其Rht8基因型进行了研究;【结果】在以syn768、Syn769、Syn780和Syn786人工合成小麦为亲本的117份后代衍生群体检测材料中,Rht8基因型频率为77.78%。从每一个人工合成小麦形成的小的后代衍生群体看,Rht8基因型频率各不相同。以syn768为亲本的后代衍生群体,Rht8基因型频率最高,为96.70%;在以syn769为亲本而育成的优良高代系和川麦38、川麦42与川麦43育成品种中,Rht8基因型频率最低,为71.64%;以Syn780为亲本的后代衍生群体中,Rht8基因型频率为73.68%,分离比率约为3:1;以Syn786为亲本育成的材料只有川麦47,该品种不含有Rht8该基因;【结论】不论父本或母本的Rht8的基因型状况如何,它们所产生的杂交后代材料Rht8基因的遗传是随机的。     

人工合成六倍体小麦后代衍生群体Waxy蛋白亚基的分子标记

四倍体小麦与节节麦杂交培育的人工合成六倍体小麦已广泛应用于国内外小麦品种改良。以引自CIMMYT的Syn768、Syn769和Syn780人工合成六倍体小麦分别与中国四川成都平原主栽普通小麦品种杂交、回交的BC2F2:6后代群体中选育的113份优良高代系为材料,采用SSR特异引物的PAGE凝胶电泳对其Waxy蛋白亚基缺失类型进行了研究。结果表明,在所检测的121份材料中,8份材料缺失Waxy-B1型蛋白亚基,占全部材料的6.6%;没有检测到其他类型的缺失体。从每个人工合成六倍体小麦亲本材料所形成的后代衍生群体来看, Waxy-B1缺失体频率各不相同,说明Waxy蛋白亚基缺失类型在人工合成六倍体小麦后代衍生群体材料中的表现存在着随机性,与亲本的基因型状况关系极大。通过研究人工合成六倍体小麦与普通小麦杂交后代的Waxy蛋白亚基缺失类型,有助于提高分子标记育种效率。     

Allelic variation and composition of HMW-GS in advanced lines derived from d-genome synthetic hexaploid / bread wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

The objective of this study was to identify allelic variations at Glu-1 loci of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) advanced lines derived from hybridization of bread wheat and synthetic hexaploid wheats (2n = 6x = 42; AABBDD). Locally adapted wheat genotypes were crossed with synthetic hexaploid wheats. From the 134 different cross combinations made, 202 F₈ advanced lines were selected and their HMW-GS composition was studied using SDS-PAGE. In total, 24 allelic variants and 68 HMW-GS combinations were observed at Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci. In bread wheat, the Glu-D1 locus is usually characterized by subunits 1Dx2+1Dy12 and 1Dx5+1Dy10 with the latter having a stronger effect on bread-making quality. The subunit 1Dx5+1Dy10 was predominantly observed in these advanced lines. The inferior subunit 1Dx2+1Dy12, predominant in adapted wheat germplasm showed a comparative low frequency in the derived advanced breeding lines. Its successful replacement is due to the other better allelic variants at the Glu-D1 locus inherited in these synthetic hexaploid wheats from Aegilops tauschii (2n = 2x = 14; DD).     

Expression of 17 rye (Secale cereale L.) traits in a range of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) genetic backgrounds

Summary Expression of 17 rye traits in 24 bread wheat x rye and 8 durum wheat x rye crosses was studied, using a self-compatible, homozygous, dwarf rye. Rye showed epistasis for hairiness on the peduncle in all the crosses of Triticum aestivum and T. durum wheats with rye. Dark greenness of leaves of rye was expressed in all the durum wheat x rye and in some of the bread wheat x rye crosses. Similarly, absence of auricle pubescence, a rye trait, was expressed in most of the durum wheat x rye crosses but not in the bread wheat x rye crosses, indicating the presence of inhibitors for these traits frequently on the D genome and rarely on the A and/or B genome of wheat. Most of the wide hybrids resembled rye fully or partially for intense waxy bloom on the leaf-sheath and for the absence of basal underdeveloped spikelets. Similarly, most of the amphihaploids resembled rye for the anthocyanin in the coleoptile, stem and node. The presence of some inhibitors on A and/or B genome of wheat was indicated in some of the wheat genotypes for the expression of rye traits viz. intense waxy bloom, anthocyanin in node and absence of basal underdeveloped spikelets. Enhancement in the level of expression of the intensity and length of bristles on the mid-rib of the glume of the hybrids might be due to wheat-rye interaction. Less number of florets/spikelet as in rye showed variable expression in different wheat backgrounds. Some other rye traits like absence of auricles, terminal spikelet and glume-awn were not expressed in the wheat background. The expression of some of the rye genes might have been influenced by their interaction with Triticum cytoplasm and/or the environment.     

Spontaneous haploids in durum wheat: their cytogenetic characterization

Summary Durum or macaroni wheat (Triticum turgidum L., 2n = 4x = 28; AABB genomes) arose as a natural hybrid between two wild species, Aegilops speltoides Tausch (2n = 2x = 14; BB genome) and Triticum urartu Tumanian (2n = 2x = 14; AA genome). The two progenitors hybridized in nature about half a million years ago and gave rise to tetraploid wheat, presumably in one step as a result of functioning of unreduced gametes in their hybrid BA (amphihaploid). It is easily possible to go back on the evolutionary scale and obtain durum haploids BA, and then regenerate tetraploid durum plants from them. Interestingly, such a reversion to haploidy does occur in nature as well, although at a very low frequency. This article reports on the occurrence of two spontaneous durum haploids and describes their chromosomal characteristics. The haploids (euhaploids, to be precise) had 14 somatic chromosomes, which, on fluorescent genomic in situ hybridization (fl-GISH), could be distinguished as 7 A-genome and 7 B-genome chromosomes. At meiosis, only 2.3 and 2.7% of the chromosomes paired in the two haploids, because of the presence of the homoeologous pairing-suppressor gene, Ph1. The Ph1-induced lack of pairing is a prerequisite for chromosome doubling through the formation of unreduced gametes that give rise to tetraploid durum wheats.Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely to provide specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

Variations in pathogenicity patterns ofMycosphaerella graminicola withinTriticum spp. in Israel

Summary Pathogenicity patterns of 42Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria tritici) isolates secured from the major wheat growing regions in Israel, were assessed on seedlings of 16 bread and durum wheats. The spring bread wheat cultivar Titan (CI12615), the winter bread wheats Bezostaya 1, Kavkaz, NE7060 and the durum wheats Nursit 163 and Zenati Bouteille, all exhibited a high level of resistance. Significant cultivar × isolate interactions were recorded for isolates from the different regions in relation to the response of the 16 cultivars organized in 6 reponse classes to the test isolate ISR8036. Number of genes for resistance in the 16 cultivars was estimated, based on the assumption of a gene-for-gene relationship. Twelve complementary genes were hypothesized in the 42M. graminicola isolates × 16 wheat cultivars matrix. There was considerable variation in virulence frequencies between regions and between locations within the same region. The overall frequency of Bezostaya-Kavkaz virulence was low throughout the country (5–7%). The frequency of designated hypothesized virulence genes VST OLAF, VST COLOTANA, VST IAS 20 in Israel, was high in most locations. The reported analytical approach enables the identification of virulence hot-spots and assists in designing breeding for resistance strategies.     

Resistance to Septoria tritici in Hordeum chilense×Triticum spp. Amphiploids

The reaction of tritordeum and its Hordeum chilense and Triticum spp. parents to Septoria tritici was studied in field and seedling experiments. All H. chilense lines were highly resistant to all the isolates and did not allow pycnidia development. The ‘durum wheat isolate’ developed pycnidia only on durum wheats. The ‘breed wheat isolate’ was very virulent on bread wheat but also on the wild tetra-ploid wheats. The other two isolates were compatible with durum and bread wheat. All hexaploid tritordeums were highly resistant both in the field and the seedling experiments. Some octoploid tritordeums allowed pycnidial development, but at much lower levels than their wheat parent. Resistance in tritordeum was not associated with plant stature and only in octoploid tritordeum was association of resistance with late maturity detected.     

Resistance to stripe rust in Triticum turgidum,T. tauschii and their synthetic hexaploids

Resistance to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend.) of 34 Triticum turgidum L. var.durum, 278 T. tauschii, and 267 synthetic hexaploid wheats (T. turgidum x T. tauschii) was evaluated at the seedling stage in the greenhouse and at the adult-plant stage at two field locations. Mexican pathotype 14E14 was used in all studies. Seedling resistance, expressed as low infection type, was present in all three species. One hundred and twenty-eight (46%) accessions of T. tauschii, 8 (23%) of T. turgidum and 31 (12%) of synthetic hexaploid wheats were highly resistant as seedlings. In the field tests, resistance was evaluated by estimating area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). Synthetic hexaploid wheats showed a wide range of variability for disease responses in both greenhouse and field tests, indicating the presence of a number of genes for resistance. In general, genotypes with seedling resistance were also found to be resistant as adult plants. Genotypes, which were susceptible or intermediate as seedlings but resistant as adult plants, were present in both T. turgidum and the synthetic hexaploids. Resistances from either T. turgidum or T. tauschii or both were identified in the synthetic hexaploids in this study. These new sources of resistance could be incorporated into cultivated hexaploid wheats to increase the existing gene pool of resistance to stripe rust.     

The high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits and ω-gliadin composition of bread and durum wheats commonly grown in Portugal

A collection of 63 bread wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) and 21 durum wheats (Triticum durum Desf.) commonly grown in Portugal since 1982 were characterized for the composition of wheat storage proteins (WSP), high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) and ω-gliadins. The composition of HMW-GS, LMW-GS and &-gliadins, encoded at loci Glu-1, Glu-3 and Gli-1, respectively, was revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. WSP allelic compositions of bread and durum wheat patterns were given. In the bread wheats, a total of 24, 24 and 18 patterns were observed for HMW-GS, LMW-GS and ω-gliadins, respectively. Forty-two different alleles were identified for the nine loci studied, Glu-A1 (3), Glu-B1 (7), Glu-D1 (4), Glu-A3 (5), Glu-B1 (7), Glu-D3 (2), Gli-A1 (2), Gli-B1 (8) and Gli-D1 (4). In the case of durum wheats, 19 alleles were identified: one allele at Glu-A1, two at Glu-B3, Glu-B2 and Gli-A1, three at Glu-B1, four at Glu-A3 and five at Gli-B1. For HMW-GS, LMW-GS and ω-gliadins, three, six and six different patterns were revealed, respectively. This study represents the first attempt to discriminate the bread and durum wheat varieties commonly grown in Portugal by the allelic variation of storage proteins. The database is useful for varietal identification and for plant breeders who seek to devise effective programmes aimed at improving wheat quality.     

Genetic variation for waxy proteins and starch properties in Italian wheat germplasm

Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) is the primary enzymeresponsible for the synthesis of amylose in amyloplasts of cereal endospermcells. In bread wheat there are three structural genes (Wx-A1, Wx-B1,and Wx-D1) encoding for isoforms of GBSS. The loss of one or moreGBSS isoforms results in the reduction (partial-waxy) or absence (waxy) of amylose in the starch. Waxy wheats may find application inthe production of modified food starch and their flour may be used toextend the shelf life of baked products. In order to breed high qualitywheats able to produce bread with delayed staling, the genetic variabilityfor the waxy trait in our germplasm has been investigated. Weanalysed 288 cultivars of bread wheat, 139 cultivars of durum wheat andabout 200 accessions from other Triticum species. Gel electrophoresisshowed 63 bread wheats deficient in the Wx-B1, one in the Wx-A1 and one in the Wx-D1 protein isoforms, as well as one Triticum dicoccum lacking the Wx-A1 isoform. None of the analysedTriticum monococcum, Triticum durum, Triticum speltaand Triticum timopheevi accessions showed mutations at the Wxloci. The wheat accessions with Wx mutations were evaluated with aRapid Visco Analyser (RVA) to investigate starch properties. All theanalysed cultivars showed Peak Viscosity and Final Viscosity different fromthe normal wheat. Other analyses to evaluate the rheological characteristicsof the partial-waxy genotypes are under way and a breedingprogramme to select new waxy wheat varieties is in progress     

人工合成小麦幼苗耐低温特性鉴定

为了鉴定不同小麦品种的耐低温特性,筛选耐低温种质资源,本文以59个栽培二粒小麦/节节麦和硬粒小麦/节节麦人工合成小麦,在室温（18℃）和低温（4℃）处理下测定萌发15天的幼苗形态指标,采用性状相对值（各性状低温与室温下测定值的比值）和隶属函数法相结合的方法,综合评价人工合成小麦品种的抗低温特性。结果表明,栽培二粒小麦/节节麦人工合成小麦的耐低温特性总体较硬粒小麦/节节麦人工合成小麦强;筛选出一批耐低温特性强的栽培二粒小麦-节节麦人工合成小麦材料,可用于小麦耐低温育种。     

Expression of morphological and flowering time variation through allopolyploidization: an empirical study with 27 wheat synthetics and their parental Aegilops tauschii accessions

It was recently shown that allopolyploidy brings novel epistatic interactions to genes belonging to different genomes. However, systematic studies of the phenotypic relationships between synthetic hexaploid wheats and their parental lines have not been conducted. In this study, 27 synthetic hexaploid wheats were produced by crossing the tetraploid wheat cultivar ‘Langdon’ with 27 accessions of Aegilops tauschii. Variations in 20 morphological and flowering traits were analysed in both the synthetic wheat lines and the parental Ae. tauschii accessions. The 20 traits exhibited large variations in the wheat lines. For many of the traits, the degree of variation in the parental accessions was reduced in the hexaploid derivatives. Principal component analysis of floret‐related traits divided the Ae. tauschii accessions into two subspecies, ssp. tauschii and ssp. strangulata, but this parental pattern of subspecific division was not detectable in the hexaploids. Our results suggest that the ‘Langdon’ genome may have an alleviating effect on the expression of D‐genome‐derived variations in derived synthetics.     

Distribution of the Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b and Rht8 reduced height genes in autumn-sown Chinese wheats detected by molecular markers

Reduction of plant height has played a significant role in improving wheat production and knowledge of dwarfing genes in Chinese wheat will be very important for developing high yielding cultivars. Molecular markers were used to detect the presence of genes Rht-B1b (Rht1), Rht-D1b (Rht2) and Rht8 in 220 wheat genotypes from autumn-sown wheat regions in China. They include landmark landraces, leading cultivars and core parents involved in wheat breeding from the 1950s to the present. Results indicated that Rht-D1b and Rht8 dominate with frequencies of 45.5% and 46.8%, respectively, followed by Rht-B1b with a frequency of 24.5%. The frequencies of Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b increased, from 8.6 to 32.2% and 36.2 to 53.4%, respectively, whereas the frequency of Rht8 has remained constant over time, when compared with cultivars released before and after 1990. This indicates that both the Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b were successfully used in wheat production in Chinese environments. Our study shows that Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b can be used in the post-anthesis heat stressed environments. Rht-B1b in Chinese wheats is derived from two sources, viz., Norin 10 and the Italian introduction St2422/464 (Rht-B1b and Rht8). The identity of Rht-B1b in these two sources still needs to be confirmed. Suwon 86 carrying both Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b, and Chinese cultivars, Huixianhong and Yaobaomai, are the primary sources of Rht-D1b in Chinese wheats. It is likely that Rht-D1b in Youbaomai derives from an unknown introduction. Italian introductions such as Funo and Abbondanza, and Lovrin 10 with the 1B/1R translocation, and Chinese landraces are the three major sources of Rht8. This information will be very valuable for wheat breeding in China, and internationally.     

Photosynthesis,transpiration, resistance to CO2 transfer,and water efficiency of flag leaf of bread wheat,durum wheat and triticale

Summary Net photosynthesis, transpiration, and resistances to CO₂ and water vapour transfer of two cultivars of each of four types (Triticum durum, Triticum aestivum. hexaploid Triticale, octaploid Triticale) were analysed. Hexaploid triticales have the highest net photosynthesis and the best water efficiency. Water efficiency was defined by the CER/transpiration ratio measured under saturating irradiance corresponding to full stomatal opening. Cultivated bread and durum wheat cultivars (Capitole, Champlein, Bidi 17) are characterised by a low CER associated with a large flag leaf area and a high mesophyll resistance. There is a close correlation between CER., flag leaf area, mesophyll resistance and total chlorophyll content.     

人工合成六倍体小麦与普通小麦杂交后代衍生群体的PPO基因分析

四倍体小麦与节节麦杂交培育的人工合成六倍体小麦已广泛应用于国内外小麦品种改良。以引自CIMMYT的Syn768、Syn769、Syn780和Syn786人工合成六倍体小麦分别与中国四川成都平原主栽普通小麦品种杂交、回交的BC2F2：6后代群体中选育的113份优良高代系和川麦38、川麦42、川麦43和川麦47育成品种为材料,采用SSR特异引物Xgwm312标记位点的PAGE凝胶电泳对其PPO基因型进行了研究。结果表明,Xgwm312位点的标记具有多态性,其PCR扩增产物可产生198bp、216bp、232bp和240bp四种等位基因变异片段。在所检测的117份后代衍生群体材料中,65份材料具有198bp片段的等位基因,占全部材料的55．56％;13份含216bp片段的等位基因,其频率为11．11％,35份材料具有232bp片段的等位基因,分布频率为29．91％;只有4份材料含有240bp片段的等位基因,仅占全部材料的3．42％。从每个人工合成六倍体小麦亲本材料所形成的后代衍生群体来看,基因等位变异片段分布频率各不相同。说明PPO基因在小麦杂交后代材料中基因型的表现存在着随机性,与亲本的基因型状况关系极大,并且在后代材料中出现了亲本都没有的240bp等位基因变异片段的材料。通过研究人工合成六倍体小麦与普通小麦杂交后代的PPO基因型,有助于提高分子标记育种效率,也有助于PPO基因型的多态性研究,并为人工合成六倍体小麦在我国小麦品种改良和分子标记育种中的应用提供依据和方法。