次睾吸虫的种群生态及其与家鸭宿主的数量关系（摘要）

对在５３６６只鸭胆囊中检获的东方次睾吸虫和台湾次睾吸虫进行的统计生态学分析表明：台湾次睾吸虫的总感染率、强度和密度均高于东方次睾吸虫（Ｐ＜０．０１）。台湾次睾吸虫是家鸭次睾吸虫中的优势种。两种吸虫的分布型经两种方法计算和拟合，符合聚集分布中的负二项分布。两种次睾吸虫亲和性极小，而呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。相关分析表明在混合感染时，两种吸虫感染强度间的相互关系在多数范围内呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。感染强度与阳性家鸭频次亦成显著负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）     

江苏和安徽省水牛肝片和吸虫感染情况调查分析

采用鼻便检查，斑点酶联吸附试验检测江苏和安徽２省１０个县、市３０２户的３０７头水牛的粪便、血清，并以斑点杂交试验检测肝片吸虫的中间宿主小土蜗７７７只，以分析当地水牛肝吸虫感染状况。结果，粪便检查出虫卵阳性水牛４３头，阳性率为１４．０１％，其中安徽省为１１．６１％，江苏省为１６．４８％；阳性水牛最小年龄为１．５岁，最大为１６岁，阳性率随年龄增长而提高；母不不牛阳性率为１３．６０％，公水牛为１５．１９     

肝片吸虫感染对反刍动物胆道粘膜肥大细胞数量的变化

分别对肝片吸虫自然感染的５头黄牛和５头绵羊以及无肝片吸虫感染的５头黄牛和５头绵羊的胆道粘膜肥大细胞（ＭＭＣ）进行了计数观察。结果与某些动物肠道蠕虫感染一样，肝片吸虫在反刍动物胆道的寄生引起了胆道ＭＭＣ的显著增多。有肝片吸虫和无肝片吸虫感染的黄牛胆道ＭＭＣ分别为４３１±１０３／ｍｍ２及１９１±６６／ｍｍ２（Ｐ＜０．０５），而绵羊胆道ＭＭＣ则分别为７０２±３００／ｍｍ２和７５±１３／ｍｍ２（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

水牛血液与肝组织中cAMP、cGMP与cAMP/cGMP的正常水平及其在感染肝片吸虫后的动态变化

选择２ ～３ 岁，体重３００～４００ ｋｇ 雄性健康去势水牛２０ 头。用放射免疫方法测定水牛血清和肝组织中ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ水平及其在感染肝片吸虫后的动态变化。结果表明：水牛血清ｃＡＭＰ、ｃＧＭＰ、和ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ正常水平分别为（２－１１ ±０．４６） ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，（０．８２ ±０．０７） ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ和２．２０ ±０．４１ 。肝组织匀浆三者水平值分别为（０－３５±０－０４） ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ，（０－１５ ±０－０１） ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ，２－３８±０－３４。慢性感染条件下，感染后２ ～１１ 周，血清ｃＡＭＰ与ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ在高于对照组的范围内波动，ｃＧＭＰ水平则与对照组相近；肝组织匀浆的ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ均高于对照组。急性感染水牛血清ｃＡＭＰ在感染后３～７ 周期间低于或显著低于对照组，而ｃＧＭＰ在高于对照组波动，ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ比值在感染后１～１５ 周低于对照组；肝组织匀浆中的ｃＧＭＰ显著高于对照组，而ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ则显著低于对照组。结果提示，肝片吸虫感染能导致宿主的ｃＡＭＰ，ｃＧＭＰ和ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ比值紊乱。     

耕牛巨盘腹袋吸虫感染情况调查

对贵州省３８个县６３３个乡（镇）的１１２１头耕牛用蠕虫学局部剖检法在其中４５头牛的瘤胃内检出巨盘腹袋吸虫，总感染率为４．０１％，在不同性别的黄牛、水牛无显著差异，而与年龄呈正相关。该吸虫的感染有明显的生节性和地域性，主要分布于潮湿低洼地区。     

斑点杂交试验检测小土窝螺的肝片吸虫感染

用斑点杂交试验检测苏、皖７县市肝片吸虫中间宿主小土窝螺（Ｇａｌｂａｐｅｒｖｉａ）的感染情况,共检测小土窝螺７７７个,阳性３３个,阳性率为４．２５％,其中江苏省小土窝螺的阳性率为４．３３％,安徽省小土窝螺的阳性率是４．１１％,结果表明本地水牛肝片吸虫感染率与小土窝螺阳性率呈正相关趋势,斑点杂交试验检测中间宿主小土窝螺可预测牛羊感染肝片吸虫的严重程度,是流行病学调查中值得采用的新技术。     

血小板计数法在奶牛超早期妊娠诊断上的应用

对２０头未孕母牛血小板正常值的测定结果为４９６．５×１０９／Ｌ±６６．５×１０９／Ｌ；对３０头受配母牛进行血小板值变化和最佳血检时间的试验，结果表明，２２头妊娠母牛于配种第７天血小板值明显减少（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而８头未妊娠母牛则无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。根据妊娠母牛配种前后血小板值差＞１９２．３×１０９／Ｌ为妊娠标准，对３０头受配母牛进行了超早期妊娠诊断试验，经直检妊娠母牛符合率为８６．３６％，空怀母牛符合率为８７．５％，总符合率为８６．６６％（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

屠宰羊双腔吸虫感染情况调查

用宰后检验肝吸虫检查法，对３０９只屠宰羊作了双腔吸虫感染情况调查，结果虫体污染羊体直接眼观出检出率为７８．９６％，虫体总检出率为９５．１５％，两种虫体检出率之间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。病变肝的检出率为８９．６４％。     

香菇多糖和黄芪多糖对马立克氏病强毒感染雏鸡白细胞介素2活性和淋巴细胞增殖反应的影响

１日龄ＡＡ肉用雏鸡以马立克氏病强毒（ｖＭＤＶ）人工感染后,马立克氏病（ＭＤ）发病率３３．７５％,死亡率１１．２５％。同健康雏鸡相比,ＩＬ－２诱生活性和Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖反应降低（Ｐ＞０．０５）和显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ｖＭＤＶ感染雏鸡注射香菇多糖和黄芪多糖,ＭＤ发病率分别为２０％、１７．５％,死亡率分别为７．５％、５％。同感染组相比,感染／香菇组和感染／黄芪组的ＩＬ－２诱生活性和Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖反应均升高（Ｐ＞０．０５）和显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎乳汁部分成份的检测与评估

对两群临床健康的３３６ 头泌乳奶牛的混合乳进行了隐性乳房炎、乳汁体细胞数、乳脂率和蛋白质检测。３３６ 份混合乳样经青海乳房炎试验（ＱＭＴ） 检测,检出乳房炎阴性牛（ 包括可疑反应）１７５ 头（５２０９ ％ ） ,乳房炎阳性牛１６１ 头（４７９１ ％ ） 。乳房炎阴性牛的乳汁体细胞数为２３１７ ±１２９９ 万／ｍｌ,乳脂率为３６０ ％ ±０７６ ％ ,乳蛋白质为２９３ ％ ±０３４ ％ ,乳房炎阳性牛乳汁体细胞数为１８２ 万／ｍｌ±１５２２７ 万／ｍｌ,乳脂率为３４０ ％ ±０７０ ％ ,乳蛋白质为３０５ ％ ±０３５ ％ 。乳房炎阴性牛乳汁体细胞数,乳蛋白极显著低于乳房炎阳性牛（Ｐ＜ ００１） ,而乳脂率显著高于乳房炎阳性牛（Ｐ＜ ００５） 。     

山羊、水牛感染肝片吸虫后淋巴细胞自然杀伤活性动态变化

自然杀伤 (NK)活性是在细胞水平反映机体天然免疫力的重要指标之一。本实验以SP2 / 0细胞为靶细胞 (即效应细胞 ) ,采用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)短程释放法测定人工感染肝片吸虫的水牛和山羊的外周血液中淋巴细胞的NK活性动态变化。从测定结果的相对值来看 ,发现山羊在感染肝片吸虫后NK活性有 2次高峰 ,推测与虫体的发育或感染山羊的免疫状态有关 ;2个感染组 (Ⅰ ,2 0 0个囊蚴 /只 ;Ⅱ ,50 0个囊蚴 /只 )的变化趋势表明 ,感染量与NK活性无相关关系。感染水牛的NK值仅略高于对照组 ,无明显的高峰。而绝对值结果又反映出不同动物的NK活性有差异 ,水牛的NK活性比山羊高 ,说明水牛对肝片吸虫的天然免疫力比山羊强     

Glomerulonephritis in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) naturally infected by Fasciola hepatica

Glomerulonephritis caused by Fasciola hepatica was observed in buffaloes. Renal biopsies of 20 buffaloes, 11 with F. hepatica and 9 uninfected buffaloes (controls), were examined by light microscopy, direct and indirect immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical analysis. The biopsies of seven (63.6%) infected buffaloes revealed membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, three biopsies (27.3%) showed mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, and one kidney presented normal biopsy specimens. In the control group, seven buffaloes (77.8%) presented normal biopsy specimens, while two (22.2%) revealed glomerulonephritis-one with a membranoproliferative pattern, and the other with a mesangioproliferative pattern-with extensive inflammatory cell infiltrate. Our conclusion is that glomerulopathy is associated with fascioliasis and that buffaloes are suitable as a naturally existing experimental model of renal injury by circulating immune complexes.     

水牛感染肝片吸虫后肝脏组织的病理学变化

15 头水牛在人工感染条件下进行肝片吸虫感染, 慢性感染组水牛每天口服60 个囊蚴, 20 d 总共口服1 200 个囊蚴。急性感染组水牛1 次口服1 600 个囊蚴。慢性感染的水牛于感染后第26 周宰杀。急性感染的水牛分别于第10 , 13 , 16 和22 周宰杀。肝脏的组织病理学显示, 肝片吸虫幼虫可引起肝脏一系列炎症反应。急性感染后第10 周和13 周肝细胞变性、坏死, 肝小叶内淤血, 大量淋巴细胞浸润, 继而发展为肝索萎缩。急性感染后第22 周及慢性感染后第26 周, 汇管区内有大量结缔组织及新生的小胆管增生。实验表明慢性感染和急性感染肝片吸虫的水牛均可导致肝脏典型的病理学变化。     

Effect of experimental fasciolosis on antipyrine metabolism and clearance in water buffaloes

The effect of chronic Fasciola hepatica infection on the metabolism of antipyrine, a marker of microsomal oxidative metabolism, was investigated in male water buffaloes dosed daily with 60 F. hepatica metacercariae over 20 days. The plasma elimination half-life of antipyrine was significantly elevated by 23% at 11 weeks postinfection (p.i.) but did not significantly differ from the control period at 20 weeks p.i. The systemic clearance of antipyrine decreased by 48% at 11 weeks p.i. and then returned to normal. The renal clearance for each of the main antipyrine metabolites decreased at 11 weeks p.i. (hydroxymethylantipyrine (HMA), -42%; norantipyrine (NORA), -58%; and 4-hydroxyantipyrine (OHA), -70%) and did not significantly differ from the control period at 20 weeks p.i. These findings indicate that experimental subclinical fasciolosis leads to altered antipyrine kinetics and to an inhibition of the different antipyrine metabolic pathways in water buffaloes.     

实验感染肝片吸虫对水牛肝脏药物代谢酶的损伤作用

4头 2～ 3岁健康、体重 30 0～ 40 0kg雄性去势水牛 ,经粪便检查和Dot ELISA检测确认无肝片吸虫感染后 ,一次性经口感染肝片吸虫囊蚴1 60 0个 ,研究肝片吸虫 (1次大剂量 )感染对水牛肝药酶的影响。测定血清门冬氨酸转氨酶 (AST)、谷氨酰转肽酶 (GGT)活性及肝微粒体蛋白质、细胞色素 (Cyt)P 450、Cytb5 含量及氨基比林N 去甲基酶 (AND)、苯胺羟化酶 (AH)、UDP 葡萄糖醛酸转移酶 (UGT)和谷胱甘肽 S 转移酶(GST)等肝药酶的活性。结果表明 :肝片吸虫感染可引起AH、UGT活性下降 ,造成肝损伤。     

Epidemiological survey of Neospora caninum infection in dogs from Romania

Native cathepsin-L cysteine proteinase (28 kDa) was purified from the excretory secretory products of Fasciola gigantica and was used for sero-diagnosis of F. gigantica infection in buffaloes by Dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA). The test detected F. gigantica field infection in these animals with a sensitivity of ～ 90%. No specific IgG antibody binding was displayed by sera obtained from 76 buffaloes considered to be Fasciola and other parasite-free by microscopic examination of faeces and necropsy examination of liver, rumen and intestine. Additionally, sera from 156 Fasciola-free buffaloes, yet infected with Gigantocotyle explanatum, Paramphistomum epiclitum, Gastrothylax spp., Strongyloides papillosus and hydatid cyst were all negative, indicating that F. gigantica cathepsin-L cysteine proteinase does not cross-react with these helminth parasites in natural infection of the host. The data indicated that cathepsin-L cysteine proteinase based Dot-ELISA reached ～ 90% sensitivity and 100% specificity with relation to above parasites in the detection of bubaline fasciolosis. The present Dot-ELISA diagnostic assay is relevant to the field diagnosis of F. gigantica infection in buffaloes.     

Infection of Lymnaea truncatula and Lymnaea glabra by Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum daubneyi in farms of central France

Natural infection of Lymnaea glabra and Lymnaea truncatula by Fasciola hepatica and/or Paramphistomum daubneyi was studied at two periods of risk (June-July and September-October) in 11 French farms known for their high prevalences of F. hepatica infection in ruminants. A total of 1,778 L. truncatula and 2,396 L. glabra measuring 6 mm or more in height were collected to determine the prevalence of natural infection with F. hepatica and P. daubneyi. The role of four factors, i.e. season, snail co-infection (F. hepatica-P. daubneyi), ruminant host and the existence of single or mixed intermediate host communities, was investigated. There were no differences in prevalences between the two risk periods. Co-infections in L. glabra were more frequent than expected. The prevalences of infection with F. hepatica or P. daubneyi in L. glabra were higher in farms rearing sheep than in farms rearing cattle. A similar finding was also noted for L. truncatula infected with P. daubneyi only. L. glabra was a much better intermediate host for F. hepatica and P. daubneyi when it was the only available snail, possibly indicating an adaptation of parasites to their less usual host in local conditions. The two trematodes preferably developed in L. truncatula rather than in L. glabra when both host species lived in the same places.     

Epizootiology of fascioliasis in Montana.

During 1989-1990, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) meat inspection records were used to determine the distribution and incidence of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna) in Montana cattle. Of the cows and bulls slaughtered in USDA-inspected packing plants during a 12 month time period, 17.24% had livers that were condemned because of liver flukes. This was a 12% increase over USDA liver condemnations reported for 1973. Infected animals have been reported from 26 counties in Montana, mostly located in the south-central and western half of the state. Forty-nine percent of the 2.4 million cattle in Montana are raised in these counties. Lymnaeid snail species that may serve as intermediate hosts for Fasciola hepatica were found in most of the counties where liver flukes were reported. The principal vectors believed to be responsible for the transmission of Fasciola hepatica in Montana are species of the genus Fossaria. Stagnicola montanensis and Lymnaea stagnalis, which may serve as intermediate hosts for this parasite have also been collected. A known intermediate host for Fascioloides magna, Stagnicola caperata, was also found in several locations.     

Prevalence of Paramphistomum daubneyi infection in cattle in central France

Investigations at the slaughterhouse of Limoges (Central France) were performed in 1994-1996 to determine the prevalence of Paramphistomum daubneyi infection in cattle. In 1994/1995, higher prevalences of P. daubneyi were recorded in May, October, and January. In 1996, smaller variations were recorded, and prevalence in April and May was higher. The prevalence of P. daubneyi in summer was lower. Breed and age of cattle were not significantly associated to P. daubneyi infection, but females were significantly more infected than males. P daubneyi infection was related to that of Fasciola hepatica, but not to that of Dicrocoelium lanceolatum.