不同含水率阶段木材高温热处理工艺与性能的研究北大核心

以樟子松为原料,采用正交试验法,研究了不同木材含水率(10%、20%、30%)、高温热处理温度(180、200、220℃)、处理时间(2、3、4 h)三个因素对樟子松处理前后弦向干缩性和湿胀性、吸水性、密度的影响,以及樟子松高温热处理时,被处理材含水率、处理温度与处理时间的优化组合。结果表明:较高初始含水率、较高热处理温度和较长高温处理时间可改善木材的干缩性和湿胀性,使木材尺寸稳定性更好;在较剧烈的热处理条件下,初始含水率的大小不会影响热处理材密度降低的趋势;热处理温度、时间和含水率对吸水性的影响不呈线性关系。     

厚壁型巨龙竹秆材物理性质分析

以部分竹材和木材为参照,研究了厚壁型巨龙竹的密度、干缩性、湿胀性、吸水性4项物理性质。结果表明:厚壁型巨龙竹的基本密度为0.68g/cm3,比毛竹的密度(0.756g/cm3)小,比龙竹、甜龙竹和其他建筑用木材的密度要大;从竹材干缩性上看,厚壁型巨龙竹的气干体积干缩率为12.47%,比毛竹(3.733%)等竹材、木材的相应值要高;从巨龙竹基部到梢部的纵向变异来看,厚壁型巨龙竹秆材密度呈上升趋势,吸水率呈递减趋势,而干缩性及湿胀性在纵向上的变化规律不明显。     

木材多尺度结构的干缩湿胀研究进展

木材干缩湿胀是影响木材加工利用的关键特性，与木制品尺寸和形状的稳定性密切相关。木材宏观到微观层次分明的多尺度分级结构导致木材干缩湿胀行为的复杂性。将木材干缩湿胀研究从宏观尺度引向介观和微观尺度，建立三者之间的有机联系，有助于阐明木材干缩湿胀行为的发生机制和演变机理，对深入认识木材性质，合理、高效利用木材具有重要理论价值和实践意义。本研究综述木材宏观尺度（无疵试样）、介观尺度（生长轮）和微观尺度（木材细胞）3种层级单元的干缩湿胀行为及其滞后现象，分析木材不同尺度结构的干缩湿胀行为发生和演变规律，介绍基于多尺度结构的木材干缩湿胀测试方法和技术手段。同时，对今后开展木材多尺度结构干缩湿胀行为研究提出建议：1）在介观和微观尺度上系统开展针叶材和阔叶材基于生长轮和木材细胞的干缩湿胀行为研究，建立木材多尺度结构与干缩湿胀行为之间的构效关系；2）揭示基于各向异性、非均质性和细胞类型多样性引发的干缩湿胀行为差异化响应规律及其互作机制；3）阐明木材干缩湿胀行为的时间滞后和湿胀滞后现象；4）引入相关理论模型，如有限元法的应用，构建木材多尺度结构的自由缩胀可视化有限元模型。     

杉木无性系木材干缩性与吸水性的变异

以102个17年生杉木无性系为试材,对木材的干缩性与吸水性进行测定分析发现,木材干缩性、吸水性在杉木无性系间差异极显著;干缩性变异幅度为3.1%～20.0%,表型变异系数达59.8%;吸水性变异幅度在214.5%～338.1%间,表型变异系数为13.2%。木材干缩性与吸水性均具有明显的无性系方差分量,表明杉木木材干缩性与吸水性受遗传控制。进一步研究显示,杉木无性系木材干缩性遗传变异系数为38.6%,重复力为0.390,均属中低水平;吸水性遗传变异系数值虽较低,但重复力相对较高(0.664),属中上水平;在不同入选率(10%、20%、30%)下,木材干缩性与吸水性随入选率的降低其遗传增益值(绝对值)不断提高。研究还发现,杉木木材干缩性与木材基本密度、心材比间为极显著遗传负相关,与木材吸水性间则表现为极显著遗传正相关;木材吸水性在遗传水平上与胸径、材积、心材比间呈极显著正相关,而与木材基本密度间为极显著负相关。     

循环解吸-吸湿处理对尾巨桉胀缩性的影响

采用人工模拟大气湿度变化环境,对尾巨桉木材进行循环解吸-吸湿处理,并测定木材的弦向胀缩性.结果表明:在解吸过程中,初含水率对尾巨桉木材弦向干缩率影响显著;在吸湿过程中,循环处理次数对尾巨桉木材弦向湿胀率影响显著.循环处理可以使尾巨桉木材弦向胀缩率达到稳定的时间缩短,有利于其尺寸稳定.     

木材干缩湿胀对实木家具设计的影响

在实木家具的设计中，木材的特殊性能是不能忽视的一个重要因素，其中对家具的结构强度、稳定性、耐久性影响最大的就是木材的干缩湿胀性能。 由木材的干缩湿胀所引起的主要质量问题有：板件的开裂、样接合失效、框架变形、活动部件卡死等。 由于木材的材种不同、生产过程中所采用的干燥工艺不同、木材干燥的最终含水率不同、使用场所的空气湿度不同等因素，木材的干缩湿胀性能也各有差异［１］。因此，在实木家具生产过程中，在一件家具上应尽量采用相同的树种，并尽可能采用同一初始条件的木材为基材。 要消除由于木材的干缩湿胀给家具产…     

白蜡木、黑胡桃木、橄榄木的干缩湿胀特性研究

实木制品的干缩湿胀性直接影响其尺寸稳定性,对白蜡木、黑胡桃木和橄榄木的干缩湿胀特性研究结果表明：三种木材全干状态下的体积干缩率分别为13.88%、10.85%、9.89%,气干状态下的体积干缩率分别为4.89%、4.71%、4.14%,气干至饱水状态下的体积湿胀率分别为18.28%、12.82%、11.54%,全干至气干状态下的体积湿胀率分别为5.94%、4.20%、3.96%。三种木材中白蜡木的干缩湿胀性最强,黑胡桃木次之,橄榄木最小。研究结果对实木制品用材含水率的控制具有一定的指导意义。     

预处理方式对黑胡桃木干缩湿胀特性的影响

对黑胡桃木进行了微观构造观察、抽提物含量测定,并测重分析了5种预处理方式对黑胡桃木干缩湿胀性能的影响。结果表明:不同抽提处理抽提物含量不同,抽提物含量从大到小依次为NaOH、热水、冷水、苯醇;在RH65%→RH33%过程中,干缩率数值从大到小依次为未处理、汽蒸处理、NaOH处理、苯醇处理、冷水处理、热水处理;在RH65%→RH86%过程中,湿胀率数值从大到小依次为未处理、NaOH处理、苯醇处理、冷水处理、热水处理、汽蒸处理,其干缩湿胀特性数值大小与抽提效果基本相一致;分析认为预处理影响黑胡桃木中抽提物含量、木材中的亲水基团以及纹孔膜的上微孔孔径等,进而直接影响黑胡桃干缩湿胀性质;热水预处理可显著降低黑胡桃木干缩湿胀,是一种较好预处理方式。     

进口辐射松木材主要物理性能径向变异研究

为了提高进口辐射松木材加工利用效率,扩展其使用范围,参照国家标准对新西兰辐射松木材的气干密度、干缩性、湿胀性径向变异进行了研究。结果表明:辐射松木材近树皮、中部和近髓心的气干密度分别为0.502,0.480和0.452 g/cm~3,自树皮至髓心气干密度呈现出逐渐减小的趋势,并且在0.05水平达到了显著差异,平均气干密度为0.478 g/cm~3,属于低密度木材;辐射松木材在气干状态下,其径向、弦向及体积干缩率自近树皮至近髓心呈现出逐渐减小的趋势,并且弦向和径向干缩率在0.05水平上达到了显著差异,体积干缩率在0.01水平上达到了极显著差异;辐射松木材在全干至气干状态下,其径向、弦向及体积湿胀率自近树皮至近髓心呈现出逐渐减小的趋势,并且径向湿胀率在0.05水平达到了显著差异,弦向和体积湿胀率在0.01水平达到了极显著差异。在同一环境条件下,辐射松径向的干缩率和湿胀率均小于弦向。研究结果为进口辐射松木材的加工利用及径向不同部位木材尺寸稳定性能评价提供了重要的数据支撑。     

实木地板的干缩湿胀对其漆膜性能的影响

研究木材干缩湿胀对实木地板不同油漆漆膜性能的影响。结果表明:经普通紫外光固化漆(UV)涂饰的地板,表面漆膜因基材过度干缩产生皱缩,导致光泽度降低,过度湿胀导致漆膜开裂;采用柔韧性较好的弹性漆涂饰地板,基材干缩后漆膜表面光泽度仅小幅度降低,湿胀后漆膜不开裂。说明实木地板应选择具有一定柔韧性,可适应基材一定范围内尺寸变化的弹性油漆。     

Preparation of synthetic wood composites using ionic liquids

Synthetic wood composite films containing cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the three major components of natural wood, were prepared in a room temperature ionic liquid solvent, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [EMIM][Ac]. Various synthetic wood composites were obtained by dissolution of individual wood components together with additives, including polyethylene glycol (PEG), chitosan, and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in [EMIM][Ac]. The addition of water affords a gel that was dried in either a low humidity environment or under vacuum. Synthetic wood films showed smoother surface textures, higher water resistance, and higher tensile strengths than cellulose films formed by the same methods. Tailor-made synthetic wood composites were also prepared having a variety of desirable properties, including antimicrobial activities, controlled hydro-phobicity/philicity, high relative dielectric constant, and a high degree of cohesiveness.     

The hydrophobic properties of bark extractives

Summary The hydrophobic properties of benzene-soluble extractives from the bark of Pinus radiata were studied by determining the water-solid-air contact angle and the resistance to water penetration.The material contained in the bark extract possessed wax-like and film-forming properties. It was highly hydrophobic with a contact angle with water of about 98°. Wood samples were impregnated with bark extract in order to study the ability of the hydrophobic bark extractives to prevent preferential wetting with water and the displacement of the impregnant from the hydrophilic wood surface. The wax-like material deposited from the bark extracts showed a remarkable affinity for wood as revealed by the high degree of resistance to water penetration and wetting of the treated wood even after several wetting-drying cycles which otherwise tend to break down the bonds and adhesion between a hydrophilic solid and a hydrophobic coating.Hydrophobic or film-forming additives did not improve the ability of bark extractives to protect a hydrophilic solid from water. The properties of the bark extractives as a water repellent and a water barrier could therefore be assumed to be as near perfect as possible.Nature seems to have solved the problem of producing one single, although complex, material with two properties which are extremely difficult, maybe impossible, to combine in a single synthetic material: one of high affinity for a hydrophilic solid and another of extreme water repellency and resistance to water.The in situ conditions prevailing in the bark tissue, combining bark extractives and cell walls of various anatomical structures, must therefore represent a rather unique and for this specific purpose highly efficient two-phase hydrophobic-hydrophilic solid system.The authors would like to express their appreciation to Kalley Timber Development Corporation for the close co-operation and support for our research on bark products and would also like to thank Lewis and Everitt, Poly-Resin Products Ltd., Taeuber and Corssen, Farbenfabriken Bayer AG, Scado-Archer-Daniels, Triton Chemicals and Rohm and Haas for supplying samples and information.     

Methods for determination of duration of surface moisture and presence of water in gaps in wood joints

If water stays on wood surfaces or is trapped in gaps, the wood is supplied with water for a long period of time and high local moisture contents are reached. This can lead to decay by rot fungi, and it is therefore important to avoid such water traps in order to limit the decay rate. This paper presents two methods: one for determination of duration of surface moisture on wood surfaces and one for determination of duration of water trapped in gaps in wood joints. Both these methods are based on electrical conductance measurements that are commonly used to measure moisture content of wood. Both sensor types consist of insulating tubing, electrically conductive adhesive and copper wire. The sensors monitor the presence of moisture on the actual material surface, and because of their small size, they do not influence the amount and duration of moisture that stays on the surface or in the gap.     

Effects of Natural Weathering on A Wood Fiber/HDPE Composite and Application of Additives

In this study,the durability of rubber wood(Hevea brasiliensis) which was thermally treated at 170,185,200,and 215℃for 3 h respectively was investigated.The results showed that the durability of heat-treated rubber wood was improved,and the improvement became more obvious with the increase of the treating temperature. When treated at 185℃or lower temperature,the decay resistance of treated wood had no significant improvement.The lowest weight losses were 21.6%and 6.8%after attack by brown rot fungi(Gloeophyllum trabeum) and white rot fungi (Coriolus versicolor) respectively,which were reached by the specimens treated at 215℃.Their resistance to mold fungi was not improved,but the heat-treated wood performed better than untreated wood when both were painted.In field test,the heat-treated specimens exhibited no advantage in termite resistance compared to untreated.     

自然老化对木粉/HDPE复合材性能的影响及添加剂的应用

研究木粉/高密度聚乙烯(WF/HDPE)复合材在不同朝向的自然老化条件下使用时颜色与表面化学成分的变化,并分析采用光稳定剂、抗氧剂和颜料作为防老化剂的效果.户外使用的木粉/HDPE复合材在夏天暴晒1个月颜色就会发生明显变化,南面和东面更加显著,红外分析表明:复合材料表面C=O增加、木材指数下降,有氧化现象发生.人工加速稳定老化检测结果表明:与抗氧剂和光稳定剂相比,颜料的使用对减小变色有明显作用,但颜料、抗氧剂和光老化剂3种助剂对延缓WF/HDPE复合材的抗弯性能下降没有起到明显作用.     

木塑复合材料耐候性能研究进展

木塑复合材料(WPC)的耐候性能决定了材料的户外使用寿命。文中介绍了国内外在WPC耐热氧老化、耐光氧老化、耐真菌腐朽及耐潮湿与冻融性能方面的研究进展。现有研究表明, 热氧老化与光氧老化均使得WPC发生褪色现象, 力学性能下降, 添加抗氧化剂与光稳定剂可分别改善二者对WPC的破坏作用。WPC中木粉含量较高时更易发生真菌腐朽现象, 添加化学防腐剂或其他助剂、木粉改性及涂饰可有效抑制真菌腐朽。WPC的吸水性是其热氧老化、光氧老化、真菌腐朽及冻融循环过程的催化剂。文中还总结了目前WPC耐候性能研究存在的主要问题, 并对其未来趋势进行了展望。     

PVC基本塑复合微发泡材料的研究进展

介绍了PVC基木塑复合微发泡材料的概念、应用及性能特点；概括了国内外木粉界面改性、发泡剂及其他助剂的研究进展情况，分别从界面改性方法、发泡剂和发泡助剂的种类及效果进行了介绍。     

木材导热系数的研究

本文运用非平衡态热力学线性理论分析了含水率在纤维饱和点以下木材的传热,结果表明木材中的水蒸汽和束缚水参与了传热,木材导热系数由传导导热系数与因水蒸汽和束缚水扩散产生的两个等效导热系数组成。推广Siau关于木材细胞的导热理论,依据水分吸附和扩散的原理,导出了木材弦向和径向导热系数计算公式,与已发表的36种气干材弦向实验值和23种气干材径向实验值符合较好。分析木材径向传热的方法也适用于木材纵向传热。     

Viscoelastic properties of wood in swelling systems

Summary The torsion modulus and the mechanical damping were investigated on wood swollen with formamide and a series of glycols, at frequencies of 0.5 and 0.02 Hz as a function of temperature. In wood swollen with formamide to the same extent as it would swell when saturated with water, the temperature of maximum damping was about 48° and above 100°C for wood swollen with polyethylene glycols, while that of water saturated wood was 80°C. For more highly formamide swollen wood (1.2 times the swelling in water) the temperature at which maximum damping develops decreased to 30°C. With regard to the influence of swelling and temperature on the torsion modulus of wood, three regions of viscoelastic behavior were recognized in these swelling systems. They are the glassy region in non-swollen wood, where the torsion modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature, the transition region where the torsion modulus decreases abruptly with increasing temperature and swelling, and a plateau region appearing at high temperatures for highly swollen wood where the torsion modulus remains fairly constant with temperature with a value of about one tenth the modulus for non-swollen wood.     

汽车用木粉/聚丙烯复合板的研制

通过气味检测、红外光谱和热失重法,分析出木粉/聚丙烯复合材料产生刺激性气味的原因在于材料的热稳定性较差;应用碱处理、预涂偶联剂、掺入吸附剂和增容剂等方法对木粉进行预处理,测试结果表明,采用碱处理木粉压制的WPC,其气味等级可达到上海某汽车制造企业PV 3900标准3.0级要求.