基于被动微波遥感的中国干旱动态监测

目前用于中国干旱监测的遥感方法大多是可见光和热红外指数法,受云雨、植被和地形的影响较大,不能满足中国南方地区干旱监测的需求。该研究基于被动微波辐射传输方程,首先构建了基于AMSR-E（advanced microwave scanning radiometer-EOS）数据的地表温度反演模型,R2=0.79,RMSE（root mean square error）为2.54℃,实现了中国地表温度的被动微波遥感监测。然后,拟合了不同下垫面归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI）与微波极化差异指数（microwave polarization difference index,MPDI）的关系。在此基础上改进了植被供水指数（vegetation supply water index,VSWI）,构建了基于AMSR-E数据的被动微波遥感气象干旱指数,并以中国2009年的旱情为例进行实例验证。研究表明,该干旱指数与AMSR-E L3土壤湿度数据有着显著的负相关关系（R2=0.75）,且能基本表征2009年中国实际的气象干旱状况。     

窑窖滴灌系统输水管路的优化布置

窑窖集雨滴灌成为解决我国干旱半干旱地区水资源短缺的途径之一。该文分析了窑窖分散式水源特点：水量较小，零星分布，管道设计困难，系统管理繁杂。以在农作物缺水关键期进行灌溉为出发点，根据水窖和地块分散的特点，通过对水窖输水线路优化设计，降低灌溉的管理和工程造价，设计最佳滴灌输水路线，达到水源联合调度的目的，并与传统设计方法和图论优化设计法进行了比较。所提出的设计方法适合解决各种地形条件下分布水源的输水路线布置问题。     

半干旱区草粮轮作田土壤水分恢复效应

采用野外实地观测和作物模型模拟相结合的方法,研究了不同轮作模式黄土高原半干旱区长期种植苜蓿地农田土壤水分恢复状况。结果表明：长期连作苜蓿地土壤干燥化进程与不同轮作模式下土壤湿度恢复的进程均表现为前期快后期慢;8～10 m深层土壤湿度恢复困难,6～8年生苜蓿草地翻耕后适宜采用PPW轮作模式（马铃薯→马铃薯→春小麦）以恢复土壤水分,种植16～20 a粮食作物后可以再次种植苜蓿。该研究结果可为黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿草地的土壤水分利用和恢复提供参考。     

蔬菜地面源污染生态拦截系统与效果

针对蔬菜种植业面源污染日益严重的现状,该文选取浙江省太湖流域典型的蔬菜集约化种植区为研究对象,以因地制宜、实用高效、维护便捷、成本合理为原则,在研究区域构建了农田生态沟渠-生态消纳塘水肥一体化-过滤型主排水渠生态拦截系统,并对拦截系统效果进行综合分析研究,探索高效实用的农田面源污染生态拦截技术。结果表明,与2010年相比,工程建成运行后2011年、2012年总氮去除率分别达33%～52%、43%～67%,总磷去除率达23%～59%、43%～82%,在雨季6-9月间,去除效果最佳,且2012年效果优于2011年。该系统有效削减了菜地废水氮、磷等营养元素的排放,达到改善水质、美化景观、提升经济的综合效果,为蔬菜种植区面源污染控制提供技术工程示范,具有典型的推广应用价值。该文可为农田面源污染拦截技术研究及应用提供参考。     

基于能量平衡的喷灌作物冠层净截留损失估算

为了定量评价喷灌作物冠层截留损失,以地面灌为对照,利用热平衡茎流计对喷灌冬小麦和夏玉米冠层截留水量蒸发产生的蒸腾抑制效应进行了连续两年的田间观测,结果表明：各次灌水,喷灌冠层截留水量的蒸发明显影响田间小气候进而抑制作物蒸腾。喷灌冬小麦和夏玉米蒸腾抑制量变化范围分别为1.65～4.09 mm和0.50～2.75 mm。在此基础上,基于能量平衡原理,结合波文比能量平衡系统,计算出的冬小麦冠层净截留损失不足0.1 mm;夏玉米净截留损失变化范围在1～2 mm之间,占灌水量的4.3%～6.5%。     

Least limiting water range and crop yields as affected by crop rotations and tillage

Crop rotation and the maintenance of plant residues over the soil can increase soil water storage capacity. Root access to water and nutrients depends on soil physical characteristics that may be expressed in the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) concept. In this work, the effects of crop rotation and chiselling on the soil LLWR to a depth of 0.1 m and crop yields under no‐till were studied on a tropical Alfisol in São Paulo state, Brazil, for 3 yr. Soybean and corn were grown in the summer in rotation with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum, Linneu, cv. ADR 300), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, L., Moench), congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis, Germain et Evrard) and castor bean (Ricinus comunis, Linneu) during fall/winter and spring, under no‐till or chiselling. The LLWR was determined right after the desiccation of the cover crops and before soybean planting. Soil physico‐hydraulic conditions were improved in the uppermost soil layers by crop rotations under zero tillage, without initial chiselling, from the second year and on, resulting in soil quality similar to that obtained with chiselling. In seasons without severe water shortage, crop yields were not limited by soil compaction, however, in a drier season, the rotation with congo grass alone or intercropped with castor resulted in the greatest cover crop dry matter yield. Soybean yields did not respond to modifications in the LLWR.     

Soil tillage and cover crop on soil CO2 emissions from sugarcane fields

Soil tillage is an agricultural practice that directly affects the global carbon cycle. Our study sought to assess the implications of adopting sunn hemp cover crops with different tillage practices on CO₂ emissions for two soil types (clayey and sandy soil) cultivated with sugarcane in Brazil. The experimental design was a split‐plot with randomized blocks, with the main plots being with cover crop or fallow and sub‐plots being under conventional or minimum tillage. Our results indicate that during the first 50 days after soil tillage, the variation in soil CO₂ emissions was stimulated by cover crop and soil tillage, while after that, it became dominated by the root respiration of sugarcane plants. We also found that over the first 97 days after the tillage, the clayey soil showed differences between minimum tillage with cover crop and fallow. Conversely, for sandy soil over the first 50 days following, there were differences between the tillage systems under cover cropping. Emissions from sugarcane rows were found to be greater than those from inter‐row positions. We concluded that soils under different textural classes had distinct patterns in terms of soil CO₂ emissions. The correct quantification of CO₂ emissions during the sugarcane renovation period should prioritize having a short assessment period (~50 days after soil tillage) as well as including measurements at row and inter‐row positions.     

Improving agricultural water use efficiency by nutrient management in crop plants

Abstract

Improvement of agricultural water use efficiency is of major concern with drought problems being one of the most important factors limiting grain production worldwide. Effective management of water for crop production in water-scarce areas requires efficient approaches. Increasing crop water use efficiency and drought tolerance by genetic improvement and physiological regulation may be a means to achieve efficient and effective use of water. A limited water supply inhibits the photosynthesis of plants, causes changes of chlorophyll contents and components and damage to photosynthetic apparatus. It also inhibits photochemical activities and decreases the activities of enzymes in plants. Water stress is one of the important factors inhibiting the growth and photosynthetic abilities of plants through disturbing the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant defence, causing accumulation of reactive oxygen species which induce oxidative stress to proteins, membrane lipids and other cellular components. A number of approaches are being used to enhance water use efficiency and to minimize the detrimental effect of water stress in crop plants. Proper plant nutrition is a good strategy to enhance water use efficiency and productivity in crop plants. Plant nutrients play a very important role in enhancing water use efficiency under limited water supply. In this paper we discuss the possible effective techniques to improve water use efficiency and some macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium), micronutrients (zinc, boron, iron, manganese, molybdenum and chloride), and silicon (a beneficial nutrient) in detail to show how these nutrients play their role in enhancing water use efficiency in crop plant.     

Quantifying soil water effects on nitrogen mineralization from soil organic matter and from fresh crop residues

A loamy sand was incubated with and without addition of carrot leaves at six different water contents ranging from 6% to 20% (g 100 g^-1 dry soil) and N mineralization was monitored during 98 days. We calculated zero- and first-order rates for mineralization in the unamended soil and first-order rates for N mineralization in the residue-amended soil. Although N mineralization was strongly affected by soil moisture, rates were still important at 6% water content (corresponding to permanent wilting point), particularly in the residue-amended soil. Soil water content was recalculated as soil water tension and as percent water-filled pore space (%WFPS) and a parabolic, a logistic and a Gaussian-type function were fitted to the relation between N mineralization rates and water content, %WFPS or pF. Water potential was a less suitable parameter than either %WFPS or water content to describe the soil water influence on N mineralization, because N mineralization rates were extremely sensitive to changes in the water potential in the range of pF values between 1.5 and 2.5. In the residue-amended soil the Gaussian model yielded an optimum %WFPS of 56% for N mineralization, which is slightly lower than optimum values cited in literature. N mineralization in the unamended soil was more influenced by soil water than N mineralization from fresh crop residues. This could be explained by less water limitation of the microbial population decomposing the residues, due to the water content of the residues. The effect of the water contained in the residues was most pronounced in the lowest water content treatments. The water retention curves of both undisturbed and repacked soil were determined and suggested that extrapolation of results obtained during laboratory incubations, using disturbed soil, to field conditions will be difficult unless soil bulk density effects are accounted for, as is the case with the use of %WFPS.     

作物缺水补偿节水的分子生理机制研究进展

作物缺水补偿节水理论及其技术具有重要理论意义和农业应用潜力, 受到国内外专家的重视并取得一系列重要研究成果, 然而作物适度胁迫缺水产生补偿节水效应的分子生理机制却仍是一个尚待研究的问题。在系统总结近年来的相关进展基础上, 对引起作物适度缺水反弹补偿节水的分子生理过程进行了初步分析探索。作物在发生水分胁迫和复水后, 在根、茎、叶等营养器官生长、渗透调节、蒸腾速率、光合作用等生理活动以及蛋白质活性、生化代谢、分子和基因调节等方面都有相关适应变化。水分亏缺补偿存在阈值范围, 如果控制适当, 在一定水分亏缺强度范围内可提高作物水分利用效率并使作物不减产甚至增产。这种缺水补偿节水技术如能在农业生产上推广应用, 可有效节约水资源, 提高作物经济效益和粮食安全。     

基于L-M优化算法的BP神经网络的作物需水量预测模型

应用L-M优化算法BP神经网络，通过多维气象数据(太阳辐射、空气温度、湿度)与作物需水量的相关分析，来确定网络的拓扑结构，建立作物需水量的人工神经网络模型。用美国田纳西州大学高原实验室所测的100 d气象数据为输入、作物需水量为输出来训练建立好的BP神经网络，仿真表明该神经网络能很好地解决需水量多影响因素之间的不确定性和非线性，模型的预测精度较高，同时通过一组非样本天气环境参数和作物需水量来验证该神经网络，也得到了较好的预测结果，能够满足灌溉的精度要求。     

1992-2017年中亚五国农作物水足迹变化特征

本研究以中亚五国为研究区域,以农作物水足迹为评估手段,分析了1992—2017年间中亚五国农作物水足迹的时空变化特征,以揭示中亚五国农作物水足迹结构,厘清引起中亚五国水足迹变化的主要农作物的贡献。结果表明:1)中亚五国农作物水足迹时间变化特征明显,1992—2017年中亚五国农作物绿水足迹(-9.7×10~9 m~3)和蓝水足迹(-5.6×10~9 m~3)均趋于减少。中亚五国农作物水足迹空间分布差异显著,哈萨克斯坦农作物绿色水足迹最高(平均4.96×10~(10) m~3),且远高于其他4国(平均3.6×10~9 m~3),而蓝水足迹以乌兹别克斯坦最高(平均1.53×10~(10) m~3)。农作物绿水足迹和蓝水足迹增长率最大的国家分别是土库曼斯坦(87.6%)和吉尔吉斯斯坦(32.3%);绿、蓝水足迹减少率最大的国家分别是哈萨克斯坦(-20.7%)和乌兹别克斯坦(-24.2%)。2)中亚地区农作物绿水足迹主要以粮食作物为主,蓝水足迹以粮食作物和油料纤维作物为主;而粮食作物水足迹结构中,主要以小麦、水稻和玉米为主,油料纤维作物水足迹结构中,主要以棉花为主。3)哈萨克斯坦作为绿水足迹减少最多的国家,大麦(51.6%)和小麦(28.2%)的贡献最大;乌兹别克斯坦作为蓝水足迹减少最多的国家,棉花(61.9%)贡献最大。通过开展中亚地区的农作物水足迹研究,发现中亚农作物水足迹整体呈下降趋势,厘清了中亚地区引起水足迹下降的主要农作物种类,相关成果可以为中亚地区的农作物优化种植和水资源节约提供支撑。     

微波加热法提取柚果皮果胶的工艺（简报）

对新鲜柚果皮中果胶进行微波提取,采用咔唑比色法测定提取液中的果胶含量.探讨了料液比、微波功率、微波处理时间、盐析条件等对果胶得率和半乳糖醛酸含量的影响,运用L9(34)正变试验对微波加热提取果胶的工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明:微波功率对果胶得率有极显著影响,微波处理时间影响较小.较佳工艺是:液料比(V/m)8:1,调pH值为2.0,微波功率640W,处理时间8 min,盐析饱和硫酸铝用量与酸萃取液比例为3:5,此条件下提取柚皮果胶得率为4.457％,果胶的半乳糖醛酸含量为42.58％．     

秸秆厌氧发酵改性制备成型燃料试验

针对秸秆压缩成型存在设备磨损严重和厌氧发酵面临的抗生物降解屏障,提出了一种秸秆厌氧发酵改性制备成型燃料的思路并进行了试验研究。以玉米秸秆为原料,在总固体质量分数12%和中温38℃下对原料分别进行为期10和20 d的厌氧发酵,发酵后的沼渣经粉碎和干燥后于100℃、6 MPa条件下压缩成直径10 mm的颗粒燃料。试验结果表明：经过10和20 d的发酵,玉米秸秆所含能量仅有14.49%和32.01%转移到沼气中;沼渣弹筒发热量分别达到18.01和18.05 MJ/kg,高于原料的17.02 MJ/kg;沼渣挥发物质质量分数为74.08%和72.63%,比原料的81.02%分别下降了8.6%和10.4%;沼渣木质素质量分数为16.98%和17.92%,比原料的13.65%分别增加了24.4%和31.3%;沼渣苯醇抽提物质量分数为5.66%和4.86%,比原料的7.52%分别降低了24.7%和35.4%。成型试验结果表明：沼渣制成的成型燃料松弛密度分别为1.041 g/cm3和1.150 g/cm3,比未发酵秸秆的1.019 g/cm3分别提高了2.2%和12.86%。厌氧发酵改性有助于提高秸秆成型性能、制粒达到相同松弛密度所需的压力较小,有助于降低成型过程设备磨损,且基于上述思路形成的气固二元燃料生产工艺,使秸秆的转化利用不再受制于抗降解屏障,值得深入研究。     

水足迹视角下四川省主要粮食作物种植结构优化及用水效率分析

作为粮食主产区,四川省农业用水占比高但农业用水效率低,季节性和区域性缺水严重,导致农业用水压力巨大。为了探究作物用水规律,提高作物用水效率,该研究基于水足迹理论量化四川省3种主要粮食作物用水量,并以此为基础构建蓝水和灰水足迹最小化,经济收益最大化的多目标优化模型,得到不同节水情景（5%、10%和15%）下的最优作物种植结构,最后通过用水效率指数分析优化前后各地农业用水效率。结果表明：1）2001—2021年间,四川作物生产用水呈现下降趋势,空间上由东北向西南逐渐减少,空间差异大。2）在节水5%、10%和15%情景下,种植结构优化结果均显示水稻和小麦面积调减,玉米面积调增;作物蓝水足迹在3种情景下均减少。3）研究时段内,作物用水效率在逐渐提升,并且呈现出“东南高-中间低”态势;经种植结构优化后,发现增加玉米种植面积,适当减少水稻、小麦种植面积,对提高作物用水效率有利。研究结果对农业水资源管理,提升作物用水效率,保障粮食安全具有参考价值。     

Effects of residue management on nitrogen losses in surface and sub-surface water from sugarcane fields

The effect of three sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) residue-management plans on nitrogen losses in surface runoff and sub-surface leachate was studied for 3 years. The three management plans evaluated were conventional burning (CB), compost application with burning (COMB), and remaining green cane trash blanketing (GCTB) treatment. In the CB treatment, sugarcane residue was burned after harvest. The COMB treatment consisted of compost applied at ‘off bar’ with sugarcane residue burned immediately after harvest. Compost was applied in the amount of 13.4 Mg ha^?1 annually. Surface runoff was collected with automatic refrigerated samplers and sub-surface leachate was collected with pan lysimeters over a period of 3 years. Total nitrogen (TN), NO₃/NO₂–N, and NH₄–N were measured. The mean losses of nitrogen (TN, NO₃/NO₂–N, and NH₄–N) from the COMB treatment after the burning procedure (post-harvest, years 2 and 3) were on average 2.7 times higher than those before harvest and burning (pre-harvest, year 1). Mean leaching losses of NO₃/NO₂–N were 0.36, 0.82, and 0.10 kg ha^?1 for the CB, COMB, and GCTB treatment, respectively. The losses of NO₃/NO₂–N from the GCTB treatment in surface runoff and sub-surface leachate were significantly reduced compared to the CB and COMB treatment.     

不同水氮管理下稻田氨挥发损失特征及模拟

为了探讨减少稻田氨挥发的合理水氮管理措施,基于田间试验资料,分析了不同水氮管理稻田氨挥发损失规律及其交互影响,并用DNDC(土壤碳氮循环模型)模型模拟了节水灌溉条件下不同氮肥管理稻田氨挥发损失动态特征。结果表明,控制灌溉和实地氮肥管理的联合应用既大幅降低了稻田氨挥发峰值,又降低了稻田大部分无施肥时段的氨挥发损失,稻田氨挥发损失量为39.63kg/hm2,较常规水肥管理稻田降低44.69%。采用DNDC模型模拟节水灌溉条件下不同氮肥管理稻田氨挥发损失量是可行的,稻季氨挥发总量模拟值与实测值相对误差均在±10%以内。节水灌溉和实地氮肥管理的水氮联合调控显著降低了稻田氨挥发损失量,且实地氮肥管理对氨挥发损失降低的贡献率要大于节水灌溉。该文研究结果可为稻田的水肥科学管理,减少稻田氨挥发损失提供依据。     

灌排调控的稻田排水中氮素浓度变化规律

基于农田排水氮素浓度及湿地进出口断面总氮（TN）、氨态氮（NH4+-N）、硝态氮（NO3--N）浓度的监测,研究了灌溉排水措施以及沟塘湿地对农田排水中氮素浓度变化的影响。结果表明,控制灌溉的水稻全生育期稻田排水中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度分别较常规灌溉处理低12.08%、20.33%和13.51%;控制排水处理下稻田排水中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度分别较常规排水处理低2.21%、7.08%和20.92%;湿地出口水体中TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度分别比入口降低了16.8%、14.4%和50.9%,湿地水体中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度随时间近似服从指数函数衰减趋势。控制灌溉、控制排水及沟渠塘湿地系统的调控措施对农田排水中氮素的净化效果比较显著。