我国阿月浑子生产现状及发展对策

介绍了阿月浑子（ＰｉｓｔａｃｉａｖｅｒａＬ．）的原产地及分布,我国的栽培现状和存在的问题,提出了我国发展阿月浑子生产的对策;１．引进国外优良品种,丰富我国种质资源,２．注重当地优良品种的选育;３．扩大引种试点,扩大引种范围,尽快划定阿月浑子适生区域,４．学习国外阿月浑子生产的先进经验,向科研和生产的广度迈进。     

阿月浑子优良品种

阿月浑子(Pistacia vera L.)是世界珍贵的木本油料和干果树种,商品名称为开心果,市场售价高,具有很高的经济价值.阿月浑子适应性极强,能耐-32℃低温和43℃高温,在年降水量200～400 mm的地方生长结实良好,且耐瘠薄,是适宜我国干旱丘陵山区和沙化土壤栽培的优良经济林树种.为了指导阿月浑子品种的引种与栽培,现将其优良品种及建园技术要点总结如下.     

开心果优良品种介绍及建园技术

开心果是世界珍贵的木本油料和干果树种,学名阿月浑子,是漆树科黄连木属的多年生落叶小乔木,具有“百年长寿树”之美称,也是世界四大坚果树种(核桃、扁桃、榛子、阿月浑子)之一,果实有很高的经济价值,畅销世界各地。为了指导开心果的引种与栽培,现将其优良品种及丰产栽培技术要点总结如下。     

南疆珍稀坚果——阿月浑子

阿月浑子（Pistacia vera L．），别名开心果，是世界四大干果树种之一。我国栽培分布主要集中在新疆喀什市、疏附县两地。近年来，北京、山东、云南、甘肃、陕西等省市也开始引种试栽。新疆喀什地区现有阿月浑子品种、品系约6个，即早熟阿月浑子、短果阿月浑子、长果阿月浑子、优系阿月浑子、Kerman、Peters。其中引进的伊朗品种Kerman可望成为当地的主栽品种。     

黄连木高接阿月浑子(开心果)技术

黄连木为漆树科黄连木属木本油料及用材树种。原产我国,分布很广。涉县有黄连木林地2000hm^2,近年来产量低而不稳,甚至绝收。从2000年开始与河北农大合作,利用黄连木做砧木,进行阿月浑子的引种嫁接试验。阿月浑子商品名称开心果,为漆树科黄连木属落叶小乔木,为珍贵的木本油料树种。果实营养丰富,是高档体闲食品。我国仅在新疆有栽培历史,其它地区尚无规模栽培。目前,我们已引进了美国、西班牙、希腊、突尼斯、叙利亚、以色列、伊朗等国家优良品种20个,取得了嫁接当年成活、2年成花、3年结果的高接试验成果。现将其高接技术简介如下。     

黄连木高接阿月浑子技术

阿月浑子商品名称"开心果",为漆树科黄连木属落叶小乔木,是世界珍贵的干果和木本油料树种,果实有很高的经济价值,畅销世界各地.我国仅新疆喀什有少量栽培,其他地区尚无规模栽培.近年来,遍及我国市场、价格昂贵(80元/千克)的开心果全部依赖进口.因此,发展我国阿月浑子的生产已刻不容缓.1997年以来,陇南市林科所利用当地丰富的黄连木资源,引进国内外阿月浑子优良品种接穗,开展了高接换优试验,取得了较好的效果.嫁接成活率达85%以上,且高接后新梢生长旺盛,第3年均已开花结果.现将其高接换优技术总结介绍如下.     

青花菜一代杂种绿宝的选育

青花菜一代杂种绿宝的选育张克平林荔仙（厦门市农业科学研究所３６１００９）青花菜（ＢｒａｓｉｃａｏｌｅｒａｃｅａＬ．ｖａｒ．ｉｔａｌｉｃａＰ．）８０年代初在我国开始引种试种。本所在试种对比、推广国外优良品种的基础上，开展了利用杂种优势选育新品种的研究。...     

美国阿月浑子品种Kerman在甘肃甘谷的表现

阿月浑子是一种优良的干果树种,其种仁味道鲜美,营养丰富,具有很高的经济价值,市场上出售的"开心果"就是阿月浑子果实.阿月浑子主产区在中西亚、地中海沿岸及美国西部地区,我国新疆有少量种植.近几年,阿月浑子销量呈逐年上升趋势,种仁供不应求,市场价格居高不下.1994年甘肃省科学院引进美国加利福尼亚州阿月浑子主栽品种Kerman(雌)、Peters(雄),定植于甘肃省甘谷县为民农场,雌树1998年开始挂果,连续6年均能正常结实.经过10年的引种试验,取得了预期效果,现将试验结果简介如下.     

草莓种子繁殖问答

问:草莓种子繁殖适用于哪些情况? 答:草莓浆果表面的瘦果称为种子。草莓种子繁殖主要适用于选育新品种、从国外或外地引种及加速优良品种繁育等。生产上     

蓝浆果良种选育现状及其存在的问题

蓝浆果是最晚实现栽培化的果树之一,其生产栽培品种主要分为高丛蓝浆果、矮丛蓝浆果、兔眼蓝浆果,目前共有171个已经得到生产应用的优良品种。从简述国外蓝浆果育种生产情况着手,重点论述了我国蓝浆果引种栽培情况,并从良种来源、树形、果实大小、品质、风味、适栽区域等方面详细论述了我国应用面积较广的蓝浆果品系,最后对我国蓝浆果良种选育开发存在的问题进行了简述。     

Chemometric Multivariate Analyses of Kernel Biometric Techniques and Shell Morphological Attributes for Analyzing Pistacia vera L. Genotypes Variability

In this study, the corresponding correlations, interdependencies, and relationships of nine traits of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) kernels were established. Here, the percentage of dehiscent shells, shell homogeneity, shell apex, position of suture opening, suture opening, number of pistachio kernels/100?g, (length/width) pistachio kernel ratio, pistachio kernel flavour and fat content of pistachio kernel were studied.

The evaluation of experimental data was performed by applying a chemometric approach: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Bayesian Networks method and Network Meta-Analysis. In this regard, based on PCA the first principal component of shell and kernel had high loadings for shell homogeneity. By using Bayesian Networks method, dendrogram of selected pistachio varieties demonstrate a high similitude existing between varieties. Furthermore, the of shell and kernel dendrogram of studied pistachio varieties demonstrated that all studied accessions could be separated into four distinct groups. Based on cluster analysis, a detailed comparison between the varieties demonstrated that the accession named ‘KERMAN’ showed a significant similarity with the Tunisian genotype ‘ELGUETAR’. In this line, Network Meta-Analysis exhibited the different interdependencies between morphological parameters, and the hierarchical clustering via heat maps displayed relationships between studied factors.

These results showed a potential use of desired characteristics at least in some infra-specific studies in Pistacia vera L. The findings of this study will help plant growers by highlighting hidden and eventual relationships between Pistacia vera L. varieties.

     

Determination of Energy Use Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Production in Adıyaman Province

The purpose of this research is to perform the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of pistachio production. This research was performed for 2016 and 2017 production season in Ad?yaman province of Turkey in dry conditions in 2017. The data supplied from research were collected from 152 different farms by face to face surveys with simple random sampling method. The agricultural input energies and output energies used in pistachio production were computed to determine the energy use efficiency. According to the research findings, the energy inputs in pistachio production were computed respectively as 4561.11?MJ ha^?1 (35.50%) diesel fuel energy, 3206.24?MJ ha^?1 (24.96%) chemical fertilizers energy, 2420.93?MJ ha^?1 (18.84%) machinery energy, 1020.06?MJ ha^?1 (7.94%) human labour energy, 715.69?MJ ha^?1 (5.57%) animal labour energy, 656.95?MJ ha^?1 (5.11%) farmyard manure energy and 266.16?MJ ha^?1 (2.07%) chemicals energy. Total input energy was computed as 12,847.14?MJ ha^?1. Energy values of pistachio yield were computed as 15,008.65?MJ ha^?1. Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy computations were computed respectively as 1.17, 22.32?MJ kg^?1, 0.04?kg MJ^?1 and 2161.51?MJ ha^?1. The consumed total energy input in pistachio production can be classified as 49.01% direct, 50.99% indirect, 18.62% renewable and 81.38% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was computed as 1123.72?kg CO_2?eqha^?1 for pistachio production with the greatest portions for human labour (32.42%). The human labour followed up chemical fertilizers usage (23.21%), diesel fuel consumption (19.89%), machinery usage (15.30%), farmyard manure usage (5.65%), chemicals usage (3.25%) and animal labour usage (0.27%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was computed as 1.95 kgCO_2?eqkg^?1 in pistachio production.

     

“十一五”我国甘蓝遗传育种研究进展

“十一五”期间,我国甘蓝遗传育种取得了显著成绩：引进和创新出一批优异的甘蓝种质资源;抗病、抗逆等常规育种技术和以分子标记、小孢子培养、转基因为代表的生物技术育种技术都取得了长足的进步;特别是雄性不育系在制种中的规模化应用大大提高了杂交种的种子质量;育成58个商品性好、抗病、抗逆性强的甘蓝新品种在生产上推广应用。本文综述了近五年我国甘蓝种质资源、新品种选育、育种技术研究等方面取得的主要进展,并指出存在的问题,提出今后的研究方向。     

番茄自交系YNAU335对番茄斑萎病毒抗性的鉴定

番茄斑萎病毒(Tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV)已成为近年来危害番茄生产的重要病害,鉴定和选育抗病品种是防治TSWV的有效途径。选取自主培育和引进的番茄品种(系),经过连续3a的大棚蓟马传毒和光照培养箱人工接种试验,鉴定番茄品种(系)对TSWV的抗性。结果表明,番茄自交系YNAU335对TSWV表现为免疫,其他品种全部表现为感病,而且在YNAU335人工接种和大田蓟马传毒叶片中并未克隆出TSWV核衣壳蛋白基因和小片段RNA3′端序列,而在其他感病品种(系)中均克隆出这2段序列。研究结果初步确定番茄自交系YNAU335为TSWV抗病品系,可作为TSWV抗病育种的番茄资源。     

辣椒遗传育种研究进展

对近年来辣椒遗传育种研究进展,从种质资源、基因组、遗传机制、育种方法、育成品种等几个方面进行了综述,并根据目前产业现状和国际研究热点对今后发展进行了展望。     

Assessment of Genetic Variability in Pistachio (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pistacia vera</Emphasis> L.) with Nuclear SSR Molecular Markers

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is considered to be the most widely cultivated species in the genus Pistacia and regarded as the most probable ancestral species within the genus. As one of the oldest nut crops in human history, pistachio nuts have a high nutritional value and are commercially important. In the present study, the genetic variation of pistachio genotypes was investigated by nuclear SSR markers. The transferability of the SSR markers was high across genotypes, thus, flanking regions of the SSRs are conserved in the studied genotypes. High level of polymorphism was detected among the studied genotypes. The seven SSR primer pairs generated a total of 18 alleles that 13 of them were polymorphic among the genotypes. The range of the polymorphic alleles was 1 (for Ptms9, Ptms40, Ptms41, and Ptms42) to 5 (for Ptms7 locus) with an average of 2.57. The amplified allele sizes ranged from 120 to 250?bp. Pair-wise genetic similarity coefficients varied from 0.20 to 0.75. The UPGMA dendrogram differentiated the genotypes into two major clusters. The present results may be used for the conservation, core collection and future breeding of the pistachio.     

黑龙江省黑木耳优良品种春季选育研究

黑龙江省是黑木耳栽培大省，发展前景看好，而近年来由于菌种混杂、退化，生产规模虽扩大，但产量有下降趋势，选育优良菌种是当前的主要工作。试验对分离于我国的14株野生黑木耳进行人工驯化栽培，对收集于黑龙江省的31个栽培品种进行春季栽培比较试验。结果表明，从14株野生菌株中初步筛选出5个较优菌株；从31个栽培品种中初步筛选出13个较优品种，若以总产量为指标，仅有6个品种高于对照。     

“十二五”我国大白菜遗传育种研究进展

"十二五"期间,我国大白菜遗传育种研究取得了长足进步,选育出一批优、特、异育种材料,进一步完善了双单倍体育种技术体系,高通量分子标记辅助育种技术初步应用于育种实践,实现了杂交种全程机械化制种,培育出一批满足生产和消费需求的大白菜新品种并在生产上推广应用,应用基础研究取得突破性进展。本文系统总结了过去5年大白菜应用基础和育种技术研究、种质创新和新品种选育等方面取得的重要进展,讨论分析了存在问题和今后发展方向。     

Effect of pistil age and pollen parent on pollen tube growth and fruit production of pistachio

Female pistachio (Pistacia vera) trees were hand pollinated with pollen from three different male genotypes 0,1,2,3 and 4 d after anthesis. Results were measured by mature fruit set and by fluorescence microscopy of pollen germination and tube growth in the pistil. Maximum pollen tube growth and fruit set of split nuts was achieved following pollination within two days of anthesis. Three day old pistils supported pollen tube growth, but fruit set was low. Four day old pistils supported little pollen tube growth or fruit set. Significant differences were also apparent between pollen parents, with low pollen tube growth and fruit set following interspecific pollination with P. atlantica pollen. All pollen tubes were observed to penetrate chalazogamously, and parthenocarpic production of blank fruits occurred in both unpollinated and pollinated treatments. The results indicate that for optimum fruit production of pistachio, pollen transfer must be achieved within 2 d of anthesis and pollination by P. atlantica should be avoided.     

Contributions of short- and long-shoots to yield of ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

The canopy of a mature ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) tree is composed of two types of shoots: short-shoots composed entirely of preformed nodes, and long-shoots composed of both preformed and neoformed nodes. Since the production of these two types of shoots is known to be related to rootstock and rootstock influences yield of pistachio the relationship of these two types of shoots to yield was investigated during two cropping years. Individual short-shoots produced significantly less yield and had fewer fruit clusters per shoot compared with long-shoots, but collectively produced 55–60% of the total yield. Long-shoots positively affected yield components in one year, but had no effect in the other year. Whether the differences in the one year were due to canopy position and light interception or differences in the carbohydrate allocation within the two types of shoots could not be determined from the current data. Long-shoots initiated more inflorescence buds, although inflorescence bud formation was restricted to the preformed growth and only the 3–4 earliest neoformed nodes. However, when expressed as a percentage, long-shoots retained a lower percentage of initiated inflorescence buds, compared with short-shoots. Regardless of shoot type, less than half of the retained inflorescence buds produced mature fruit clusters. Thus, inflorescence bud retention, a previously hypothesized mechanism of pistachio alternate bearing, may not be the primary limiting factor to yield in pistachio.