作物镉胁迫研究进展及其在水稻中的应用展望

水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,镉(Cd)污染会严重影响水稻的生长发育.Cd可以被水稻植株吸收和转移,并富集在水稻体内,成为危害人类健康的重要威胁.从Cd胁迫对作物的种子萌发、幼苗、根系、地上部及光合作用等方面进行综述,并展望了水稻Cd胁迫研究,以期为开展作物Cd污染的防治、耐Cd水稻品种的选育、水稻的质量安全和水稻产...     

蛋白质组学在水稻作物非生物胁迫研究中的应用

水稻在生长发育过程中会受到各种各样非生物胁迫的影响。因此对水稻非生物逆境响应的机理研究,已经从基因组学研究转变为功能基因组学研究。差异蛋白组学技术通过鉴定非生物逆境胁迫条件下的差异表达的蛋白质,在水稻非生物抗逆机制研究方面发挥重要作用。本研究简述了差异蛋白组学的概况与相关研究方法的进展,并详细总结了差异蛋白组学在水稻非生物胁迫响应研究中的应用,如干旱、温度以及盐胁迫研究。最后讨论了差异蛋白组学在水稻耐逆品种尤其是耐旱品种的分子育种和改良上的应用前景。     

RAPD在作物品种资源研究中的应用

本文对RAPD的含义和特点,RAPD的扩增技术进行了综述,并就RAPD在作物种质资源中的应用进行了讨论。     

作物空间诱变及其在遗传育种中的应用

空间诱变是进行作物种质资源创新及优良新品种选育的有效新途径。围绕作物空间诱变基础生物学研究的主要问题——诱变作用机理,阐述作物对空间环境条件下的感知、响应;针对作物空间诱变育种研究,总结其在地面的遗传变异规律及其种质资源创新中的应用。同时,对其当前存在的问题展开讨论,以期对今后我国空间诱变育种工作的有所启发。     

作物根际环境及其研究方法

根际是指受植物根系的影响,在物理、化学和生物学特性上不同于周围土体的根表面的微域土区。它是土壤—根系—微生物三者相互作用的场所,也是各种养分、水分和有益或有害微生物进入根系的门户。培育作物对贫瘠和含酸、碱、盐等有害物质的不良土壤的适应性,提高肥料和水的利用     

DNA指纹图谱技术及其在作物品种资源中的应用

随着各种新型DNA分子标记的出现,带动了DNA指纹图谱技术的快速发展。本文简要阐述了几种常见DNA指纹鉴定技术,如限制性片段长度多态性(restrictionfragmentlengthpolymorphism,简称RFLP)、随机扩增多态性DNA(randomamplifiedpolymorphicDNA,简称RAPD)、扩增片段长度多态性(am-plifiedfragmentlengthpolymorphism,简称AFLP)、简单重复序列或微卫星标记(simplesequencerepeat,简称SSR)、内部简单重复序列(inter-simplesequencerepeat,简称ISSR)和单核苷酸多态性(singlenucleotidepoly-morphisms,简称SNPs)等的基本原理、在技术上的优缺点及其在作物品种资源中的应用,包括品种的鉴定、纯度的检测、品种亲缘关系与分类的研究及品种专利权的正当维护等。同时,对DNA指纹图谱技术在应用中的存在问题及相应的解决途径进行了简单的讨论,如目前DNA的提取方法与育种应用的大规模群体不相适应和大多数DNA指纹图谱检测技术仍比较繁琐,限制了该技术在育种中的大规模应用等。     

作物生育模型及其在作物生产中的应用

作物生长发育模型指根据作物生长规律对作物生长过程进行的定量模拟,是对作物生理过程及其与外部环境之间关系的抽象概括。通过对国内外作物生长发育模型的总结和整理,分析不同阶段代表性作物生长发育模型及其主要特点,提出了作物生长发育模型的发展趋势。     

SRAP分子标记及其在蔬菜作物上的应用

SRAP(Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism)是一种基于PCR技术的新型分子标记,具有简便、产率中等、稳定、测序方便等优点。它利用独特的引物设计对ORFs（open reading frames）进行扩增,其上游引物长17bp,下游引物长18bp,分别对外显子和内含子进行扩增,因个体不同及内含子、启动子与间隔长度不等而产生多态性。该文在介绍SRAP标记技术和特点的同时,还对其在蔬菜作物遗传图谱构建、遗传多样性分析、比较基因组学、分子标记与基因定位等方面的应用进行了综述。     

指纹图谱在作物品种鉴定中的应用

综述指纹图谱的特点、分类及其在作物品种鉴定中的应用     

RNA干涉技术及其在作物育种研究中的应用

RNA干涉(RNAi)是通过双链RNA(dsRNA)将同源mRNA高效特异降解,从而阻断特定基因的表达。作为一种新兴的下调表达技术在作物研究中得到广泛应用。本文简要概括RNAi的原理,回顾了近年来RNAi技术在作物基因功能研究、作物品质改良、作物抗病虫方面的应用,并对其存在的问题作了初步探讨。     

水分胁迫对花生幼苗叶片内源激素含量的影响

研究了水分胁迫对花生幼苗叶片内源激素含量的影响。结果表明,GA3含量先升后降,出现了两个高峰值,ABA含量则逐渐升高,IAA和ZR先降低后升高。随着胁迫时间的延长,叶片中ABA/IAA的值先升后降,ABA/ZR逐渐升高。     

低磷胁迫对油菜不同生育期叶绿素荧光参数及光合速率的影响

通过气体交换参数和荧光诱导动力学参数研究了低磷胁迫对油菜不同生育期光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数及能量分配的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,低磷处理明显降低了油菜蕾薹期、花期的Pn;油菜三个生育期的Fm 、Fv 、Fv／Fm没有显著下降,表明低磷处理没有影响到油菜叶片的原初反应中心;但是,低磷胁迫使油菜蕾薹期ФPSⅡ、ETR、qP显著下降,NPQ显著上升,能量分配方面D和Ex上升,P下降,表明低磷胁迫导致油菜蕾薹期PSⅡ电子传递受阻,油菜植株启动了能量耗散途径应对低磷胁迫。     

Cradle-to-farm gate life cycle assessment in perennial energy crops

Life cycle assessment (LCA) can be an objective, strategic and immediate criteria in determining, case-by-case, the most suitable crop for energy. In this study, a cradle-to-farm gate LCA study was performed in 4 perennial energy crops and then compared to the environmental impacts of a conventional wheat–maize rotation. The functional units energy and hectare were used for ranking the crops. The results showed clear and constant environmental benefits, on average 50% lower impacts, by substituting the conventional rotation with perennial crops. Among the latter, little differences were found on hectare basis, while the differences were strictly dependent on biomass yield, on energy basis. Giant reed, the most productive crop, showed at this regard the best performance, while cynara resulted in the lowest ecological benefits. A similar trend was also registered as concern the energy gain and efficiency that ranged from 75 (cynara) to 349 (giant reed) GJ ha⁻¹, and from 7 to 30 (same order), respectively. On hectare basis, switchgrass achieved better results in six categories out of nine, and especially, it was from 27% to 32% less impacting than the other perennials on marine water ecotoxicity, which resulted in the clearly most affected category after normalisation on average European inhabitants. Weighting is not allowed for public comparison (ISO 14042), yet it can be helpful for some overall indications and conclusive comments. Comparing giant reed and switchgrass under different weighting sets, it emerged that resource depletion was the main discriminator for crop choice. Evenly weighting human health (HH), resource depletion (RD) and ecosystem quality (EQ) categories made the preference toward switchgrass or giant reed very uncertain. Taking three different weighting sets with RD, HH and EQ having 50% of relative importance (25% was set for the remaining two categories), switchgrass appeared the best choice in two cases (i.e. HH = 50% and EQ = 50%) out of three. Therefore, the preference toward a specific energy crop will strongly depend on weighting sets that may considerably change in space and time.     

轻微至中度热应激对荷斯坦奶牛生理指标及产奶性能的影响

随机选用16头中国荷斯坦泌乳牛,研究轻微至中度热应激对其生理指标及产奶性能影响。结果表明：（1）泌乳牛在轻微热应激期（THI 74.5±1.0）的生理常数指标与非热应激期（THI 65.2±4.1）差异均不显著（P>0.05）;中度热应激期（THI 84.0±2.4）的各项生理常数指标均显著高于非热应激期（P<0.05）。从非热应激至中度热应激,THI每升高1,直肠温度上升0.04℃;从轻微至中度热应激,THI每升高1,泌乳牛的呼吸频率增加3.4次/min,脉搏增加2.6次/min。（2）在轻微和中度热应激期泌乳牛产奶量分别下降13.8%和26.9%（P<0.01）,产奶量与THI呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）（R= -0.82）,THI每上升1,产奶量下降1.9％。     

PEG胁迫对六倍体小黑麦幼苗SOD POD活性及MDA含量的影响

为了解水分胁迫对小黑麦叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用的影响,以10个抗旱性不同的六倍体小黑麦为材料,用20%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究了不同抗旱性小黑麦品种SOD,POD活性及MDA含量对水分胁迫的反应。结果表明,各品种SOD,POD活性及MDA含量均显著高于对照,但是不同品种增加幅度明显不同。其中, SOD活性胁迫系数依次为S4＞S2＞S7＞S8＞S6＞S9＞S10＞S1＞S5＞S3, 最大是品种S4（Prego）为7.48; POD活性胁迫系数依次为S2＞S9＞S6＞S4＞S8＞S7＞S5＞S10＞S1＞S3,最大是S2（Fidelio）为3.19;而MDA含量胁迫系数依次为S3＞S10＞S1＞S5＞S8＞S2＞S7＞S6＞S9＞S4,最大是S3（Tewo）为4.71, 推断在所有品种中,Prego的抗旱性最强,而Tewo抗旱性则较弱。     

Prostitutes and their environment in Narayanganj,Bangladesh

Society in Bangladesh has specific gender roles with strong values and norms in which women are controlled and protected by men. Certain deviations degrade the women socially and trap them into prostitution. This paper investigates the situation of prostitutes in Bangladesh through analysis of the environment at their place of origin that instigated them into the present situation. The paper describes the present environment of the prostitutes in Narayanganj, identifies their spatial connectivity through determining their activity space and sphere of influence and makes some brief remarks about the old age situation of these prostitutes.     

Development and application of molecular marker linkage maps in woody fruit crops

Summary Extensive linkage maps, consisting primarily of molecular markers, are being developed for apple, pear, and grape varieties. The intrinsically high heterozygosity of outcrossing perennial species is utilized to produce segregating populations directly from a cross between varieties. Nearly complete linkage maps have been generated for the apple varieties ‘Rome Beauty’ and ‘White Angel’. The map for ‘Rome Beauty’ contains 161 molecular markers, while that for ‘White Angel’ has 251 markers. Maps for the pear varieties, ‘Bartlett’ and NY10353, also are being developed. Linkages conserved between the pear and apple genomes have been identified. In grapes, maps for four varieties are available, the most extensive being those for ‘Cayuga White’ and ‘Aurore’. The apple maps have been used to investigate the genetic basis of morphological and physiological characters. A gene controlling the presence of anthocyanins in the skin of the fruit is located on linkage group 3. Genes controlling early bud break, branching habit, and production of root suckers have also been identified and mapped.     

准噶尔盆地南缘沙产业发展差异与影响的多元统计分析

为了研究新疆沙产业发展区域差异性,分析沙产业发展与环境、经济的关系,选取准噶尔盆地南缘的19个县市（兵团）作为主要研究对象,数据来源为实地调查和新疆统计年鉴、各地2013年统计公报等面板数据,筛选出当地沙产业发展、经济发展以及环境状况的16个典型指标,运用因子分析、聚类分析等方法,对调查区19个不同区域的沙产业发展进行了综合评价与分类比较,采用多元线性回归,分析了沙产业发展与环境、经济之间的相互关系。得出以下结论：（1）沙产业发展能够改善环境,拉动经济;（2）沙产业发展的焦点和难点为均衡性不足;（3）沙产业前期发展的短板是“挤出效应”。提出以下建议：（1）因地制宜,发展特色沙产业;（2）加大科技创新投入力度,合理规划投资规模。     

Morphological differences among Raphanus raphanistrum populations and their relationship to related crops

Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) has developed introgressed populations after hybridization with its cultivated counterpart (R. sativus) in California. Hybridization with various Brassica and Sinapis species is also possible. To determine if hybridization is responsible of the genetic diversity of European populations, six wild radish populations with distinct morphological traits were sampled from geographically distant regions in Europe. Plants were cultivated in an oilseed rape field and in insect‐proof cages. Silique and flower morphology, growth, and reproductive traits were measured. The wild radish populations could be discriminated by the morphological traits, but not related to geographic regions. In particular, populations of one region showed wide variability in terms of silique shape and growth behaviour, and small‐sized flowers. Although the origin of morphological diversity in wild radish is unclear, i.e. native or due to gene flow from the cultivated radish or other Brassicaceae, significant morphological divergence was found that could have relevant effects on plant ecology and adaptation.     

Light grazing of crop residues by sheep in a Mediterranean-type environment has little impact on following no-tillage crops

Crop residue is often grazed by sheep after harvest, over the dry summer period from December to March in Mediterranean environments. However, soil cover provided by crop residues is a key component of conservation agriculture for maintaining favourable soil structure and high yields.A series of 31 site × year experiments was conducted to assess the effect of summer stubble grazing on residue levels and following crop yields. Relatively light grazing, with stocking rates below 10 dry sheep equivalent (DSE) and between 90 and 471 DSE days ha⁻¹, had no significant effect on the amount of residue, soil properties, soil water, weeds or yield in the following crop. The main effect of grazing was to knock down and scatter the standing crop residues. However, longer term grazing at relatively high intensity (956 DSE days ha⁻¹) on heavy soil, over both summer and winter, as in a pasture phase, did significantly reduce residue levels, infiltration and yield (by 59%). The effect of summer grazing on soil mineral N was small and inconsistent, with increased mineral N, by about 3–7 kg N ha⁻¹, following grazing at two of the 13 sites. By contrast, higher mineral N, by 2–15 kg N ha⁻¹, was measured in the un-grazed plots at three of the 13 sites. This was due to increased growth of legume pastures in the absence of grazing.More research is needed to confirm the yield effects when cropping after an annual pasture/fallow that is grazed over summer and winter, particularly on different soil types.