Degradation mechanism of small molecule-based organic light-emitting devices

Studies on the long-term degradation of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) based on tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (AlQ3), the most widely used electroluminescent molecule, reveal that injection of holes in AlQ3 is the main cause of device degradation. The transport of holes into AlQ3 caused a decrease in its fluorescence quantum efficiency, thus showing that cationic AlQ3 species are unstable and that their degradation products are fluorescence quenchers. These findings explain the success of different approaches to stabilizing OLEDs, such as doping of the hole transport layer, introducing a buffer layer at the hole-injecting contact, and using mixed emitting layers of hole and electron transporting molecules.     

Spin-polarized light-emitting diode based on an organic bipolar spin valve

The spin-polarized organic light-emitting diode (spin-OLED) has been a long-sought device within the field of organic spintronics. We designed, fabricated, and studied a spin-OLED with ferromagnetic electrodes that acts as a bipolar organic spin valve (OSV), based on a deuterated derivative of poly(phenylene-vinylene) with small hyperfine interaction. In the double-injection limit, the device shows ~1% spin valve magneto-electroluminescence (MEL) response, which follows the ferromagnetic electrode coercive fields and originates from the bipolar spin-polarized space charge-limited current. In stark contrast to the response properties of homopolar OSV devices, the MEL response in the double-injection device is practically independent of bias voltage, and its temperature dependence follows that of the ferromagnetic electrode magnetization. Our findings provide a pathway for organic displays controlled by external magnetic fields.     

Low-voltage, low-power, organic light-emitting transistors for active matrix displays

Intrinsic nonuniformity in the polycrystalline-silicon backplane transistors of active matrix organic light-emitting diode displays severely limits display size. Organic semiconductors might provide an alternative, but their mobility remains too low to be useful in the conventional thin-film transistor design. Here we demonstrate an organic channel light-emitting transistor operating at low voltage, with low power dissipation, and high aperture ratio, in the three primary colors. The high level of performance is enabled by a single-wall carbon nanotube network source electrode that permits integration of the drive transistor and the light emitter into an efficient single stacked device. The performance demonstrated is comparable to that of polycrystalline-silicon backplane transistor-driven display pixels.     

有机发光器件中空穴注入对负电容的影响

对不同结构的有机发光器件(OLED)进行了电容-电压(C-V)特性测量,研究了不同空穴注入结构对OLED负电容的影响。结果表明,负电容的产生与OLED内部电场的分布有着密切的关系,负电容开始出现的频率与电压的平方根呈指数关系。与超薄的单层空穴注入层相比,掺杂的空穴注入层不仅能降低器件的驱动电压,而且其载流子传输特性和出现负电容时的初始电压对频率有着更强的依赖性。     

Chlorinated indium tin oxide electrodes with high work function for organic device compatibility

In organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), a stack of multiple organic layers facilitates charge flow from the low work function [~4.7 electron volts (eV)] of the transparent electrode (tin-doped indium oxide, ITO) to the deep energy levels (~6 eV) of the active light-emitting organic materials. We demonstrate a chlorinated ITO transparent electrode with a work function of >6.1 eV that provides a direct match to the energy levels of the active light-emitting materials in state-of-the art OLEDs. A highly simplified green OLED with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 54% and power efficiency of 230 lumens per watt using outcoupling enhancement was demonstrated, as were EQE of 50% and power efficiency of 110 lumens per watt at 10,000 candelas per square meter.     

A light-emitting field-effect transistor

We report here on the structure and operating characteristics of an ambipolar light-emitting field-effect transistor based on single crystals of the organic semiconductor alpha-sexithiophene. Electrons and holes are injected from the source and drain electrodes, respectively. Their concentrations are controlled by the applied gate and drain-source voltages. Excitons are generated, leading to radiative recombination. Moreover, above a remarkably low threshold current, coherent light is emitted through amplified spontaneous emission. Hence, this three-terminal device is the basis of a very promising architecture for electrically driven laser action in organic semiconductors.     

Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells

A device configuration for light emission from electroactive polymers is described. In these light-emitting electrochemical cells, a p-n junction diode is created in situ through simultaneous p-type and n-type electrochemical doping on opposite sides of a thin film of conjugated polymer that contains added electrolyte to provide the necessary counterions for doping. Light-emitting devices based on conjugated polymers have been fabricated that operate by the proposed electrochemical oxidation-reduction mechanism. Blue, green, and orange emission have been obtained with turn-on voltages close to the band gap of the emissive material.     

刮板输送式大棚有机肥排肥装置的设计与试验

目的 解决现有有机肥排肥装置排肥稳定性差的问题,提高大棚内有机肥施撒机械化水平,设计一种刮板输送式大棚有机肥排肥装置。方法 以苏南地区草莓种植大棚为例,依据大棚基本尺寸参数和草莓种植农艺要求,确定排肥装置设计的主要要求。结合散体力学理论对设计的排肥装置关键结构和参数进行分析和确定,确定影响排肥量稳定性的主要因素为排肥轴转速和排肥器开度。搭建室内有机肥排肥试验平台,进行转速与排肥量单因素试验和两因素五水平的响应面试验。结果 转速与排肥量相关性试验结果表明,在试验设定的转速和开度范围内,不同开度条件下,转速和排肥量均呈良好的线性关系,整体的决定系数大于0.9857,排肥量可通过实时调节开度和转速实现调节。响应面试验结果表明,排肥范围内排肥量稳定性较好,排肥轴转速对于排肥稳定性变异系数的影响大于排肥器开度。当排肥器开度为30.42 mm、排肥轴转速为51.5 r/min时,排肥稳定性变异系数结果最优,为1.84%。验证试验结果表明,变异系数相对误差不大于5%,变异系数相对误差均值仅为2.95%,符合要求。对比验证试验表明,常用的螺旋式有机肥排肥器的排肥稳定性变异系数均值为6.12%,本文设计的刮板输送式有机肥排肥器有效提高了有机肥的排肥稳定性。结论 设计的刮板输送式排肥装置具有较好的排肥性能,能够满足设施大棚内有机肥施肥作业要求。     

有机肥立式撒肥装置抛撒机理分析与试验

针对目前有机肥撒肥机存在撒肥幅宽小、破碎效果差等问题,建立有机肥团粒在立式撒肥装置及空气中的运动学模型,分析撒肥距离和撒肥幅宽,确定影响抛撒性能主要因素.以破碎率和撒肥幅宽为试验指标,通过离散元仿真分析确定最佳螺旋片螺距,以抛撒轴转速、装置离地高度、撒肥盘倾角为试验因素作正交试验.运用极差分析法和方差分析法分析试验结果,得出因素组合优水平后试验验证.结果表明,当抛撒轴转速为400r·min1,装置离地高度为1 000mm,撒肥盘倾角为20.时,破碎率为91.8％,撒肥幅宽为9.2m,满足有机肥撒肥机田间作业要求,可为有机肥撒肥机理论研究提供参考.     

有机无机复混肥在小白菜上肥效试验

利用田间小区对比试验研究有机无机复混肥在小白菜上的肥效。试验共设4个处理:不施肥;施用有机无机复混肥;施有机质等单质养分有机肥和化学肥料;施等价的复混肥(纯化肥)。每个处理3次重复。试验研究表明:施用有机无机复混肥小白菜后期生长发育明显好于施普通复混肥,同时投入产出比高、经济效益好。     

Improving organic phosphate utilization in transgenic white clover by overexpression of Aspergillus niger PhyA gene

Using the cotyledon of white clover as explants, the transgenic white clover lines ectopic expression of the PhyA gene were established based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method. It was found that the tested transgenic lines were all Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positive. The transgenic lines 1 to 4 were used for further Southern blot and Northern blot analysis. The lines 1 and 3 with higher level of PhyA expression were used to assay the phytase activities in root and its intercellular space. When the phytate was the sole phosphorus source, the phytase activities in root in lines 1 and 3 were 31.43% and 44.76% higher than those in control (CK), respectively. Meanwhile, the phytase activities in the root intercellular space in lines 1 and 3 were 3.3-fold and 5.12-fold higher than those in CK, respectively. The phosphorus concentration of plants, the accumulative P amount per plant, plant fresh weight, and plant dry weight were all much higher in lines 1 and 3 than in CK. Thus, it is clearly shown that ectopic expression of Aspergillus niger PhyA gene could significantly increase the ability for white clover to utilize organic phosphate under inorganic phosphate (P_i)-deficient condition. Translated from Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2007, 33(2): 250–255 [译自: 作物学报]     

Micrometer- and nanometer-sized polymeric light-emitting diodes

A method for the fabrication of micrometer-and submicrometer-sized polymeric light-emitting diodes is presented. Such diodes have a variety of applications. Light sources of dimensions around 100 nanometers are required for subwavelength, near-field optical microscopy. Another possible application is patterning on the micrometer and nanometer scale. The diodes have been made in the form of a sandwich structure, with the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) polymerized in the pores of commercially available microfiltration membranes defining the hole-injecting contacts, poly[3-(4-octylphenyl)-2,2;-bithiophene] as the light-emitting layer, and a thin film of calcium-aluminum as the electron injector.     

Efficient near-infrared polymer nanocrystal light-emitting diodes

Conjugated polymers and indium arsenide-based nanocrystals were used to create near-infrared plastic light-emitting diodes. Emission was tunable from 1 to 1.3 micrometers--a range that effectively covers the short-wavelength telecommunications band--by means of the quantum confinement effects in the nanocrystals. The external efficiency value (photons out divided by electrons in) is approximately 0.5% (that is, >1% internal) and is mainly limited by device architecture. The near-infrared emission did not overlap the charge-induced absorption bands of the polymer.     

Highly efficient light-emitting diodes with microcavities

One-dimensional microcavities are optical resonators with coplanar reflectors separated by a distance on the order of the optical wavelength. Such structures quantize the energy of photons propagating along the optical axis of the cavity and thereby strongly modify the spontaneous emission properties of a photon-emitting medium inside a microcavity. This report concerns semiconductor light-emitting diodes with the photon-emitting active region of the light-emitting diodes placed inside a microcavity. These devices are shown to have strongly modified emission properties including experimental emission efficiencies that are higher by more than a factor of 5 and theoretical emission efficiencies that are higher by more than a factor of 10 than the emission efficiencies in conventional light-emitting diodes.     

Cypridina bioluminescence: light-emitting oxyluciferin-luciferase complex

Fluorescence of Cypridina oxyluciferin is greatly enhanced when it is bound to luciferase; the spectrum is thereby shifted, so that it corresponds precisely to the emission spectrum characteristic of the bioluminescentoxidation of luciferin. Thus the oxyluciferin-luciferase complex is the lightemitter. The binding is equimolar, with dissociation constant K(D) equal to 3x 10(-7) mole per liter. The molecular weight of the luciferase, according to three different methods, is between 52,000 and 57,000; molecular activities of luciferase for the bioluminescence reaction and for the hydrolysis of oxy-luciferin are 1600 and 2 per minute, respectively.     

多层社交网络上的谣言传播研究

在线社交网络的普及和发展为信息传播带来了便利，同时也造成了网络谣言的不断滋生和快速传播。针对多层社交网络平台带来的谣言跨平台传播现象，谣言传播的动力学模型被用来模拟多层社交网络中的谣言传播过程。研究发现，谣言在多层社交网络中的传播速度、传播规模都超过单层社交网络，且谣言在多层网络比在单层网络中更容易传播开来；谣言在重构网络中的传播速度和传播规模大于原始的多层网络，并且谣言在重构网络中更容易传播开来。     

立体化肉鸡养殖管理探讨

立体化肉鸡养殖是近年来在国内逐步发展起来的一种白羽肉鸡饲养模式。本文主要从温度管理、湿度管理、光照管理、通风管理等方面介绍肉鸡笼养模式的管理要点,以期为肉鸡养殖提供参考。     

High-luminosity blue and blue-green gallium nitride light-emitting diodes

Compact and efficient sources of blue light for full color display applications and lighting eluded and tantalized researchers for many years. Semiconductor light sources are attractive owing to their reliability and amenability to mass manufacture. However, large band gaps are required to achieve blue color. A class of compound semiconductors formed by metal nitrides, GaN and its allied compounds AIGaN and InGaN, exhibits properties well suited for not only blue and blue-green emitters, but also for ultraviolet emitters and detectors. What thwarted engineers and scientists from fabricating useful devices from these materials in the past was the poor quality of material and lack of p-type doping. Both of these obstacles have recently been overcome to the point where highluminosity blue and blue-green light-emitting diodes are now available in the marketplace.     

管道多层覆盖层系统的评价

由于单一管道覆盖层的局限性和管道工程建设的需要，覆盖层技术正在向多层结构系统发展。目前多层结构管道覆盖层系统已形成两类，一种是以环氧树脂为主的双层粉末覆盖层，另一种是以聚烯烃树脂为主的复合覆盖层。对新发展的多层结构覆盖层进行了分类和综合评价，指出多层结构系统是今后管道覆盖层的发展趋势。     

Deep ultraviolet light-emitting hexagonal boron nitride synthesized at atmospheric pressure

Materials emitting light in the deep ultraviolet region around 200 nanometers are essential in a wide-range of applications, such as information storage technology, environmental protection, and medical treatment. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), which was recently found to be a promising deep ultraviolet light emitter, has traditionally been synthesized under high pressure and at high temperature. We successfully synthesized high-purity hBN crystals at atmospheric pressure by using a nickel-molybdenum solvent. The obtained hBN crystals emitted intense 215-nanometer luminescence at room temperature. This study demonstrates an easier way to grow high-quality hBN crystals, through their liquid-phase deposition on a substrate at atmospheric pressure.