Recognition of host immune activation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

It is generally reasoned that lethal infections caused by opportunistic pathogens develop permissively by invading a host that is both physiologically stressed and immunologically compromised. However, an alternative hypothesis might be that opportunistic pathogens actively sense alterations in host immune function and respond by enhancing their virulence phenotype. We demonstrate that interferon-gamma binds to an outer membrane protein in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, OprF, resulting in the expression of a quorum-sensing dependent virulence determinant, the PA-I lectin. These observations provide details of the mechanisms by which prokaryotic organisms are directly signaled by immune activation in their eukaryotic host.     

The design of molecular hosts, guests, and their complexes

The origins, definitions, tools, and guiding principles of host-guest chemistry are developed. Perching, nesting, and capsular complexes are exemplified through molecular model and crystal structure comparisons. The degree of preorganization of a host for binding is a central determinant of its binding power. Complementarity of binding site placement in host and guest is a central determinant of structural recognition in complexation. Examples are given of chiral recognition in complexation, of partial transacylase mimics, of caviplexes, and of a synthetic molecular cell.     

小麦抗白粉菌初侵染过敏性反应的细胞学研究

利用细胞学方法对小麦抗白粉菌初侵染过敏性反应的研究表明，高抗寄主的反应是在病菌入侵栓活动前，由初生芽管或附着胞侵染诱导的主动防卫反应；而在中抗寄主的反应与高感寄主细胞的死亡，则是由坏死的病菌吸器诱导的；且吸器周围的寄主细胞器越少细胞坏死也越早．不论是感病还是抗病寄主细胞死亡时，细胞壁上的过氧化物酶活性均显著增强，说明它可能不是决定抗性的重要因子．     

Plasminogen is a critical host pathogenicity factor for group A streptococcal infection

Group A streptococci, a common human pathogen, secrete streptokinase, which activates the host's blood clot-dissolving protein, plasminogen. Streptokinase is highly specific for human plasminogen, exhibiting little or no activity against other mammalian species, including mouse. Here, a transgene expressing human plasminogen markedly increased mortality in mice infected with streptococci, and this susceptibility was dependent on bacterial streptokinase expression. Thus, streptokinase is a key pathogenicity factor and the primary determinant of host species specificity for group A streptococcal infection. In addition, local fibrin clot formation may be implicated in host defense against microbial pathogens.     

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: role of a surface protein in the attachment organelle

Attachment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to host cell by means of a specialized terminus initiates infection. Monoclonal antibodies to a surface protein (Pl) inhibit this process, and react with a region of the tip covered with peplomer-like particles. Since antibodies against the Pl protein are generated by natural and experimental infection and by immunization, the substance may be an important determinant of protective immunity.     

不同低反应型抗锈单基因系与小麦叶锈菌互作的组织病理学比较研究

用荧光显微技术和微分干涉技术比较研究了３种不同低反应型抗锈单基因系与小麦叶锈菌互作的组织病理学表现。近免疫单基因系Ｌｒ９呈现为早期过敏性坏死反应无菌丝同步坏死型;高抗单基因系Ｌｒ２９呈现为早期过敏性坏死反应有菌丝同步坏死型;中抗单基因系Ｌｒ２７呈现为非亲和性反应的延迟表达型。以上结果证明不同类型的低反应型组合寄主细胞坏死的起始时间和发生速度以及菌丝体扩展、吸器母细胞和吸器形成的受抑时间和受抑程度有明显差异。     

赤眼蜂滞育研究及应用进展

赤眼蜂滞育技术的研究对赤眼蜂工厂化生产及应用具有重要的意义。本文综述了人工诱导赤眼蜂滞育的环境因子和内在因素对滞育的影响,低温是引起赤眼蜂滞育的最主要因素,光周期是诱导赤眼蜂滞育的另一重要因素。与此同时,母代效应、寄主、诱导时期等也都影响着赤眼蜂滞育,因此针对不同的蜂种必须综合考虑各方面因素才能设计出高效、稳定的滞育诱导措施。     

Immunity, inflammation, and allergy in the gut

The gut immune system has the challenge of responding to pathogens while remaining relatively unresponsive to food antigens and the commensal microflora. In the developed world, this ability appears to be breaking down, with chronic inflammatory diseases of the gut commonplace in the apparent absence of overt infections. In both mouse and man, mutations in genes that control innate immune recognition, adaptive immunity, and epithelial permeability are all associated with gut inflammation. This suggests that perturbing homeostasis between gut antigens and host immunity represents a critical determinant in the development of gut inflammation and allergy.     

Immunologic inhibition of ultraviolet radiation-induced tumor suppressor cell activity

Long-term exposure of C3H mice to ultraviolet radiation resulted in the formation of suppressor T cells that recognize ultraviolet radiation-induced regressor skin cancers as a class before the appearance of overt tumors. Administration of monoclonal antibodies to the product of the I-Jk subregion of the major histocompatibility complex or low doses of cyclophosphamide in vivo inhibited the development or activity of these cells. This activity of the monoclonal antibody was eliminated by adsorption on B10.BR (I-Jk) but not B10.D2 (I-Jd) splenocytes. These findings provide evidence that elements expressing the I-J determinant are important in regulating the host response prior to the overt development of ultraviolet radiation-induced skin cancers and suggest novel therapeutic approaches to malignancies or other diseases involving suppressor T cells in their pathogenesis.     

Poliovirus host range is determined by a short amino acid sequence in neutralization antigenic site I

The mouse-adapted strain of poliovirus type 2 (Lansing) induces fatal poliomyelitis in mice after intracerebral inoculation, whereas mice inoculated with poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney) show no signs of disease. Previous work indicated that the adaptation to mouse virulence is associated with the viral capsid proteins and that mutations in neutralization antigenic site I of poliovirus reduce neurovirulence of the Lansing strain in mice. The role of antigenic site I in mouse neurovirulence was further explored by constructing an antigenic hybrid virus. Six amino acids in antigenic site I of the Mahoney strain were replaced with a sequence specific for the Lansing strain by using a mutagenesis cartridge. The hybrid virus was neutralized by polyclonal antisera elicited by the type 1 and type 2 strains of poliovirus and by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against antigenic site I of type 2 virus. The hybrid virus induced paralytic disease in mice, an observation demonstrating that a short sequence of amino acids in antigenic site I is an important determinant of poliovirus host range. Antigenic site I may be involved in attachment of poliovirus to cells of the mouse central nervous system.     

Host niche,genotype, and field location shape the diversity and composition of the soybean microbiome

Plant-associated microbes represent a key determinant of plant fitness through acquiring nutrients, promoting growth, and resisting to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, an extensive characterization of the bacterial and fungal microbiomes present in different plant compartments of soybean in field conditions has remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the effects of four niches (roots, stems, leaves, and pods), four genotypes (Andou 203, Hedou 12, Sanning 16, and Zhonghuang 13), and three field locations (Jining, Suzhou, and Xuzhou) on the diversity and composition of bacterial and fungal communities in soybean using 16S and internal transcribed spacer rRNA amplicon sequencing, respectively. The soybean microbiome significantly differed across organs. Host genotypes explained more variation in stem bacterial community composition and leaf fungal community composition. Field location significantly affected the composition of bacterial communities in all compartments and the effects were stronger in the root and stem than in the leaf and pod, whereas field location explained more variation in stem and leaf fungal community composition than in the root and pod. The relative abundances of potential soybean fungal pathogens also differed among host organs and genotypes, reflecting the niches of these microbes in the host and probably their compatibility to the host genotypes. Systematic profiling of the microbiome composition and diversity will aid the development of plant protection technologies to benefit soybean health.     

小麦抗白粉病菌侵染乳突反应的超微结构与细胞化学(英文)

利用透射电镜对小麦白粉病菌与不同抗性寄主相互作用中乳突反应的超微结构进行了系统研究．结果表明,在超微结构上乳突反应是所有侵染位点的共有特征;线粒体、多聚核糖体、高尔基体及各种小囊泡参与了小麦乳突的形成;进入乳突沉积区的大量小囊泡首先形成一个个结构致密的小颗粒,然后堆积起来形成乳突的内部主体和核心,其外围是细胞器解体后沉积的一层染色淡而均匀的无定形物质．乳突沉积开始的早晚及其沉积速度和持续时间决定乳突最终的形态结构、大小及其抗性强弱．乳突抗性的决定因素是乳突沉积的早晚与速度,而不是最终沉积量．乳突抗性强的材料如ＫｈａｐｌｉｘＣｃ８总是在入侵栓进入前已形成较完整的半圆形乳突;而高感寄主如高加索的绝大部分乳突物质是在病菌入侵栓进入后沉积的,所形成的多是沿吸器颈部沉积的筒状无抗性乳突．病菌侵染时寄主细胞壁上过氧化物酶活性显著增强,但与乳突抗性无关     

决定系数遗传力及其在育种上的应用

提出了与相关变异、间接选择和综合选择有关的一个新的遗传参数，即决定系数遗传力，可定义为选择性状与目标性状的遗传协方差除以选择性状的表型标准差和目标性状的遗传标准差之积。本文证明了利用决定系数遗传力可以把间接选择与直接选择统一到一个公式中来，且把综合选择指数与通径分析统一起来，并讨论了它的应用。     

The male determinant of self-incompatibility in Brassica

In the S locus-controlled self-incompatibility system of Brassica, recognition of self-related pollen at the surface of stigma epidermal cells leads to inhibition of pollen tube development. The female (stigmatic) determinant of this recognition reaction is a polymorphic transmembrane receptor protein kinase encoded at the S locus. Another highly polymorphic, anther-expressed gene, SCR, also encoded at the S locus, fulfills the requirements for the hypothesized pollen determinant. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies prove that the SCR gene product is necessary and sufficient for determining pollen self-incompatibility specificity, possibly by acting as a ligand for the stigmatic receptor.     

行列式元素的两个要素

本文指出行列式的元素有数值和下标(行标和列标)两个要素。行列式的许多定理实际上描述了行列式的值与两要素的关系。并指出:在一些定理的证明中,突出行列式元素的两个要素,可使证明思路清晰,简单明了,容易理解。     

对线性代数中辅助行列式的分析研究

本文研究了线性代数理论证明中辅助行列式的性质和作用,总结出了构造辅助行列式的四种方法以及构造辅助行列式的一般原则。     

Cell biology. Bacterial spelunkers

Bacteria that are engulfed by phagocytic cells of the immune system are usually destroyed once inside the host cell but not always. Why is it that sometimes engulfed bacteria survive and thrive quite happily inside the host cell? As Mulvey and Hultgren explain in their Perspective, the answer may lie in small indentations in the host cell plasma membrane called caveolae that direct certain signal transduction pathways inside the host cell (Shin et al.). If bacteria adhere to regions of the host cell surface that is rich in caveolae, they are better able to survive once inside the cell.     

Brood parasitic cowbird nestlings use host young to procure resources

Young brood parasites that tolerate the company of host offspring challenge the existing evolutionary view of family life. In theory, all parasitic nestlings should be ruthlessly self-interested and should kill host offspring soon after hatching. Yet many species allow host young to live, even though they are rivals for host resources. Here we show that the tolerance of host nestlings by the parasitic brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater is adaptive. Host young procure the cowbird a higher provisioning rate, so it grows more rapidly. The cowbird's unexpected altruism toward host offspring simply promotes its selfish interests in exploiting host parents.     

Creating a protein-based element of inheritance

Proteins capable of self-perpetuating changes in conformation and function (known as prions) can serve as genetic elements. To test whether novel prions could be created by recombinant methods, a yeast prion determinant was fused to the rat glucocorticoid receptor. The fusion protein existed in different heritable functional states, switched between states at a low spontaneous rate, and could be induced to switch by experimental manipulations. The complete change in phenotype achieved by transferring a prion determinant from one protein to another confirms the protein-only nature of prion inheritance and establishes a mechanism for engineering heritable changes in phenotype that should be broadly applicable.