有机栽培和常规栽培水稻体系土壤酶及微生物量的比较研究

本研究探讨了有机栽培与常规栽培体系下水稻土微生物量及脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的动态变化过程,以及有机栽培体系不同肥料调控措施对上述指标的影响.结果表明:与常规栽培水稻体系相比,有机栽培水稻有利于土壤微生物的生长和繁衍;水稻生长不同时期有机栽培方式的土壤微生物生物量碳、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均高于常规栽培体系.就水稻全生育期而言,土壤微生物生物量碳高于常规栽培7.3%～9.1%;脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别高于常规栽培7.3%～14.5%、5.2%～6.5%和12.5%～29.2%;有机水稻栽培体系下配施生态肥,在有机肥施用量减半时,土壤微生物生物量碳含量及土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性较单施有机肥平均分别提高1.6%、6.8%、1.3%和14.8%,在水稻生长前期和中期该增加作用尤为显著.     

有机、特别与常规栽培对八种蔬菜土壤养分和酶活性的影响

通过田间试验比较了有机、特别与常规栽培对8种蔬菜土壤基本养分和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,与常规栽培相比,有机栽培和特别栽培能够提高土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,改良酸性土壤,并显著提高了土壤酶活性。有机栽培蔬菜土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均显著高于常规栽培。特别栽培的各项土壤指标基本介于有机和常规之间。研究表明有机栽培能够提高土壤养分和土壤酶活性。     

不同栽培方式对菜地土壤养分和生物学特性的影响

通过田间小区试验,以芹菜、西兰花、生菜和胡萝卜为供试作物,分析比较了有机栽培、安全环境质量栽培、特别栽培和常规栽培对土壤养分和生物学特性的影响.结果表明,有机栽培、安全环境质量栽培和特别栽培下土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量比常规栽培均不同程度地增加.有机栽培、安全环境质量栽培和特别栽培均显著提高了土壤微生物量碳含量,比常规栽培分别提高48.6％、42.9％和26.6％,并达到显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)差异.土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性在有机栽培、安全环境质量栽培和特别栽培下比常规栽培显著提高17.4％ ～38.8％,且过氧化氢酶活性达到显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)差异.有机栽培、安全环境质量栽培下土壤转化酶活性比常规栽培有所提高,但是没有达到显著差异.不同栽培方式对土壤养分和生物学特性影响作用的大小为有机栽培＞安全环境质量栽培＞特别栽培＞常规栽培.     

添加木醋液对沙地土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的影响

[目的]探讨沙地添加木醋液后土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的变化,为沙地土壤生物学质量的改良提供理论依据。[方法]采用盆栽植草培养法,以添加自来水为对照,对沙地添加不同稀释倍数(200,150,100,50,20)木醋液后的土壤可溶性有机碳、氮和酚,土壤微生物生物量碳氮以及土壤酶活性进行研究。[结果]向沙土添加木醋液可以显著降低土壤pH值,显著提高土壤易氧化碳、土壤水溶性碳氮、土壤可溶性酚以及无机氮的含量。在添加木醋液稀释高于50倍范围内,随木醋液稀释倍数降低,土壤微生物生物量碳氮增加以及β-糖苷酶、碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性提高。添加稀释20倍的木醋液,导致土壤微生物生物量碳氮以及β-糖苷酶、碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性有所降低。在高于20的稀释倍数范围内,随着施用木醋液稀释倍数的降低,α-糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、酸性磷酸酶和酚氧化酶的活性有显著增加的趋势。[结论]添加不同稀释倍数的木醋液会影响沙地土壤微生物生物量和酶活性。     

植被恢复模式对川西北沙化草地土壤微生物量及酶活性研究

为研究不同植被恢复模式对高寒沙化草地治理过程中土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响,以川西北高寒沙化草地为研究区,以未恢复沙化草地为对照(CK),通过野外试验与室内分析相结合的方法对围栏禁牧布设沙障恢复模式(WLCD)、围栏禁牧布设沙障撒播草种(RGCD)和围栏禁牧布设沙障混播燕麦草种(YMCD)3种植被恢复模式下沙化草地的土壤微生物量以及土壤酶活性的变化规律和相互关系的研究。结果表明:(1)3种植被恢复模式下土壤微生物量碳氮、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶与硝酸还原酶活性均显著高于CK(P0.05),其中YMCD变化最显著。与CK相比,YMCD土壤微生物量碳氮、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶与硝酸还原酶活性均增加了217.52%,725.26%,130.88%,387.78%,300.33%,192.32%;(2)随着土层的加深,微生物量碳氮、脲酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶与硝酸还原酶活性显著减小(P0.05),尤其是0—20cm土层;(3)微生物量碳氮与多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶间呈极显著正相关(P0.01);(4)多酚氧化酶与蔗糖酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶呈极显著正相关(P0.01),蔗糖酶与脲酶、硝酸还原酶呈极显著正相关(P0.01),脲酶与硝酸还原酶呈极显著正相关(P0.01);(5)研究表明土壤多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶与硝酸还原酶可敏感地反映植被过程中土壤质量的变化,植被恢复措施可改善表层与深层土壤的生物学性质。     

不同蔬菜生产模式对日光温室土壤质量的影响

有机农业作为常规农业的一种替代模式,其对土壤及作物的影响研究逐渐受到学术界的关注。该文通过对日光温室有机、无公害和常规生产模式的比较试验,分析有机生产模式对土壤养分、土壤微生物碳氮以及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,经过6年的试验,有机生产模式可显著提高土壤全碳、全氮含量以及土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,并提高土壤主要酶的活性,各项指标均表现为有机模式优于无公害模式优于常规模式。有机生产模式能够显著提高土壤质量,有利于土壤的可持续利用。3种生产模式下夏茬番茄产量有机模式高于无公害模式高于常规模式,且随着种植年限的增加有机模式秋茬作物产量呈增加趋势。     

水稻强化栽培对稻田土壤生物学特性的影响

采用田间试验,对强化栽培(SRI)和常规水作(TF)条件下稻田土壤微生物数量、微生物量、土壤酶活性及相关养分含量进行了研究。结果表明:与常规水作相比,强化栽培增加了土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌数量,分别提高了53.1%～173.8%、61.7%～229.4%、10.0%～55.9%,统计差异显著(p<0.05)。强化栽培土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮比常规水作提高了12.2%～43.6%,22.7%～175.4%,统计差异显著(p<0.05)。与常规水作比较,强化栽培提高了分蘖期土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性,分别为12.6%、30.0%、15.1%、13.8%;强化栽培也显著增加了土壤碱解氮含量,但有效磷含量差异不显著。     

黑土酶活性的剖面分布及其对养分的评价

在黑龙江省内选取9个典型黑土剖面,研究其土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、转化酶、硝酸还原酶活性的剖面分布规律。结果表明：在0-40 cm土层中,黑土5种酶活性都随土壤层次的加深而下降,而在40cm以下的土层中,过氧化氢酶、硝酸还原酶、转化酶活性不再降低,趋于稳定或略有升高,磷酸酶和脲酶活性却急剧降低,甚至没有酶活性;相关分析表明,土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶活性和土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷、全钾、全碳含量及C/N显著相关,土壤转化酶活性和土壤全氮、速效氮、全钾、速效钾、全碳含量显著相关,主成分分析结果显示在第一主成分中,土壤磷酸酶、脲酶活性占有较大比例,可以用来作为土壤氮素、全量磷分和全量碳分的指示指标。     

三江平原湿地不同土地利用方式对土壤养分及酶活性的影响

以中国科学院三江平原湿地生态试验站为对象,研究了不同利用方式（湿地草甸、旱田系统、退耕成草、退耕成林）对土壤酶活性分布特征及相关因子的影响。结果表明:土壤利用方式不同,土壤酶活性（转化酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶）、有机碳含量和土壤养分含量有较大差异。土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、速效磷、碱解氮、微生物量碳和氮均呈现出一致的变化规律,依次表现为湿地草甸 > 退耕草地 > 退耕林地 > 旱田系统,也即由湿地草甸退化过程中,土壤养分含量逐渐降低,其中不同土地利用方式下土壤全磷含量差异不显著（p>0.05）,在湿地的退化过程中,土壤全磷并没有发生显著的变化。与湿地草甸相比,土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均显著降低,其活性分别降低了32.69%,36.71%,50.00%,44.28%,由旱田系统恢复为湿地草甸系统后,土壤各种酶活性均显著增加,其中土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性分别比旱田系统增加了26.68%,31.51%,48.19%,43.84%;表明由湿地草甸开垦为耕地和由耕地恢复为湿地草甸和林地,发生着两种不同的生物学过程,前者为微生物降解过程,而后者则为微生物累积过程。相关性分析表明SOC,TN和SMBC对土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的贡献为正,对土壤酶活性起到主导作用。主成分分析表明影响土壤酶活性最主要的因子为SOC,TN和SMBC。     

紫云英翻压对水田土壤可溶性有机氮及生化性质的影响

以亚热带红泥砂田为研究对象,在15℃和25℃条件下,利用淹水培养法模拟水田土壤紫云英翻压还田,研究其对土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)、酶活性及微生物量碳、氮的影响。结果表明:15℃和25℃条件下翻压紫云英后土壤SON含量总体呈先上升后下降并趋于平稳的变化规律,分别于培养15 d和10 d达到峰值,比未翻压紫云英处理提高138.11%和84.20%。两种温度条件下翻压紫云英均显著提高土壤SON含量、脲酶、蛋白酶和谷氨酰胺酶活性以及微生物量碳和氮。土壤SON含量与脲酶、蛋白酶、谷氨酰胺酶、微生物量碳和氮呈显著或极显著正相关。翻压紫云英后水田土壤SON的迁移及其环境风险应引起充分关注。     

Effects of conventional tillage on biochemical properties of soils

Modification of soil environment by different farming practices can significantly affect crop growth. Tillage causes soil disturbance, altering the vertical distribution of soil organic matter and plant nutrient supplies in the soil surface, and it may affect the enzyme activity and microbial biomass which are responsible for transformation and cycling of organic matter and plant nutrients. In this study, the influence of three conventional tillage systems (shallow plowing, deep plowing and scarification) at different depths on the distribution and activity of enzymes, microbial biomass and nucleic acids in a cropped soil was investigated. Analysis of variance for depth and tillage showed the influence of the different tillage practices on the activity of some enzymes and on the nucleic acids. Glucosidase, galactosidase, nitrate reductase and dehydrogenase activity were significantly affected by the three tillage modalities. Activity in the upper layer (0–20 cm) was higher in the plots tilled by shallow plowing and scarification than in those tilled by deep plowing. Positive relationships were observed between the soil enzymes themselves, with the exception of urease and pyrophosphatase activity. Moreover, significant correlations were found between DNA and β-galactosidase, and between RNA and β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase. α-Glucosidase, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase were highly correlated with biomass C determined by the fumigation-extraction method. Received: 27 June 1996     

Biochemical indicators of carbon dynamic in an Acrisol cultivated under different management practices in the central Mexican highlands

Prediction of soil changes that occurs as a result of agronomic management practices is very useful, particularly when restoration of degraded soils wants to be implemented. The aim of this work was to study the short-term effect (4 years) of different agricultural practices on biochemical and microbial indicators related to soil organic matter (SOM) and to validate the sensibility of a set of biological indicators expressing C dynamic in a representative Mexican volcanic soil. Four soil management systems (2002–2005): traditional (Tt), improved (Ti), organic (To), and fallow (Tf) were assayed in experimental plots (Acrisol) located at the Mexican Trans-volcanic Belt. An uncultivated soil under grass cover (Sg) was used as reference. The Acrisol came from weathered volcanic materials and had severe problems of erosion. Soil samples (0–10 cm depth) were analyzed for soil organic C (SOC), total N (Nt), water-soluble C (WSC), and humic C (Hm-C); and for microbial biomass (MB), soil respiration (SRv), net N mineralization (Nm), dehydrogenase activity (DHa), arginine ammonification (ARa), and extra-cellular enzyme activities (urease, protease, β-glucosidase, and acid phosphatase). Higher values of SOC, Nt, WSC, Hm-C, MB, SRv, Nm, DHa and ARa were found under To and Ti as compared to Tt and Tf managements. A similar response pattern was observed in the case of extra-cellular enzyme activities. These results suggested an interaction between the available energy-rich compounds and the biochemical energy preserved in humus–enzyme complexes. Higher levels of the biological parameters measured in To and Ti treatments were associated to a higher SOC content. These two treatments contributed to the regeneration of these degraded Acrisols, while no soil quality improvements were registered under Tt and Tf managements in the short-term. The selected biological indicators were useful to evaluate the soil quality changes of degraded Mexican cultivated Acrisols.     

Organic Amendments Influence on Soil Biological Indices and Yield in Rice-Based Cropping System in Coastal Sundarbans of India

The present investigation was carried out in coastal Sundarbans of India to study the effects of farm yard manure, green leaf manure, and vermicompost on biological attributes of soils and yield in rice–tomato, rice–sunflower, and rice–chili cropping system over conventional farmer’s practices (control) by a strip-plot technique for the two consecutive years. The partial substitution of inorganic fertilizers through organics significantly increased the yield of various cropping systems. The use of organic materials significantly improved microbial biomass carbon, fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activities, dehydrogenase, and β-glucosidase activity over control, which varied in the tune of 51.6%, 67.4%, 50%, and 62.7%, respectively, due to variation in electrical conductivity (EC) of these soils. The improved soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities act as key driving factor for organic matter decomposition and nutrient transformation in organically amended soils which lead to better yield under such cropping sequences.     

黄土高原中国松人工林演替过程中的土壤微生物和酶活性

Successional and seasonal effects on soil microbial and enzymatic properties were studied in Chinese pine (Pinus tabu- laeformis) plantations in an age sequence of 3-, 7-, 13-, 21- and 28-year-old in northern Ziwuling region in the middle of Loess Plateau, China. The results indicated that plantation age and season affected soil microbial and enzymatic parameters significantly. Soil organic C, total N, microbial biomass C, microbial quotient, basal respiration, dehydrogenase, N-α-benzoyl-L-argininamide (BAA)-protease, urease and β-glucosidase increased quickly and tended to be highest at PF21 (21-year plantation), thereafter they remained nearly at a constant level, whereas the metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ) showed an initial increase and then decreased gradually. Measures of these soil properties showed significant seasonal fluctuations except for organic C and total N, which were found to be relatively stable throughout the study period, and the seasonal distributions were autumn spring summer winter for microbial biomass C, microbial quotient, dehydrogenase, and β-glucosidase; autumn summer spring winter for BAA-protease and urease; and summer autumn spring winter for basal respiration and qCO 2 . Significant season × age interaction was observed for biomass C, basal respiration, dehydrogenase and BAA-protease.     

Effect of different application rates of organic fertilizer on soil enzyme activity and microbial population

Abstract

After cultivating 24 crops of vegetables for three consecutive years in a greenhouse, the effects of different application rates of compost (Rate 1, 270 kg N ha^?1 y^?1; Rate 2, 540 kg N ha^?1 y^?1; Rate 3, 810 kg N ha^?1 y^?1; Rate 4, 1,080 kg N ha^?1 y^?1) were compared with the effects of chemical fertilizer (CF) and no application of fertilizer treatments (CK) for some selected soil chemical properties, microbial populations and soil enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, cellulase, β-glucosidase, protease, urease, arysulphatase, and acid and alkaline phosphatases). The results show that the pH, electrical conductivity, concentrations of total nitrogen (N) and the organic matter received from compost treatment were generally higher than those received through CF treatment. The soil microbial biomass, populations of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, as well as soil enzyme activities increased significantly in the compost-treated soils compared with the CF-treated soil. In most instances, no significant increase was observed in the enzymatic activities studied for compost applications higher than a Rate 2 treatment. However, all enzymatic activities examined showed significant linear correlations with the organic matter contents of the soils. The vegetable yield reached its highest level at the Rate 2 treatment and declined or leveled off in the higher treatments, implying that a high application rate of compost cannot further increase the crop yield after the soil fertility has been established. High organic matter content in the soil was found to alleviate the adverse effect of soluble salts on vegetable growth. In conclusion, an application rate of compost at Rate 2, 540 kg N ha^?1 y^?1, is adequate on the basis of vegetable yields and soil chemical, biochemical and enzymatic properties in greenhouse cultivation under subtropical climatic conditions.     

Effects of past and current crop management on soil microbial biomass and activity

Because soil biota is influenced by a number of factors, including land use and management techniques, changing management practices could have significant effects on the soil microbial properties and processes. An experiment was conducted to investigate differences in soil microbiological properties caused by long- and short-term management practices. Intact monolith lysimeters (0.2 m² surface area) were taken from two sites of the same soil type that had been under long-term organic or conventional crop management and were then subjected to the same 2.5-year crop rotation [winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), maize (Zea mais L.), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), and rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera)] and two fertilizer regimes (following common organic and conventional practices). Soil samples were taken after crop harvest and analyzed for microbial biomass C and N, microbial activity (fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, arginine deaminase activity, and dehydrogenase activity), and total C and N. The incorporation of the green manure stimulated growth and activity of the microbial communities in soils of both management histories. Soil microbial properties did not show any differences between organically and conventionally fertilized soils, indicating that crop rotation and plant type had a larger influence on the microbial biomass and enzyme activities than fertilization. Initial differences in microbial biomass declined, while the effects of farm management history were still evident in enzyme activities and total C and N. Links between enzyme activities and microbial biomass C varied depending on treatment, indicating differences in microbial community composition.     

不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳、微生物量及酶活性的影响

【目的】依托8年长期(2005~2012)固定道定位试验,研究不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性在0—90 cm土层的分布特征,为优化中国西北干旱区的耕作方式提供理论依据。【方法】试验包括固定道垄作(PRB)、固定道平作(PFT)与传统耕作(CT)三种耕作模式下的土壤有机碳土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤微生物量氮(MBN)、土壤微生物量磷(MBP)、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶及小麦产量进行了测定和分析。【结果】在0—90 cm土层,不同耕作方式下的TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性均随着土层的增加呈下降趋势,过氧化氢酶活性呈先下降后增大的分布特征;在0—60 cm,固定道保护性耕作能够显著增加心土层作物生长带土壤有机碳储量,有机碳储量大小为PRBPFTCT;PRB、PFT较CT可以显著增加0—10 cm作物生长带TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP含量、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性,其大小为PRBPFTCT;耕作方式对过氧化氢酶活性影响不显著;TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性之间均达到了显著或极显著相关。【结论】PRB较PFT、CT能够提高耕作层(0—10 cm)土壤有机碳含量、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性, 增加作物产量, 增大0—60 cm土层有机碳储量,耕作方式(PRB、PFT及CT)对10 cm以下土层土壤环境改善作用不明显。     

Long-term application of compost influences microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a tropical Aeric Endoaquept planted to rice under flooded condition

In a field study, long-term application of compost to a tropical Aeric Endoaquept under continuous rice growing in a rice-rice-fallow sequence resulted in the stimulation of microbial biomass and select soil enzyme activities. Mean seasonal soil microbial biomass-C (C_mic) increased by 42%, 39% and 89% in inorganic fertilizer, compost and compost+inorganic fertilizer treatments, respectively, over the unamended control. C_mic content was also influenced by the rice crop growth stage and was highest at maximum tillering stage irrespective of treatments and declined thereafter. Soil organic C (C_org) content showed highly significant positive correlation with dehydrogenase, urease, cellulase, β-glucosidase and fluorescein di-acetate (FDA) hydrolysis activity, and a positive but not significant correlation with invertase and amidase activity. C/N ratio which was lowest in unamended control plots showed a significant positive relationship with only the enzymes involved in C cycle. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that for prediction of both total organic C and total N, FDA hydrolysis activity contributed significantly for the variance and explained up to 85-96% variability. Results demonstrated that microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity is sensitive in discriminating between long-term organic residue amendment practices.