1999—2011年东、黄海鲐资源丰度年间变化分析

根据1999—2011年我国鲐大型灯光围网渔业数据,使用广义线性模型(generalized linear model,GLM)和广义加性模型(generalized additive model,GAM)估算了影响CPUE的时间(年、月)、空间(经度、纬度)、捕捞性能和环境效应[海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、海表面高度、海表面叶绿素浓度],并以年效应作为资源丰度指数,分析了东、黄海鲐资源丰度的年间变化,东、黄海鲐资源丰度指数的年间变化与产卵场海表面温度以及捕捞强度间的关系。GAM结果表明,时间、空间、捕捞和环境变量对CPUE偏差的解释率为11.69%,其中变量年的解释率最大,占总解释率的38%。结果显示,1999—2011年东、黄海鲐鱼资源丰度指数(abundance index,AI)总体上呈下降趋势,2008年以来更是持续下降,丰度指数由2008年的1.22降至2011年的0.82。东、黄海鲐资源丰度指数年间与产卵场呈正相关,关系式为AI=-3.51+0.23SST(P0.05),这表明较高的产卵场SST对鲐资源量增加有利。过高的渔获量以及我国群众围网渔业渔船数量的快速增长是导致近年来鲐鱼资源下降的重要原因。     

海表温度变化时近海日本鲭栖息地时空分布预测

海表水温变化影响着中上层鱼类栖息地分布。本研究根据2003—2012年7—12月的近海日本鲭生产统计数据,结合海表温度(SST)数据,利用正态函数分布的方法,分别以作业次数和单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)为指标建立基于水温的适应性指数(SI),取二者平均值作为栖息地适应性指数(HSI)。在气候变化背景下,假设SST上升或下降0.5、1、2°C时,对各月近海日本鲭最适宜栖息地(HSI0.8)空间和面积变化情况进行预测。结果显示,SST上升时,近海日本鲭适宜栖息地有明显的北移现象,7—12月最适栖息地面积增减比重为–73.1%～44.7%;SST下降时,有明显的南移现象,7—12月最适宜栖息地面积增减比重为–54.9%～123.4%。该研究结果可用于在SST上升等气候变化背景下,以及近海海况发生变化等情况下,对日本鲭栖息地和作业渔场时空分布进行预测。     

澳洲鲭太平洋群系的资源评估与管理策略

澳洲鲭是西北太平洋重要的经济种类,了解和掌握澳洲鲭太平洋群系资源开发状况对确保其可持续利用具有重要的意义。根据日本中央水产研究所提供的1995—2015年澳洲鲭太平洋群系的生产统计和资源调查资料,利用基于年龄结构的实际种群模型和单位补充量产量模型等进行资源量评估,分析澳洲鲭太平洋群系资源利用情况及其管理策略。结果显示,历年澳洲鲭太平洋群系资源量虽有波动但仍保持在较高水平,2015年资源量最高约为65万t;年平均捕捞死亡系数呈波动下降趋势,2015年捕捞死亡系数只有0.15,近五年平均捕捞死亡系数Fcur=0.33,单位补充量亲体量是未开发时的32.7%,不存在生长型捕捞过度,也不存在补充型捕捞过度,处于可持续开发状态。研究还探讨了水温变化引起自然死亡波动以及不同开捕年龄对澳洲鲭太平洋群系资源状况的影响。研究表明,该渔业目前开发和利用程度合理,建议使用F0.1做为管理参考点进行渔业资源的管理。     

基于GLM和GAM的日本鲭太平洋群体补充量与产卵场影响因子关系分析

依据日本渔业机构提供的1980—2016年日本鲭太平洋群体资源丰度(补充量和亲体量)数据,对补充量的自然对数进行正态性检验,通过正态性检验的时间为1980—1999年,再结合产卵场海洋环境数据,利用广义线性模型(GLM)和广义加性模型(GAM)对1980—1999年日本鲭太平洋群体产卵场的海表面高度(sea surface height,SSH)、海表面盐度(sea surface salinity,SSS)、海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、亲体量[ln(spawning stock biomass),ln(SSB)]与补充量之间的关系进行研究。GLM模型结果显示,考虑因子的综合效应,影响程度依次为ln(SSB)×年、ln(SSB)、SSS×年、SSS对补充量的影响最显著;考虑单因子对补充量的影响,影响程度依次为产卵场SST、SSH、年份、ln(SSB)和SSS。GAM模型研究表明,基于赤池信息准则,包含年份、产卵场SST和SSH的GAM模型为最优模型,模型中各因子的影响程度由大到小依次为年份、产卵场SST、产卵场SSH;考虑单因子对补充量的影响,...     

采用声学方法研究2016年秋季布兰斯菲尔德海峡南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动特征及其影响因素

近年来,南极磷虾渔业过于集中于布兰斯菲尔德海峡,这也使得该海区磷虾资源状况及其生态学特征日益受到关注。南极磷虾群具有较为明显的昼夜垂直移动特征,开展此方面的研究可为探索其渔场形成机制提供基础数据,并为磷虾渔业反馈式管理提供参考。基于磷虾渔船上Simrad EK80记录的相关声学数据,使用Echoview软件判别声学数据中的磷虾群体,对2016年秋季布兰斯菲尔德海峡南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动特征进行分析,并进一步分析影响磷虾群昼夜垂直移动的因素。结果显示,3月和4月磷虾群深度基本维持在250 m以浅,虾群最大深度出现在日升时分的频次最高（22.9%）,而最浅深度出现在夜间时分的频次最高（36.0%）,同时在日升时分,虾群厚度达到最大值;白天磷虾群多集中在较深水层,夜间会上浮到较浅水层。随着月份的推移,磷虾群平均深度总体呈现加深的趋势。光强和海底深度是影响磷虾群深度变化的2个主要因素。     

GLM和GAM模型研究东黄海鲐资源渔场与环境因子的关系

鲐是我国近海重要中上层鱼类,研究其资源变动、渔场分布与时空、海洋环境因子之间的关系有利于该资源的合理开发和利用.根据1998-2004年我国东黄海大型鲐围网渔业的生产统计和时间、空间、表温、表层盐度、表温梯度、表温的月差异等环境数据,利用广义可加模型(GAM)和广义线性模型(GLM)对鲐资源丰度和环境因子的关系进行研究.结果表明,在南部海域,作业渔场集中在122.5°E～124°E、26.5°N～28°N,适宜表温26.5～30℃,适宜表层盐度33.3～34.3,并明显集中在锋区周边海域;在北部海域,作业渔场集中在122.5°E～125.5°E、33°N～37.5°N,适宜表温15～20℃,适宜表层盐度31.3～32.3,集中在冷水区边缘海域.相对资源密度指数大于0.5的海域为122°30'E～124°30'E、26°30'N～28°N,122°30'E～125°30'E、33°N～34°30'N和124°E～125°E、34°30'N～37°N.研究认为,南北不同海域鲐分布的适宜表温和表层盐度差异明显.影响鲐资源丰度的环境因子重要性依次为时间、空间和海洋环境.     

鱼源嗜水气单胞菌质粒的指纹图谱及其与耐药性的关系

为了解国内各地嗜水气单胞菌的耐药性、质粒指纹图谱及质粒大小与其耐药性之间的关系,分离、收集了40株不同时期来源于国内各地的鱼源嗜水气单胞菌,通过KB纸片法检测对29种抗生素的耐药性,碱裂解法小量提取质粒后,采用限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ及HindⅢ对质粒DNA进行酶切并对质粒菌株采用溴化乙锭消除处理,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳获得质粒指纹图谱,研究质粒与耐药性的关系。试验结果显示,嗜水气单胞菌耐药情况严重,且多重耐药普遍;40株嗜水气单胞菌的质粒检出率为37.5%;质粒指纹图谱与耐药相关性分析表明,嗜水气单胞菌的耐药性与所携带质粒的数量和大小无直接关系,来源相同、耐药类型相似的菌株质粒图谱及酶切质粒图谱相似;质粒消除试验发现质粒消除率为100%,但都只能消除部分质粒;其中12株菌部分耐药表型消失,提示质粒和染色体分别编码耐药基因,2.01 kb的质粒与该菌对萘啶酸、万古霉素的耐药性有关。     

草鱼3个6-磷酸葡萄糖酶催化亚基的基因表达分析及高糖饲料对其表达的影响

为了探讨6-磷酸葡萄糖酶催化亚基(glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit,G6PC)在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)糖代谢中的作用,采用同源序列比对的方式,在草鱼基因组中获取了3个g6pc基因的序列,通过序列比对和进化树分析,将其分别命名为g6pca、g6pcb1和g6pcb2,其编码的氨基酸序列与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)、虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)和人(Homo sapiens)具有较高的同源性,相似度分别为85%～94%、64%～83%和54%～66%。同线性分析表明g6pc在草鱼染色体上的分布与斑马鱼等高度相似,表明草鱼g6pc基因在进化中具有较高的保守性。利用RT-PCR检测3个基因在鳃、脂肪、脑、心脏、肝、肾、前肠、中肠、后肠和肌肉10个组织中的表达,结果显示, g6pca在脑和肝中表达量较高,脂肪组织次之; g6pcb1在肝中表达量最高,中肠次之; g6pcb2在心脏表达量最高,其次为脂肪组织。同时探讨了高糖饲料对草鱼不同g6pc亚型转录水平的影响,以及不同浓度葡萄糖和胰岛素刺激草鱼肝细胞(L8824)后对g6pca转录水平的影响。结果显示,饲喂高糖饲料(7周)后,与对照组相比,草鱼肝脏g6pca mRNA水平显著升高, g6pcb1和g6pcb2 mRNA水平无显著变化。离体情况,与5 mmol/L葡萄糖组相比,15 mmol/L葡萄糖显著增加了L8824的g6pca mRNA水平,且1 mol/L胰岛素可以抑制这种作用; 30 mmol/L葡萄糖对L8824 g6pca mRNA水平无显著性影响。本研究表明,草鱼g6pc发生加倍后存在功能分化,高糖可以诱导g6pca mRNA的表达,而对g6pcb1和g6pcb2的转录水平无影响,其具体功能还需进一步研究。     

Determination of dosage of Azotobacter and organic fertilizer for optimum nutrient release, net primary productivity and fish growth in fresh water fish ponds

Four experiments were conducted in order to determine the optimum dosageof Azotobacter chroococcum vis-a-vis organic fertilizer(cow-dung) required for optimum pond productivity. Hydrobiological parameters ofpond water, Azotobacter survival (viable counts), netprimary productivity (NPP) and fish growth were monitored. Studies have revealedthat irrespective of the treatments, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels weresignificantly (P < 0.05) lowered on inoculating the ponds withAzotobacter. Alkalinity, O-PO₄,NO₃-N, turbidity, NPP, plankton population and fish growth weresignificantly (P < 0.05) enhanced in ponds inoculated withAzotobacter @ 100.0 ml pond^–1w^–2 in combination with cow-dung @ 10000 kgha^–1 y^–1. At higher or lower dosages offertilizers, the values in most of these parameters remained low. On the otherhand, total kjeldahl nitrogen and NH₄-N increased continuously. Ingeneral, viable bacterial counts decreased with increase in pH, however, therate of nitrogen fixation was not affected. Multivariate analysis of the data revealed a significantpositive correlation of nutrients (Total kjeldahl Nitrogen, NO₃-N andO-PO₄), with NPP and plankton populations. NH₄-N, however,showed a significant negative correlation with DO, NPP and plankton populations.Highest fish biomass and SGR also coincided with the highest NPP and planktonpopulations, revealing that a dose of 100.0 ml pond^–1w^–2 (for 25 m³ ponds) ofAzotobacter along with 10000 kg ha^–1y^–1 of cow-dung appears to be optimum for obtainingoptimum pond productivity and fish yield. Nutrients in the sediment(NO₃-N and O-PO₄) also followed similar trend. On theother hand, organic carbon increased continuously with each increase in thedosage of fertilizers. A decline in fish biomass and pond productivity at higherfertilizer dosages has been attributed to low DO, high NH₄-N and BOD.     

Comparison of effects of vegetable oils blended with southern hemisphere fish oil and decontaminated northern hemisphere fish oil on growth performance, composition and gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Replacement of fish oil with sustainable alternatives, such as vegetable oil, in aquaculture diets has to be achieved without compromising the nutritional quality, in terms of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content, of the product. This may be possible if the level of replacement is not too high and oil blends are chosen carefully but, if high levels of fish oil are substituted, a fish oil finishing diet prior to harvest would be required to restore n-3HUFA. However, a decontaminated fish oil would be required to avoid increasing undesirable contaminants. Here we test the hypotheses that blending of rapeseed and soybean oils with southern hemisphere fish oil will have a low impact upon tissue n-3HUFA levels, and that decontamination of fish oil will have no major effect on the nutritional quality of fish oil as a feed ingredient for Atlantic salmon. Salmon (initial weight ~ 0.8 kg) were fed for 10 weeks with diets in which 60% of fish oil was replaced with blends of soybean, rapeseed and southern hemisphere fish oil (SVO) or 100% decontaminated northern fish oil (DFO) in comparison with a standard northern fish oil diet (FO). Decontamination of the oil was a two-step procedure that included treatment with activated carbon followed by thin film deodorisation. Growth performance and feed efficiency were unaffected by either the SVO or DFO diets despite these having lower gross nutrient and fatty acid digestibilities than the FO diet. There were also no effects on the gross composition of the fish. Liver and, to a lesser extent flesh, lipid levels were lower in fish fed the SVO blends, due to lower proportions of neutral lipids, specifically triacylglycerol. Tissue lipid levels were not affected in fish fed the DFO diet. Reflecting the diet, flesh eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and total n-3 fatty acids were higher, and 18:1n-9 lower, in fish fed DFO than FO, whereas there were no differences in liver fatty acid compositions. Flesh EPA levels were only slightly reduced from about 6% to 5% although docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced more severely from around 13% to about 7% in fish fed the SVO diets. In contrast, the liver fatty acid compositions showed higher levels of n-3 HUFA, with DHA only reduced from 21% to about 18% and EPA increased from under 8% to 9–10% in fish fed the SVO diets. The evidence suggested that increased liver EPA (and arachidonic acid) was not simply retention, but also conversion of dietary 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6. Increased HUFA synthesis was supported by increased hepatic expression of fatty acyl desaturases in fish fed the SVO diets. Flesh n-3HUFA levels and desaturase expression was significantly higher in fish fed soybean oil than in fish fed rapeseed oil. In conclusion, partial replacement of fish oil with blends of vegetable oils and southern hemisphere fish oil had minimal impact on HUFA levels in liver, but a greater effect on flesh HUFA levels. Despite lower apparent digestibility, decontamination of fish oil did not significantly impact its nutritional quality for salmon.     

溶藻弧菌鞭毛蛋白flaC基因DNA疫苗对红笛鲷的免疫保护研究

为研究溶藻弧菌鞭毛蛋白flaC基因DNA疫苗对红笛鲷的免疫保护作用,实验构建了重组真核表达质粒pcDNA-flaC并将该质粒肌肉注射红笛鲷,采用PCR、RT-PCR、ELISA和攻毒试验等方法检测了该真核表达质粒在红笛鲷组织内的分布、表达和对红笛鲷的免疫保护.PCR结果显示,免疫接种7和28 d,注射点周围肌肉、鳃、肾脏、肝脏和脾脏都存在质粒分布;RT-PCR结果显示,免疫接种后第7天、14天和28天,红笛鲷不同组织内均有目的基因表达.ELISA结果表明,鱼血清内产生了抗FlaC蛋白的抗体,表明DNA疫苗免疫后鱼体表达了目的蛋白,并诱导产生了相应抗体.攻毒实验表明,免疫后的红笛鲷能较好地抵抗致病性溶藻弧菌的感染.结果表明,质粒pcDNA-flaC可能是抵抗溶藻弧菌感染的有效的疫苗候选物.     

Relationship between metabolic rate in vitro and body mass in a marine teleost,porgy Pagrus major

The rate of oxygen consumption of minced whole body was determined volumetrically, as an indication of metabolic rate in vitro (M _{in vitro} ), at 20°C in porgy Pagrus major ranging from 0.0002 g (just after hatch) to 2.9 g (67 days old) in body mass. A triphasic relationship was found between M _{in vitro} of individual fish (l.min^–1) and wet body mass W (g). During the prolarval stage accompanied with the transitional period to the postlarval stage (0.00020–0.00023 g, 0–6 days old), the mass-specific metabolic rate in vitro (M _{in vitro} /W in l.g^–1.min^–1) increased with age (D in days) as expressed by an equation M _{in vitro} /W = 3.88 + 0.74/D. During the postlarval stage (0.00031–0.003 g, 8–22 days old), M _{in vitro} /W remained almost constant, independent of body mass following an equation M _{in vitro} /W = 5.24 W^–0.085. During the juvenile and adolescent stages (0.0047–2.9 g, 30–67 days old), M _{in vitro} /W decreased with increasing body mass following an equation M _{in vitro} /W = 1.66 W^–0.235. These results correspond with the triphasic relationship between metabolism in vivo and body mass observed in intact porgy of 0.0002–270 g (Oikawa et al. 1991). It is concluded, therefore, that the dependence of mass-specific metabolic rate on body size exists in vitro as well as in vivo, during the early stages in the porgy. Based on these results, factors controlling the metabolism-size relationship are discussed.     

不同比例复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫及抗氨氮能力的影响

对从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道中分离出的鲍鱼希瓦氏菌(Shewanella haliotis)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和双壳气单胞菌(Aeromonas bivalvium)3株有益菌株,利用正交设计得到9种复合比例,通过饲料中添加上述9种比例混合的菌体(菌数总量为109 cfu/g)饲喂凡纳滨对虾,经过28 d养殖实验,评价其对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫指标的影响。随后,利用氯化铵调节水体氨氮浓度至26.67 mg/L,经过16 d的氨氮毒性实验,研究不同比例复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾抗氨氮能力的影响。研究结果表明,9个复合益生菌实验组的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),并且以3株菌菌数6︰1︰3比例效果较好;不同配比的复合益生菌能够显著提高酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力(P0.05),并表现出了不同的影响效果,其中,3株菌菌数(菌数总量为109 cfu/g,下同)2︰3︰3、4︰2︰3及6︰1︰3比例对ACP活力具有显著促进作用(P0.05),3株菌菌数4:2︰3和6︰1︰3比例对ALP活力具有显著促进作用(P0.05);3株菌菌数2︰1︰1比例对T-SOD活力具有显著促进作用(P0.05);各比例的复合菌对溶菌酶活力的影响不显著(P0.05);氨氮浓度26.67 mg/L条件下,不同比例复合菌组对虾累计存活率显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中以3株菌菌数4︰3︰1和6︰3︰2比例组累计存活率较高,即抗氨氮效果较好。     

草鱼肝细胞外泌体的分离鉴定及其对肝细胞miR-122/33和免疫相关基因表达的影响

外泌体是具有磷脂双分子膜结构的纳米级囊泡,能够参与机体多种生理过程。实验探讨了草鱼肝细胞外泌体的分离鉴定方法,并初步研究外泌体对草鱼肝细胞中miRNAs及免疫相关基因表达的影响。实验以草鱼肝细胞L8824为材料,通过超速离心获得外泌体,利用电子显微镜观察外泌体形态,采用纳米颗粒示踪分析(nanoparticle tracking analysis,NTA)技术检测外泌体粒径和数量,同时利用Western blot分析其标志蛋白CD63的表达,最后用正常肝细胞和油酸诱导的脂肪肝细胞源外泌体孵育草鱼肝细胞,通过Real-time qPCR技术检测两种不同来源的外泌体对草鱼肝细胞中miR-122/33及免疫相关基因(TNF-α,NF-κB,IL-1β,IL-6和IL-10)转录水平的影响。结果显示,草鱼肝细胞外泌体为30～150 nm的不均匀囊泡,呈圆形或椭圆形,有完整的膜结构;外泌体标志蛋白CD63呈阳性表达;NTA技术检测显示外泌体囊泡占所有囊泡的50%以上;脂肪肝细胞源外泌体显著提高了肝细胞中miR-122及炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA转录水平。研究表明,通过超速...     

雅鲁藏布江拉萨裂腹鱼、异齿裂腹鱼及其自然杂交种的形态与COI基因条形码分析

2015年5月,在西藏雅鲁藏布江中游的桑日、朗县段水域开展鱼类调查,发现了1种疑似为拉萨裂腹鱼(Schizothorax waltoni)和异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o’connori)的自然杂交种群体。形态学研究显示,该种的吻、口部、下颌、须等头部上的形态特征居于拉萨裂腹鱼和异齿裂腹鱼之间,并明显区别于双亲,且群体中个体的头部形态稳定一致,均具有典型的中间型特征,个体间没有明显差异。基于线粒体COI基因条形码分析显示,在杂交种群体共15个样本中,有4个与拉萨裂腹鱼为同源,其余11个与异齿裂腹鱼为同源,各自间的亲缘关系很近,即杂交种群体中既有属于拉萨裂腹鱼遗传基因的个体,也有属于异齿裂腹的遗传基因的个体。综合以上研究表明,拉萨裂腹鱼和异齿裂腹鱼在雅鲁藏布江中游的桑日等自然水域中能够自由杂交而产生后代,且两者都可以互为父母本,但以异齿裂腹鱼为母本产生的杂交种在群体中占多数,推测特殊的生态环境可能促使拉萨裂腹鱼和异齿裂腹鱼在自然水域中容易杂交。     

Seasonal morphological and biochemical changes of Dahlgren cells implies a potential role of the caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS) in the reproduction cycle of teleostean fish

The purpose of this mini-review is to summarize recent research on the seasonal morphological and biochemical changes of Dahlgren cells in the caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS) of the freshwater teleosts carp Carassius auratus. The quantitative proof for these seasonal changes in the morphology and biochemistry of Dahlgren cells reflects the relationship between the CNSS and the reproduction cycle of fish and implies that the CNSS is probably involved in the reproduction process of fish.     

鳜三种生长抑素cDNA全长克隆、组织表达及其在脑中定位分析

利用cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)克隆了鳜脑中3种生长抑素前体(preprosomatostatin,PSSⅠ、PSSⅡ和PSSⅢ)cDNA全长序列。结果显示,鳜PSSⅠcDNA全长647 bp,含开放阅读框369 bp,共编码122个氨基酸,前26个氨基酸为信号肽,C端SS-14在脊椎动物中非常保守;PSSⅡcDNA全长655 bp,开放阅读框387 bp,编码128个氨基酸,前25个氨基酸为信号肽,C端带有[Tyr7,Gly10]SS-14;PSSⅢcDNA全长823 bp,开放阅读框333 bp,共编码110个氨基酸,前21个氨基酸为信号肽,C端带有[Pro2]SS-14。利用RT-PCR检测了鳜PSS mRNA的组织表达特征,3种PSS mRNA均在脑中表达,PSSⅠmRNA在其他组织中未检测到表达,PSSⅡmRNA在食道和胃中大量表达,PSSⅢmRNA在肾和性腺中大量表达。推测3种PSS除一致参与神经调控外,PSSⅡ还可参与消化作用调控,PSSⅢ参与调控生殖作用。脑组织原位杂交分析表明,PSSⅠmRNA在下丘脑和延脑中表达,PSSⅡmRNA在下丘脑中表达,PSSⅢmRNA在下丘脑、视觉盖、延脑和脊髓中表达。3种PSS均在下丘脑中表达,表明它们可能参与腺垂体激素分泌的调节;在其他脑区存在表达差异,推测它们还可作为神经递质或调节因子,发挥不同的生物学效应。     

Extracellular fluid volume measurements in tissues of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)in vivo and their effects on intracellular pH and ion calculations

Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) estimates were determined in various tissues and whole body of resting, chronically cannulated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were infused with¹⁴C-inulin,³H-polyethylene glycol (PEG, M.W. 4000),³H-mannitol, or¹⁴C-mannitol, and values of ECFV determined from tissue: plasma water distribution ratios after 6 h or 13 h equilibration. Overall,³H-PEG provided the most conservative and reliable estimates after 13 h equilibration, with ECFV values in the order: brain < white muscle < red muscle < liver < heart < gill tissue.¹⁴C-inulin yielded generally similar values to³H-PEG at 13 h, but probably overestimated ECFV in liver.³H-mannitol and¹⁴C-mannitol spaces were similar to each other and far greater than³H-PEG or¹⁴C-inulin values in most tissues.³H-mannitol values increased significantly between 6 h and 13 h, in contrast to¹⁴C-inulin. Mannitol clearly overestimated ECFV in liver and gill, and probably also heart and whole body, but may have provided more realistic estimates in brain due to better penetration of the blood-brain barrier. The Cl^–/K⁺ space technique overestimated ECFV in gills, but was satisfactory in white muscle. Measurements and model calculations evaluated sources of error in intracellular pH (by¹⁴C-DMO) and ion determinations. Trapped red cells in the gills have negligible influence. Errors in ECFV are much more influential in a tissue with a high ECFV (gills) than a low ECFV (white muscle).³H-PEG is the marker of choice for intracellular pH determinations. However, even when³H-PEG is used, the potential for absolute errors in intracellular ion concentrations remains high.     

不同储存条件的鱼油对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能和抗氧化指标的影响

为研究不同储存时间、温度、抗氧化剂添加量处理的鱼油对斜带石斑鱼生长性能和抗氧化指标的影响,实验鱼油采用如下条件进行氧化处理:储存温度:4℃、环境温度(ambienttemperature,AT):(31.5±3.5)℃;抗氧化剂添加量:30 mg/kg(EQ)、300 mg/kg(HEQ);储存时间:45、90和135 d。根据鱼油储存方式的不同共分为14个处理组,分别为T_(F+EQ)(正对照组,新鲜鱼油+EQ)、T_F(负对照组,新鲜鱼油未加EQ)、T_(4℃+45d+EQ)、T_(4℃+45d+HEQ)、T_(4℃+90d+EQ)、T_(4℃+90d+HEQ)、T_(4℃+135d+EQ)、T_(4℃+135d+HEQ)、T_(AT+45d+EQ)、T_(AT+45d+HEQ)、T_(AT+90d+EQ)、T_(AT+90d+HEQ)、T_(AT+135d+EQ)、T_(AT+135d+HEQ),配制等氮等脂饲料。选择健康幼鱼[初重(18±0.02)g]进行实验,养殖8周。结果显示,T_(4℃+45d+EQ)组增重率与T_(F+EQ)组相比无显著差异,但是显著高于T_(AT+135d+EQ)组。T_(4℃+45d+EQ)、T_(4℃+45d+HEQ)、T_(AT+45d+EQ)和T_(AT+45d+HEQ)组饲料系数较低,与T_(F+EQ)、T_F组比差异不显著,但显著低于T_(AT+135d+EQ)、T_(AT+135d+HEQ)组。T_(F+EQ)、T_(4℃+45d+HEQ)组细胞结构明显,细胞内脂肪粒大小正常,T_(AT+135d+EQ)和T_(AT+135d+HEQ)组鱼油氧化程度较高,肝细胞中脂肪淤积现象明显。T_(4℃+135d+EQ)、T_(AT+135d+EQ)和T_(AT+135d+HEQ)组的CAT活力显著高于T_(F+EQ)、T_F组,SOD和GSHPx均在T_(AT+135d+EQ)组达到最高且显著高于T_(F+EQ)、T_F组。T_(4℃+45d+EQ)、T_(4℃+45d+HEQ)、T_(AT+45d+EQ)和T_(AT+45d+HEQ)组肝脏中MDA含量与T_(F+EQ)、T_F组对比无明显差异,但是显著低于其余各组。研究表明,T_(4℃+45d+EQ)、T_(4℃+45d+HEQ)、T_(AT+45d+EQ)和T_(AT+45d+HEQ)组斜带石斑鱼鱼油生长性能和抗氧化指标相对良好,T_(4℃+45d+EQ)和T_(4℃+45d+HEQ)组更优于T_(AT+45d+EQ)和T_(AT+45d+HEQ)组,说明短期、添加抗氧化剂有利于鱼油的保存,4℃比环境温度保存效果更好。     

大弹涂鱼仔稚鱼和早期幼鱼的消化酶活性

采用酶学分析的方法,研究了大弹涂鱼前期仔鱼、后期仔鱼、稚鱼和早期幼鱼发育过程中胰腺酶、肠酶和胃蛋白酶活性的变化。结果表明,(1)4种胰腺酶(淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和羧肽酶A)和8种肠酶(麦芽糖酶、蔗糖酶、乳糖酶、海藻糖酶、纤维二糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、氨基肽酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶)的比活力均在仔鱼期较高,稚鱼期降至最低,早期幼鱼则急剧上升,而每尾鱼酶的总活力却随着幼体的发育而逐渐增加;(2)胃蛋白酶活性在后期仔鱼才开始检测到,此后一直呈显著上升趋势;(3)早期幼鱼肠部位的4种胰腺酶活性分别占其酶总活性的百分比均显著高于稚鱼期;(4) 稚鱼期仅3种肠酶(麦芽糖酶、纤维二糖酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶)高度富积在肠刷状缘膜上,而早期幼鱼除蔗糖酶外的7种肠酶在肠刷状缘膜上的富集系数均大于5.1。由此得出结论,(1)在仔鱼期,蛋白质的消化是依靠胰腺酶进行的,进入稚鱼期,胃蛋白酶开始对蛋白质的消化起重要作用;(2)在早期幼鱼,胰腺分泌机制及肠细胞已完全成熟,标志着成鱼的消化模式的形成。