四种植物蛋白对凡纳滨对虾肌肉必需氨基酸组成和氨基酸沉积率的影响

在使用30%鱼粉的基础上,分别添加27%豆粕、24%花生粕、24%棉粕、31%菜粕,以一高鱼粉组(含鱼粉46%)和商品饲料作参照,挑选初均重约(0.61±0.02)g凡纳滨对虾,在室内养殖系统中饲养8周后,比较和探讨4种植物蛋白对凡纳滨对虾肌肉必需氨基酸组成和沉积率的影响,结果显示:①9种必需氨基酸中,除了苯丙氨酸和缬氨酸含量在各试验组间无显著差异以外(P>0.05),其余均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。其中,花生粕组、豆粕组肌肉必需氨基酸总量低于鱼粉组,而高于商品饲料,但是差异均不显著(P>0.05);棉粕组和菜粕组显著低于鱼粉组(P<0.05),与商品饲料无显著差异(P>0.05)。②各试验组9种必需氨基酸沉积率存在显著差异;总氨基酸沉积率由高到低依次是鱼粉组、花生粕组、豆粕组、商品饲料、棉粕组和菜粕组;花生粕组、豆粕组同鱼粉组和商品饲料无显著差异(P>0.05),而棉粕组和菜粕组显著低于鱼粉组和商品饲料(P<0.05)。③饲料和肌肉9种必需氨基酸相关性系数分别为商品饲料组0.95、鱼粉组0.92、豆粕组0.94、花生粕组0.96、棉粕组0.97、菜粕组0.89,均为极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。     

瘦肉型猪规模化养殖生长肥育期基础饲粮配方筛选试验

试验共使用８４头杜长大试猪,研究按理想可消化氨基酸模式利用不同蛋白源配制的基础饲粮对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响。试验结果：豆粕＋鱼粉、豆粕、豆粕＋棉粕＋菜粕３种不同蛋白源构成的基础饲粮,无论生长期、肥育期还是生长肥育全期日增重差异均不显著,采食量和饲料／增重比也很接近,肥育猪的瘦肉率和背膘厚等指标无大的差异。但豆粕＋棉粕＋菜粕日粮较豆粕＋鱼粉日粮千克增重饲料成本低４．６３％。表明,按理想可消化氨基酸     

草鱼肠道对几种蛋白饲料氨基酸消化和吸收效率的离体研究

采用离体消化率方法测定草鱼肠道对鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、棉粕的蛋白质消化率分别为 66%、 56%、 37%、 50%.在酶水解过程中氨基酸的生成量逐渐增加;以生成的氨基酸量占饲料量的百分比表示氨基酸生成效率,以鱼粉最高,其次为豆粕 (为鱼粉的 92% )、棉粕 (为鱼粉的 80% )和菜粕 (为鱼粉的 62% ),在水解 7h时鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、棉粕的氨基酸生成效率分别为 54.08%、 49.91%、 33.76%、 43.52%.采用肠道离体灌注试验系统和方法测定了草鱼肠道对 4种饲料蛋白质酶水解液中氨基酸的吸收转运速度,以鱼粉最高,为 0.45mg/min,其次为豆粕 0.36mg/min、棉粕 0.30mg/min,最低为菜粕 0.26mg/min.如果以单位时间内肠道对氨基酸的吸收转运量占流过肠道内的氨基酸量的比例表示肠道对氨基酸吸收效率,结果为草鱼肠道对 4种蛋白质饲料水解液氨基酸的吸收转运效率无显著性的差异.上述结果初步表明草鱼肠道对 4种饲料蛋白质的氨基酸消化效率有较大差异,但对其蛋白质水解产物--氨基酸的吸收效率并无显著性差异,肠道对氨基酸的吸收效率可能不受饲料种类的影响.     

不同蛋白饲料在肉仔鸡消化道中释放小分子肽的特性

35只21日龄肉仔鸡,随机分为7个处理组,每组5只。各处理组分别强饲50g 70%单一饲料(豆粕、鱼粉、菜籽粕、花生仁粕、玉米蛋白粉、血粉、棉籽粕)和30%淀粉的混合物,研究各种饲料在消化道水解释放小分子肽(＜600Da)的特性。结果表明,同一蛋白质饲料在肉仔鸡消化道各部位水解释放的小分子肽占水溶性蛋白质的比例有显著差异,其中腺胃释放小分子肽比例显著低于小肠各段,小肠中则以十二指肠最高,回肠后段最低,空肠前、后段和回肠前段之间无显著差异。不同饲料蛋白在肉仔鸡消化道水解释放小分子肽的比例有显著差异,其比例高低依次为棉籽粕＞花生仁粕＞血粉＞玉米蛋白粉＞豆粕＞鱼粉＞菜籽粕。     

不同蛋白饲料在肉仔鸡消化道中释放小分子肽的特性

将35只21日龄肉仔鸡随机分为7个处理组，每组5只。各处理组分别强饲50g70％单一饲料（豆粕、鱼粉、菜籽粕、花生仁粕、玉米蛋白粉、血粉、棉籽粕）和30％淀粉的混合物。研究各种饲料在消化道水解释放小分子肽（〈600Da）的特性。结果表明，同一蛋白质饲料在肉仔鸡消化道各部位水解释放的小分子肽占水溶性蛋白质的比例有显著差异，其中腺胃释放小分子肽比例显著低于小肠各段,小肠中则以十二指肠最高，回肠后段最低，空肠前、后段和回肠前段之间无显著差异。不同饲料蛋白在肉仔鸡消化道水解释放小分子肽的比例有显著差异。其比例高低依次为棉籽粕〉花生仁粕》血粉〉玉米蛋白粉〉豆粕〉鱼粉〉菜籽粕。     

草鱼对膨化饲料与非膨化饲料蛋白质酶解速率的研究

试验采用离体研究方法,以草鱼肠道的粗酶液为酶源,测定了膨化和非膨化的7种原料:即鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、棉粕、肉骨粉、次粉、玉米,在4.5h内氨基酸生成量随反映时间的关系和氨基酸的生成速度。用氨基酸生成速度表示蛋白质酶解速度。结果表明,1)豆粕、鱼粉、肉骨粉膨化后蛋白质酶解速度下降;玉米、菜粕、次粉膨化后蛋白质酶解速度上升,特别是玉米膨化后效果尤为明显;棉粕膨化后蛋白质酶解速度差异不显著;2)对非膨化饲料,蛋白质酶解速度表现为:鱼粉>肉骨粉>豆粕>棉粕>菜粕>次粉>玉米;3)对膨化饲料,蛋白质酶解速度为:膨化鱼粉>膨化玉米>膨化菜粕>膨化肉骨粉>膨化棉粕>膨化次粉>膨化豆粕。     

植物蛋白质饲料资源开发利用新技术研究进展

蛋白质饲料资源短缺是我国畜牧业及饲料工业发展面临的主要问题。文章简述了我国主要的饼粕饲料资源豆粕、棉粕与菜粕生产的主要状况,提出了通过改进传统制油工艺进行油籽脱皮(壳)、脱毒工艺与设备的改造,提高饼粕中蛋白质(氨基酸)含量与消化利用率,并将其应用到畜禽无鱼粉、低(无)豆粕饲粮中,达到缓解我国大量进口优质蛋白饲料资源的目的。     

育雏期雏鸡体重不易达标原因及措施

近年来,由于鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕等优质蛋白质饲料价格高,许多饲料厂家和养殖户在配制雏鸡饲粮时,使用棉粕、菜粕、血粉、羽毛粉、药渣为饲料原料来代替,减少鱼粉、豆粕用量(有的甚至不用鱼粉),结果饲粮适口性差,营养物质不易消化吸收,影响雏鸡生长发育。(一)原因1.按照传统的营     

异育银鲫肠道对膨化和非膨化饲料蛋白质的酶解动力学研究

试验采用离体研究方法,以异育银鲫肠道的粗酶液为酶源,测定了7种饲料原料(鱼粉、肉骨粉、豆粕、棉粕、菜粕、玉米、次粉)膨化前后,在4.5h内氨基酸生成量随反应时间的关系和氨基酸的生成速度。用氨基酸生成速度表示蛋白质酶解速度。结果表明:①豆粕、鱼粉、肉骨粉膨化后蛋白质酶解速度下降;菜粕、玉米、次粉膨化后蛋白质酶解速度上升,特别是玉米膨化后效果尤为明显;棉粕膨化后蛋白质酶解速度差异不显著;②对非膨化饲料,蛋白质酶解速度均表现为:鱼粉>肉骨粉>豆粕>棉粕>菜粕>次粉>玉米;③对膨化饲料,蛋白质酶解速度为:膨化鱼粉>膨化玉米>膨化菜粕>膨化棉粕>膨化肉骨粉>膨化次粉>膨化豆粕。     

育雏期雏鸡体重不易达标原因及措施

1 原因 1.1 雏鸡饲粮质量差 近年来,由于鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕等优质蛋白质饲料价格高,许多饲料厂家和养殖户在配制雏鸡饲粮时,使用棉粕、菜粕、血粉、羽毛粉、药渣为饲料原料来代替,减少鱼粉、豆粕用量(有的甚至不用鱼粉),结果饲粮适口性差,营养物质不易消化吸收,影响雏鸡生长发育.     

皖西白鹅3种常用蛋白饲料原料的氨基酸标准回肠消化率测定

为研究皖西白鹅对常用蛋白饲料原料豆粕、菜籽粕及DDGS的氨基酸标准回肠消化率（SIAAD）,选取体重相近的56日龄皖西白鹅288只,随机分为24个饲喂栏,每个饲喂栏12只（公、母各半）,试验期为35 d,0~28 d为预饲期,全部饲喂相同基础日粮;29~35 d为试验期,分别饲喂待测饲粮和无氮饲粮6 d,每种饲粮6个饲喂栏（重复）,第35天早上饲喂前采集回肠食糜并测定食糜中的氨基酸含量。结果显示：豆粕、菜籽粕和DDGS的平均SIAAD分别为88.30%、81.17%、88.99%,且豆粕和DDGS平均SIAAD显著（P<0.05）高于菜籽粕。豆粕中氨基酸的SIAAD如下：赖氨酸（Lys）81.27%、蛋氨酸（Met）95.14%、苏氨酸（Thr）85.08%、缬氨酸（Val）88.25%、亮氨酸（Leu）88.20%、异亮氨酸（Ile）87.33%、苯丙氨酸（Phe）91.66%、组氨酸（His）87.77%和精氨酸（Arg）92.18%;菜籽粕氨基酸的SIAAD如下：Lys 75.19%、Met 87.87%、Thr 82.96%、Val 84.25%、Leu 83.19%、Ile 81.94%、Phe 86.08%、His 84.39%和Arg 83.10%;DDGS 中氨基酸的SIAAD如下：Lys 83.74%、Met 94.59%、Thr 90.85%、Val 91.97%、Leu 93.67%、Ile 91.38%、Phe 94.73%、His 90.59%和Arg 94.09%。该试验结果为豆粕、菜籽粕和DDGS在皖西白鹅饲粮上的高效利用和合理配制低氮饲粮提供数据参考。     

Biochemical changes in layer and broiler chickens when fed on a high-glucosinolate rapeseed meal

Diets containing 500 g high-glucosinolate rapeseed meal/kg or an equivalent amount of soybean meal as the only protein supplement were fed to layer-type chickens and two broiler strains from 1 to 56 d of age. Additional groups of the former were maintained on the diets until they were 16 and 28 d old. The rapeseed meal produced thyroid hypertrophy in all strains but reduced the growth rate of only one of the broiler strains. The livers of chickens fed on rapeseed meal were enlarged and DNA analysis indicated hyperplasia, but no macroscopic lesions were found. The activities of aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in the plasma were increased by rapeseed meal, suggesting liver damage. In all strains, feeding rapeseed meal increased plasma total protein, albumin and cholesterol and decreased urate. Hyperglycaemia accompanied by a decrease in plasma triglycerides occurred in the layer strain. Through its extra-thyroidal toxicity (-)5-vinyl-oxazolidine-2-thione (goitrin) was probably responsible for most of these changes.     

不同蛋白源日粮对肉鸡生长性能、酶活及胫骨特征的影响

文章旨在评估肉鸡在不同生长阶段饲喂不同蛋白源日粮对其生长性能、小肠酶活和胫骨特征的影响。试验将平均初始体重为（43.55±0.36）g的400只商品肉仔鸡随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只。试验分为1～14?d和15～28?d两个试验阶段,T1组肉鸡在1～28?d饲喂鱼粉型日粮,T2组肉鸡在1～14?d饲喂豆粕型日粮,15～28?d饲喂鱼粉型日粮,T3组肉鸡在1～14?d饲喂菜粕型日粮,15～28?d饲喂鱼粉型日粮,T4组肉鸡在1～14?d饲喂鱼粉型日粮,15～28?d饲喂豆粕型日粮,T5组肉鸡在1～14?d饲喂鱼粉型日粮,15～28?d饲喂菜粕型日粮。结果：T3和T4组肉鸡1～14?d平均日增重和采食量显著高于T1和T2组,而T1和T2组肉鸡1～14?d料重比最低（P＜0.05）。T1和T5组肉鸡小肠胰蛋白酶活性显著高于其他组（P＜0.05）,T3和T4组肉鸡小肠脂肪酶活性显著高于其他组（P＜0.05）,T1组肉鸡小肠糜蛋白酶活性最低（P＜0.05）。T2组胫骨灰分含量较其他组分别显著提高了9.65%、13.64%、15.74%和17.92%（P＜0.05）。结论：在本研究条件下,肉鸡在生长初期（1～14?d）饲喂菜粕型日粮可以显著改善采食量和日增重。 [关键词]蛋白源饲料|肉鸡|生长性能|酶活|胫骨特征     

Plasma enzyme activities indicative of liver cell damage in laying fowl given a diet containing 20 per cent of rapeseed meal

The effects of a diet containing a high proportion of rapeseed meal on the activity of certain plasma enzymes were studied in laying birds. The enzymes studied were alkaline phosphatase (AP), aspartate transaminase (AST), L-gamma-glutamyl-transferase (gamma-GT), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), leucine arylamidase (LAP), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). No notable differences were observed between the plasma AP, LAP or SDH activities of the birds given the rapeseed meal and the birds receiving a soyabean meal control diet throughout the experiment. However, the plasma AST and gamma-GT activities of the treated birds showed slight elevations while their plasma ICDH and MDH activities showed more marked elevations, which are indicative of liver damage, in response to the diet. Macroscopic observations of the livers of the birds at the end of the experiment were in fairly good accord with the elevation in plasma ICDH and MDH activities noted for the individual birds.     

固态发酵菜籽粕对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能及消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究用固态发酵菜籽粕替代部分豆粕对肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能及消化酶活性的影响.试验选用1日龄爱拔益加肉仔鸡180羽,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复10羽,分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(豆粕对照组)以及用未发酵菜籽粕(菜籽粕组)或固态发酵菜籽粕(发酵菜籽粕组)等氮替代基础饲粮中25％豆粕的饲粮.试验期6周.结果表明:发酵菜籽粕组较菜籽粕组可显著提高肉仔鸡全期的平均日增重(P＜0.05),而发酵菜籽粕组肉仔鸡平均日增重比豆粕对照组稍高,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).21日龄时,与豆粕对照组相比,发酵菜籽粕组显著提高了肉仔鸡的脾脏指数、胸腺指数及十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性(P＜0.05);42日龄时,菜籽粕组较豆粕对照组显著提高了肉仔鸡的脾脏指数(P＜0.05),发酵菜籽粕组显著提高了十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性(P＜0.05).由此可见,固态发酵菜籽粕等氮替代基础饲粮中25％的豆粕具有提高肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫功能和肠道消化酶活性的作用.     

不同植物蛋白的日粮对山羊胃肠道食糜氨基酸和肽的影响

选择3只徐淮白山羊,采用4×3拉丁方设计研究不同植物性蛋白源日粮(A:豆粕、B:棉籽粕、C:菜籽粕、D:玉米酒糟)对瘤胃和十二指肠内氨基酸和肽的影响。结果表明:各处理组瘤胃内的游离氨基酸、肽氨基酸浓度分别为8.55、5.38、7.37和7.74mg/L和41.76、36.89、33.65、29.59mg/L;游离氨基酸组成以Glu、Pro所占比例相对较大,Gly、Thr、Leu和Phe所占比例相对较小。肽氨基酸组成以Asp、Glu、Ser、Pro、Val含量相对较高,而Arg、Phe含量相对较低。十二指肠食糜游离氨基酸、肽氨基酸浓度分别为48.71、32.26、35.72、51.23mg/L和11.28、8.54、9.95、12.54g、100gDM;其中游离氨基酸中以Tyr、Ala、Val、Leu、Phe含量相对较高,His、Cys含量相对较低。各组中总氨基酸含量以Ala、Val、Leu、Phe含量相对较高,His、Cys含量相对较低;进入十二指肠的菌体蛋白氨基酸含量,以豆粕组最高,进入十二指肠的饲料氨基酸含量,以玉米酒糟组最高。     

Determination of apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in rapeseed meal and cake processed at different temperatures using the direct and difference method with growing pigs.

Studies were conducted with ten barrows, average initial body weight 34.5 +/- 2.1 kg, fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum, to study the accuracy of determination of the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) values of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in rapeseed meal and cake and the effects of processing, using the difference method. Five corn starch-based diets in the studies were formulated to contain 17.7% CP and based on soybean meal, prepress-extraction rapeseed meal, prepress-extraction rapeseed meal plus soybean meal, high-temperature press rapeseed cake plus soybean meal, or low-temperature press rapeseed cake plus soybean meal as the sole source of dietary protein. The design was an incomplete Latin Square involving two three-week periods and five-treatments. It was found that the AID values of CP and most AA determined with the difference or direct method were significantly lower in rapeseed meal or cakes than soybean meal. The AID values of CP and most AA in prepress-extraction rapeseed meal, high-temperature press or low-temperature cakes determined with the difference method were no difference from those in prepress-extraction rapeseed meal determined with the direct method. The AID values of CP and AA in rapeseed meal and cake determined with the difference method were accurate, when the contribution of CP and AA from rapeseed was more than 50%. The AID values of CP and AA (especially lysine) were lower in the high-temperature press rapeseed cake than in the low-temperature press cake or the prepress-extraction meal.     

发酵菜籽粕对肉鸡生长性能、营养物质消化吸收及肉品质的影响

本试验以发酵菜籽粕等氮替代不同比例豆粕,研究其对肉鸡生长性能、营养物质消化吸收及肉品质的影响。选取200只7日龄健康爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡,随机分为4组,每组设置5个重复,每个重复10只鸡(公母各占1/2)。A组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;B、C、D组为试验组,分别用发酵菜籽粕等氮替代基础饲粮中15%、35%和50%的豆粕进行饲喂。试验从7日龄开始,至42日龄结束。结果显示:1)7~42日龄阶段,C、D组平均日增重均极显著低于A组(P0.01),料重比均极显著高于A组(P0.01),同时C组的平均日采食量极显著高于A组(P0.01);B组的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比与A组差异不显著(P0.05)。2)42日龄时,B、C、D组肠道食糜pH较A组分别下降1.57%(P0.01)、1.41%(P0.01)、0.16%(P0.05);B、C、D组肠道食糜黏度较A组分别下降4.17%(P0.05)、4.17%(P0.05)、1.67%(P0.05)。42日龄时,与A组相比,B组蛋白质表观消化率、能量表观消化率、脂肪表观消化率显著或极显著上升(P0.05或P0.01),而C、D组蛋白质表观消化率、脂肪表观消化率则显著或极显著下降(P0.05或P0.01)。3)与A组比,各试验组胸肌的pH_(45 min)、pH_(24 h)出现不同程度的下降,但B组pH_(24 h)与A组差异不显著(P0.05);与A组相比,B组胸肌的亮度(L~*)值极显著提高(P0.01),红度(a~*)、黄度(b~*)值则极显著降低(P0.01);各试验组胸肌的滴水损失极显著低于A组(P0.01);B、C组胸肌的剪切力极显著低于A组(P0.01);B、C、D组胸肌的肌苷酸含量较A组分别提高2.55%(P0.01)、0.66%(P0.05)、0.21%(P0.05)。综上,发酵菜籽粕等氮替代肉鸡饲粮中15%的豆粕对生长性能无负面影响,同时还可促进肉鸡对营养物质的消化吸收并改善肉品质。     

产蛋鸡日粮内低芥酸、低硫甙菜籽粕营养价值的研究

本文分析了国产低芥酸、低硫甙菜籽粕营养及抗营养成分。选21周龄罗曼蛋鸡500只随机均分为5组 ,分别饲喂全豆粕和10 %、15 %、17 %、20 %双低菜籽粕日粮 ,试期35周。结果表明 :双低菜籽粕的蛋白质品质不及豆粕 ,硫甙及其分解产物仅为普通菜籽的1/3左右 ,植酸和单宁含量较高。在日粮中添加10 %、15 %双低菜粕对蛋鸡的生产性能、甲状腺、肝、肾及血清中TSH、T3、T4 和血浆中GPT、GOT的活性等均无异常影响(P>0.05)。添加17 %、20 %双低菜籽粕 ,蛋鸡产蛋量及料蛋比不佳(P<0.05) ,甲状腺、肝等器官有一定异常变化 ,但未见明显肿大(P>0.05)。血清T3、T4、TSH及血浆GOT、GPT无异常变化(P>0.05)。     

Evaluation of rapeseed meal with low and high glucosinolates as a protein source in calf starters

Inclusion of 20% rapeseed meal in calf starters for rearing male calves in substitution for soybean meal significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the organic matter digestibility as determined with sheep. Calf starter with 10% rapeseed meal had an intermediate, but not significantly different digestibility.Feeding calf starters with 0, 10 or 20% rapeseed meal to rearing calves did not result in a significantly different average daily gain. Growth rate during 20 weeks averaged 0.80, 0.76 and 0.77 kg per day, respectively. When glucosinolate content is considered, the use of high glucosinolate rapeseed meal provoked a lower but not significantly different daily gain in comparison with soybean meal as supplemental protein source. Substitution of soybean meal with rapeseed meal decreased total starter intake from 270.4 to 262.1 and 259.6 kg and increased hay intake from 53.7 to 55.1 and 62.7 kg. However differences were not significant (P > 0.05). Feed conversion was similar and amounted to 2.94, 3.00 and 2.98 kVEM. The utilization of 20% rapeseed meal with high glucosinolate content significantly (P < 0.05) reduced starter intake.The incorporation of rapeseed meal reduced the palatability of the calf starter. When 20% rapeseed meal was included the rate of intake was significantly lower during the 8th and 14th experimental weeks. The mean rates of intake for a calf starter containing 20% rapeseed meal with either a high or a low glucosinolate level were 76.6 and 83.7% of the rate obtained for the calf starter without rapeseed meal.