丛枝菌根真菌对羊草气体交换和δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N的组成影响

采用盆栽方法研究接种两种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices,Glomus claroidum对内蒙古典型草原优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)的气体交换和稳定性同位素组成的影响,对羊草生长第45、60和75天的测定结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌能提高植株的含磷量、叶片的气孔导度和光合速率,降低植株δ15N值,但对羊草的内在水分利用效率和δ13C的组成未产生显著影响;植株生长的不同时期对其气体交换和稳定性同位素δ13C、δ15N均产生显著影响;时间和接种的相互作用显著影响植株的光合速率、δ13C和δ15N;羊草气孔导度和光合速率的提高归因于菌根真菌改善植株磷营养和增加根系碳分配所致;而植株内在水分利用效率和δ13C无显著性差异是因为气孔导度和光合速率总是发生同方向变化造成的;菌根植物具有较低δ15N是源于菌根真菌吸收N,并富集15N,转运给植株贫化的15N所致。试验结果为认识草原植物的碳水平衡和N循环提供了新的思路和借鉴。     

~(60)Coγ辐射处理“农大179”M_2代性状变异类型分析

本试验以普通小麦品种“农大179”的种子为材料,用250Gy的60Coγ射线辐射诱变,M1收获后全部种植,从M2代随机选取655个单株,并对其农艺性状、淀粉糊化特性及面粉色泽等变异类型进行研究分析,筛选到千粒重高达71.26g和70.89g的变异单株两份,糊化温度为83.9℃和86.4℃的变异单株两份,反弹值为14cP的类似糯麦的变异单株1份及综合品质性状优良的单株9份。通过对M2群体中单株的分析检测认为辐射诱变不仅可改良小麦的农艺性状、子粒外观性状,同时对小麦的淀粉品质性状的诱变作用也很明显,因此结合RVA检测技术在诱变群体中对变异筛选可对小麦育种尤其是小麦品质育种实践提供参考。     

γ射线对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的辐射效应

大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)AS1.90号菌株以生理盐水和肉汤为辐照介质时,在常温和0—4℃条件下经~(60)Coγ射线辐照,不同辐照剂量对该菌致死效应不同。上述介质和辐照温度对该菌的致死效果虽有影响,但差异不显著。在以上试验条件下,该菌的D_(10)值在0.1—0.2kGy之间。当该菌存在于鸡肉中时,辐照安全剂量应不低于3.0kGy。     

~(60)Coγ辐照对西红花发育的影响

本文利用剂量为5~25Gy的60Coγ射线,对重12~14g的西红花球茎进行辐照处理,研究辐照对西红花开花、花器官发育和球茎再生等方面的影响。结果显示:辐照处理对西红花开花有刺激作用;5~10Gy为西红花的最适诱变剂量。     

~(60)Coγ辐射对金鱼胚胎发育的影响

本文以金鱼幼胚为材料研究了不同剂量和不同剂量率的60Coγ辐射对其胚胎发育的影响。结果表明,0.5~1.0Gy的辐射能加快胚胎发育的进程,但最终孵化率却很低,即超敏(HRS)现象,而2.0~4.0Gy为引起增强的辐射抗性(IRR)阶段。在相同剂量和剂量率下,处于4~8细胞期的胚胎存活率比多细胞期和囊胚早期高,而畸形率低。当以5.0Gy的剂量辐射时,剂量率小于1.0Gy/min的慢辐射对胚胎的危害大于较高剂量率(1.0~2.0Gy/min)的快辐射。     

旱稻(Oryza sativa)×长芒稗(Echinochloa caudata)远缘杂交后代结实率及杂种优势分析

以旱稻基因型旱 65(OryzasativaL .)为母本 ,稗草长芒稗 (Echinochloacaudata)为父本进行远缘杂交 ,获得实粒种子。连续 5年试验结果表明 :( 1 )F0 高度不孕 ,并伴有杂交种发育夭折现象。去雄 82 4朵小花 ,结实率为 1 2 1‰。 ( 2 )F1杂种优势明显 ,育性正常 ,结实率 92 2 6% ,单株产量超母本 80 3 9%。 ( 3 )F2 农艺性状分离严重 ,但育性无分离。群体 40 5株无不育株出现。选育出的优良变异单株“远F2 1” ,超亲优势为 55 64%。 ( 4)对“远F2 1”衍生F3株系 1 60株考种株穗数、株高、穗长、主茎穗一级枝梗数、穗总粒数、穗实粒数诸性状 ,平均超亲优势分别为 2 3 2 %、1 5 1 8%、47 2 6%、3 3 84%、2 4 2 6%及 2 1 62 % ,差异显著。 ( 5)F5光合速率测定 ,超母本2 9 72 %。远缘杂交对不同属间引入目的基因 ,非常有效。     

Evaluation of Magnetic Coagulant (α-Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-MO) and its Reuse in Textile Wastewater Treatment

The textile industries are characterized as one of the biggest consumers of potable water and chemical products throughout its process, being responsible for the elevated wastewater generation with intense coloration and wide polluting potential. In this context, the present study proposes the development and application of a new coagulant material for textile wastewater treatment. The proposed coagulant (α-Fe₂O₃-MO) was composed by hematite nanoparticles (α-Fe₂O₃) obtained by a simple non-pollutant methodology, associated with Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds saline extract compounds. Coagulation/flocculation (CF) efficiency was evaluated by removal of physicochemical parameters such as apparent color, turbidity, and compounds with absorption at UV_254nm (UV_254nm) through CF tests carried out on Jar test equipment and sedimentation carried out in the presence and absence of external magnetic field (600 k Am^?1). Kinetics sedimentation was from 0 to 90 min. The use of this new coagulant allowed the removal of 92.37% for apparent color, 91.43% for turbidity, and 46.09% for UV_254nm, indicating that the proposed coagulant association was efficient in the treatment of this type of wastewater under external magnetic field with only 10 min of sedimentation. In addition, the resulting sludge from CF process was tested as base material for a new coagulant synthesis, demonstrating great reuse potential. Therefore, the new proposed coagulant, composed of α-Fe₂O₃ and the compounds present in the seed extract of MO, has applicability for textile wastewater treatment demonstrating high removal rate for all evaluated parameters with cost reduction in the proposed treatment for this wastewater.     

Are Nitric Acid (HNO<Subscript>3</Subscript>) Digestions Efficient in Isolating Microplastics from Juvenile Fish?

A standard method for the detection and isolation of microplastics is required to adequately investigate plastic ingestion by juvenile fish. Dissections of juvenile fish guts require precise handling, which can affect the processing time if sample numbers are high. To investigate the efficacy of nitric acid (HNO₃) in aiding the isolation of microplastics using whole fish, we digested juvenile glassfish, Ambassis dussumieri (Cuvier, 1828), at room temperature and at 80 °C. For a complete digestion, overnight incubation in 10 mL of 55% analytical-reagent (AR) HNO₃ was sufficient for a whole fish of 1 g at room temperature. When coupled with elevated temperature, the digestion time is shortened to a few minutes and larger fish of 3 g can be digested in 30 min. Four of the five types of plastic survived the process, with nylon being the exception. This is a shortfall to the method; however, until a better method replaces it, we still value the use of HNO₃ for its simple, inexpensive, swift and complete digestions of whole fish. Four fish species from two feeding guilds were digested using this method to validate its use. The number of plastic particles ingested did not differ between benthic and pelagic species and microplastic fibres comprised the majority of the plastic types found.     

Karyotypic studies on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Campanumoea</Emphasis> (Campanulaceae)—endemic to China

Radix Campanumoeae (C. javanica Bl.) has been used in Miao herbal medicine to treat neurasthenia and consumptive disease for hundreds of years. Though Radix Campanumoeae shows great potential for utilization in medical studies, this herb crop has not been cultivated industrially in China. Many species in the Campanumoea genus are similar in phenotype; therefore, a karyotypic study would prove useful for clearly distinguishing Radix Campanumoeae from related species within the same genus, for germplasm preservation and for breeding Radix Campanumoeae. 10 accessions of four species in this genus and 5 accessions in 5 relative genera from SCSB were used for karyotype determination. The results showed a karyotype of 2n = 16 = 2m + 12sm + 1st in Campanumoea, and a karyotype of 2n = 18 = 6 m + 12sm in Cyclocodon. Based on the chromosome number and the karyotypic formula, we suggest that the Campanumoea genus can be divided into two genera, which is in agreement with results observed from pollen morphology and from homological usage in Chinese herbal medicine. The chromosome length in C. javanica subsp. javanica and C. javanica subsp. japonica Makino, ranged from 2.24 to 1.38 μm and 2.04 to 1.31 μm, respectively; and their haploid sets were almost identical (13.15 and 13.16 μm, respectively). This indicates that chromosomal rearrangements occur within chromosomes IV, V and VII without a net gain or loss of genetic material.     

γ射线对钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)的生物学效应

用Cor线照的常状体群体,率是300krud,是示了100krad以下量可以的生长,用超声波把螺单位死剂量是100krad,致,单隹死剂量是100krad,致死剂量是2krad,在100krad对的细总代中,大细长的细胞系,     

中国式综合辐照站(γ装置)规范化管理研究

本文对我国综合辐照站的规范化管理进行了探讨,分析了我国综合辐照站管理中存在的各种问题,提出了在人员管理、安全管理、质量管理、客户管理、仓储管理、进出货管理、生产管理和效益管理等方面的规范化举措。     

~(60)Coγ辐照对稻谷平衡含水率的影响

将辐照剂量这一因素加入到常用的3组平衡含水率模型中,对不同剂量γ射线辐照稻谷进行平衡含水率的研究,建立受辐照剂量、环境相对湿度和环境温度三因素影响的3组平衡含水率模型,拟和模型系数。并分析了3组平衡含水率模型的相关系数、平均相对误差和标准差。结果表明,在相同的相对环境湿度和环境温度下,辐照剂量对稻谷的平衡有明显的影响。无论在吸附还是在解吸附过程中,辐照剂量越高稻谷的平衡含水率越低。此外,在试验范围内,修正的Chung-Pfost模型和修正的Henderson分别适合预测稻谷的解吸附和吸附过程中的平衡含水率。     

Inheritance and Resistance to Insect in CryIA(c) Transgenic Cabbage

以结球甘蓝（Brassica oleracea var. capitata ）下胚轴为外植体，通过根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciecin）介导法将苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）杀虫蛋白基因CryIA(c)导入结球甘蓝栽培品种中，共获得56株卡那霉素抗性植株。分别以CryIA(c)和NPTⅡ基因引物进行PCR扩增，结果43株均扩增出了预期的目的带。以CryIA(c)基因为探针，进行Southern blot分析，证明外源基因已经整合到甘蓝基因组中，且多数转基因植株只含有单拷贝的外源基因。离体叶片抗虫实验表明，转基因植株幼虫校正死亡率为40%，平均单虫重达到极显著水平，叶片损害程度差异明显，转基因植株抗性较对照显著提高。通过卡那霉素涂抹叶片和PCR扩增两种方法鉴定，表明外源基因在转基因甘蓝自交后代呈孟德尔单基因遗传。     

~(60)Coγ射线对印度谷螟的辐射遗传效应

用~(60)Coγ射线1、3、5、7、10 krad辐照4～5日龄的印度谷螟雄蛹,当辐照剂量为1～7krad时,被辐照蛹都能羽化,但10krad辐照的,羽化率仅40％。用1、3 krad辐照,成虫畸形率低,且对雄成虫交配能力影响较小,但用7、10 krad辐照,成虫畸形率分别为60％、100％,只有30％～50％的成虫能进行交配。1、3、5 Krad辐照雄蛹,F_1代卵孵化率分别比对照降低25.5％、21.1％、39.4％,F_2代卵的孵化率分别比对照降低56.6％、80.8％、74.0％。这可能是遗传不育现象。1、5、7 krad辐照的,诱导出了成虫翅透明的突变品系(透明型)。该突变品系对研究印度谷螟的部分遗传学及遗传防治有重要意义。     

~(60)COΓ射线辐照菘蓝种子的生物学效应

本文研究了60CO射线处理菘蓝种子的剂量效应。结果表明,菘蓝种子的出苗率、幼苗生长、开花和可育株率、单株结籽量等,皆随辐照剂量的增加而减少,适宜的菘蓝诱变剂量应为900~1200GY。     

Application of Novel Fulvic Acid-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles for CO<Subscript>2</Subscript><Superscript>−</Superscript>-Mediated Photoreduction of Cr(VI)

We here isolate fulvic acids from vermicompost to prepare and characterize novel fulvic acid-coated magnetite nanoparticles. UV-A irradiation of suspensions of the nanoparticles under different experimental conditions led to photo-reduction of Cr(VI). In anoxic conditions in the presence of formic acid, after 60 min of irradiation ca. 100% of Cr(VI) was reduced. Under these conditions, the carbon dioxide radical anions, CO₂ ^.- , mediated the photo-reduction of Cr(VI). However, the high reduction potential of Cr(VI) and the variety of reactive species generated upon UV-A irradiation make this nanomaterial also suitable for Cr(VI) photo-reduction also under aerobic conditions in the presence of formic acid or under anoxic conditions without the addition of formic acid. The possible photodegradation routes involved are discussed in detail.     

Soil CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> sources above a subterranean cave—Pisani rov (Postojna Cave,Slovenia)

Purpose

The objective of this research is to detect abiotic sources of soil CO₂ above a subterranean cave in the Slovenian karst region.

Materials and methods

The research was performed in the forest above Pisani rov (Postojna Cave) near the town of Postojna (SW Slovenia) and also in the cave. Soil gas, atmospheric air and cave air carbon stable isotope composition (δ¹³C_CO2) and CO₂ concentration were measured. Sampling and measurements were performed bi-monthly at the test and control sites above the cave. The abiotic source of soil CO₂ was estimated using a stable isotope mass balance calculation.

Results and discussion

Similar seasonal patterns of soil CO₂ and δ¹³C_CO2 values were observed at both the test and control sites until spring, with higher levels of CO₂ observed in summer and lower in winter. The δ¹³C_CO2 showed the opposite trend, i.e. lower values (?26 to ?20 ‰) in summer and higher values (up to ?17 ‰) in winter and early spring. In spring, the soil CO₂ concentration decreases and the δ¹³C_CO2 value increases only at the control site. A time series of a modelled “isotopically light” endmember revealed large shifts in the data values, due to the presence of an abiotic CO₂ source. Results suggest that the subterranean CO₂ pool and its ventilation is the main source of soil CO₂, accounting for up to 80 % of the soil gas during cold periods.

Conclusions

Ventilation from subterranean cavities is an important source of soil CO₂ in karstic areas and should be taken into account during carbon cycling studies.

     

Cytological status of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium hookeri</Emphasis> Thwaites (2n = 22)

Determining the base number, ploidy level and type of ploidy are important aspects in the cytogenetic study of a species. To assess the nature of Allium hookeri Thwaites (2n=22), chromosomes of its two populations from North-eastern Himalayas were worked out for morphological details, putative grouping and pairing properties during reduction division. Karyotype was found to split into 7 pairs and 8 single chromosomes; 7 pairs revealed minor differences in overall chromosome morphology. Critical analysis of chromosome behaviour during reduction division at diakinesis and metaphase I revealed the presence of trivalents in 60.5 and 58.5% pollen mother cells respectively. High frequency of cells with trivalents pointed towards considerable homology in three genomes. Though remaining cells had multivalents higher than trivalents, similarity in three genomes was there. High frequency of cells with trivalents and the fact that 22 chromosomes can be arranged in seven twos and eight ones indicated that these represent numerical variants of segmental allotriploids. Besides, occurrence of 29.8 and 17.6% chromosomes as multivalents higher than trivalents at diakinesis and metaphase I supported that multiple interchanges accompanied the polyploidy in the evolution of present cytotypes. Pairing anomalies noticed during meiosis result in very low pollen stainability (0.05%) leading to sterility. Propagation by bulbs ensures the survival and maintenance of such a complex heterozygosity in the species.     

Photodegradation of 17α-Ethynylstradiol (EE2) on Nanostructured Material of Type WO<Subscript>3</Subscript>-SBA-15

The growing contamination from the use of endocrine deregulator (EDs) has made the scientific community come worrying, because of this, studies to eliminate these pollutants in the water resources have intensified. Among the processes used, ‘Advanced Oxidative Processes’ (AOP’s) stands out, by means of heterogeneous photocatalysis for the removal of these organic pollutants present in the environment. The paper’s main point is on the synthesis of photocatalysts WO₃-SBA-15 in the molar ratios Si/W (10, 25, 50, and 75) and the photocatalytic activity in the degradation process of 17α-ethynylstradiol (EE2), present in several water contaminants. The catalysts prepared were characterized by XRD, XRF, Raman, FTIR, UV-vis, adsorption, and desorption of nitrogen, and to determine the photocatalytic activity, frequency of turnover (TOF) was used. Through the characterizations, it can be observed that insertion of nanoparticles in WO₃ did not cause changes in the mesoporous structure of the SBA-15 and there is presence of monoclinic, triclinic, and orthorhombic phases of WO₃. The photocatalytic activity showed to be dependent on the calcination temperature and the molar ratio of the catalysts WO₃-SBA-15, being the sample WO₃-SBA-15(50) at 600 °C which presented the greatest degradation potential in the degradation of 17α-ethynylstradiol, with 98%, using ultraviolet radiation, for 4 h. Moreover, reuse of the catalyst did not show significant losses after 4 cycles, with 82% in EE2 degradation.     

Adaptive values of wild × cultivated sorghum (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorghum bicolor</Emphasis> (L.) Moench) hybrids in generations F<Subscript>1</Subscript>, F<Subscript>2</Subscript>, and F<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Gene flow between cultivated and their wild relatives is one of the main ecological concerns associated with the introduction genetically modified (GM) cultivars. GM sorghum cultivar has been developed and its commercial production may be possible in the near future. The rate of gene flow depends on the fitness of wild × cultivated sorghum hybrids. The study aimed at estimating adaptive values of wild × cultivated sorghum hybrids in generations F₁, F₂, and F₃ compared to their parents. Artificial crosses of four wild sorghums, five cultivated sorghums, and two male sterile lines were made to produce the F₁ generation, which were advanced to F₂ and F₃. Each hybrid generation and their respective parents were evaluated for their adaptive value at two sites in a randomised complete block design with seven replicates. The resulting progenies did not show serious fitness penalties. Some hybrids were as fit as their respective wild parents and no consistent differences exist between the three generations studied. Thus, the resultant wild × cultivated hybrids may act as avenue for introgression.