不同氮肥施用水平对春玉米光合特性及产量构成的影响

试验设不施氮(N1)、70%推荐施氮量(70%Opt,N2)、推荐施氮(Opt,N3)、130%推荐施氮量(130%Opt,N4)、高量施氮(N5)5个处理,通过两年田间试验,探讨不同氮肥施用水平对春玉米光合特性、产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,合理增施氮肥可显著提高玉米子粒产量。与不施氮相比较,施氮后玉米株高平均增幅8.5%,茎粗平均增幅8.5%,生物量增幅为16.8%～29.1%。N3处理下,叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值在处理间均最高。施氮显著提高花后叶片净光合速率,施氮量和叶片净光合速率之间并不呈正比关系,当施氮量增加至330 kg/hm2后,叶片净光合速率降低。相关分析表明,玉米产量、叶面积指数、SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率间均呈正相关。     

密度和肥料对马铃薯‘渝马铃薯3号’主要性状及产量的影响

利用L9(34)正交设计,研究密度和氮磷钾肥料因素对‘渝马铃薯3号’主要性状及产量的影响,得出高产栽培最佳模型,为品种推广提供依据。结果表明,‘渝马铃薯3号’正交试验各处理在主茎数、单株块茎数、商品薯数比和商品薯重比4个性状间无明显差异,在株高和单株块茎重间差异明显;密度间、施氮量间株高差异显著或极显著,施磷量和施钾量间株高无显著差异;密度越大,株高越低,氮肥用量越高,株高越高。单株块茎重除密度间差异显著外,氮磷钾因素间均达极显著水平;密度4 000株/667m~2和氮肥用量10 kg/667m~2时的单株块茎重最高;单株块茎重随磷肥用量增加而增加;钾肥用量11 kg/667m~2时单株块茎重最高。‘渝马铃薯3号’高产栽培最佳组合为T5处理,即密度4 000株/667m~2、施氮量10 kg/667m~2、施磷量6 kg/667m~2、施钾量为11 kg/667m~2时,‘渝马铃薯3号’鲜薯产量可达2 508 kg/667m~2。     

大豆综合农艺栽培措施与产量关系模型及效应分析

通过对内蒙古自治区大豆主栽品种的密度、施磷量、施钾量、种肥氮量、追肥氮量5项农艺栽培技术措施的综合试验研究,系统地分析了5项农艺措施对产量影响的单因素和交互效应,阐明了5项农艺栽培措施的产量效益.实现大豆单产200kg/667m2以上产量的优化农艺栽培措施是株数2.53～2.75×104株/667m2;施磷量(P2O5)4.56～5.44kg/667m2;施钾量(K2O)5.77～6.74kg/667m2;种肥氮量2.73～3.18kg/667m2;追肥氮量2.49～2.91kg/667m2.     

施氮量对咖啡生长及光合特征的影响

为探明中粒种咖啡（Coffea canephora）适宜施氮量,以其高产无性系24-2为试材,在咖啡果干物质积累高峰期设置不同施氮量处理,研究施氮量对咖啡生长及光合特征的影响。结果表明：与对照（未施氮,CK）相比,施氮能够显著提高咖啡株高、冠幅等形态指标,显著增加植株一级分枝对数、果粒数和千粒重等产量构成因子,且显著提高植株叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率等光合指标,随施氮量增加各指标总体呈增加趋势。对咖啡产量与各测定指标进行相关性分析时发现,咖啡产量与一级分枝对数、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈显著正相关,施氮通过提高咖啡光合能力和增加植株一级分枝对数来提高产量。综上,重视咖啡果干物质积累高峰期的氮素供应,是确保植株较高光合能力和提高产量的有效措施;仅以产量考量,N₇₆₀为最佳施氮处理。本研究结果为海南中等肥力咖啡植区的氮肥施用提供理论依据。     

栽培因素对粳稻垦稻12产量和群体结构的影响

采用二次通用旋转组合设计,研究不同栽培因素对垦稻12产量和群体结构的影响。试验结果表明,垦稻12较好的栽培方案是栽插密度21.4～24.7丛/m2,施氮量6.4～8.5 kg/667 m2,施钾量5.2～6.5 kg/667 m2,施磷量4.6kg/667 m2。逐步回归分析表明,施氮量与株高呈显著正相关,而与千粒重呈显著负相关;其余性状均与施氮量呈先上升后下降的二次曲线关系。钾肥对穗长、每穗实粒数、结实率有明显的促进作用,增加栽插密度会增加总穗数,但在高密度情况下穗数增长将趋缓。同时利用相关性分析和通径分析,研究了水稻农艺性状与产量的关系,结果表明,单位面积穗数对产量的总相关作用和直接作用都最大,其次为千粒重和每穗实粒数,其余性状则主要通过这三者间接影响产量。     

不同施钾量级对寒地水稻产量及稻米品质的影响

试验研究不同施钾量级对水稻干物质积累量、产量及稻米品质的影响,结果表明:当施钾量(K2O)为5.25 kg/667m2时,水稻产量最高为635.6 kg/667 m2;当施钾量为3.5 kg/667 m2时,品质各项指标均较好,可以确定施钾量在3.5~5.25kg/667 m2时产量及品质各项指标较好。     

旱作大豆综合农艺栽培措施与产量关系模型及产量构成分析

针对内蒙古大豆主产区,以蒙豆5号品种为试验材料,在旱作条件下,通过对不同施氮、磷、钾量和密度四项农艺栽培措施与产量形成的关系研究,建立了四项农艺措施与产量关系的数学模型.通过对数学模型的优化解析,提出了单产175kg/667m2以上目标产量的优化农艺栽培措施组合方案,即密度以2.05-2.19×104株/667m2、施磷(P2O5)量4.0-5.5kg/667m2、施钾(K2 O)量3.7-4.4kg/667m2、施氮(N)量4.0-4.7kg/667m2.经田间试验验证,模型和提供的优化方案可行,对生产实践具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.除单株荚数随着密度降低而增加外,单株粒数、荚粒数、百粒重及产量均随密度、施肥量增加而呈单峰曲线变化.     

不同氮、磷、钾肥配施对辽单565光合特性和产量的影响

以耐密型玉米辽单565为试验材料,研究不同氮、磷、钾肥配施对其光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,氮肥试验中,辽单565穗上叶和穗位叶叶面积、穗位叶和穗下叶光合速率均以施氮量为135 kg/hm2时达到较高值,叶面积指数较高,穗位层叶片消光系数较小,产量较高;磷肥试验中,辽单565穗上叶和穗位叶叶面积、穗下叶光合速率均以施磷量为120 kg/hm2时达到较高值,穗位层叶片消光系数较小,产量较高;钾肥试验中,辽单565穗上叶光合速率和穗下叶叶面积均以施钾量为90 kg/hm2时处理较高,穗位层叶片消光系数较小,产量较高。不同氮、磷、钾肥配施试验中,以施氮量180 kg/hm2、施磷量75 kg/hm2、施钾量为90 kg/hm2时辽单565的产量最高。相关分析表明,穗上叶和穗位叶叶面积、穗下叶光合速率与产量均呈极显著正相关,穗位层消光系数与产量呈负相关。     

不同密度和肥料对彩色马铃薯‘红美’主要性状和产量的影响

彩色马铃薯新品种‘红美’品质优良,市场潜力巨大,为品种推广提供依据。利用L_9(3~4)正交设计,研究密度和氮磷钾肥料对于彩色马铃薯品种‘红美’主要性状及产量的影响,得出最佳高产模式。结果表明,不同的密度和氮磷钾肥对‘红美’单株块茎重和商品薯率的影响极显著,对单株块茎数的影响不显著。密度、磷钾肥均以中间水平时单株块茎重最高,单株块茎重随着氮肥用量增加而增加,商品薯率随着磷肥增加而增加,施氮量和施钾量均处于中间水平时商品薯率最高。‘红美’最佳高产组合为T9组合,即密度5 000株/667m~2,施氮量15 kg/667m~2,施钾量10 kg/667m~2,施磷量5 kg/667m~2时,‘红美’鲜薯产量可达2 149 kg/667m~2。     

水分和氮素水平对春小麦光合特性和水分利用的影响

为探明旱作农田不同水肥条件改善作物光合特性和水分利用效率增加作物产量的机理,通过室内盆栽试验,设计40%(W_1)、70%(W_2)和100%(W_3)3个水分梯度以及75 kg/hm~2(N_1)、225 kg/hm~2(N_2)2个施氮水平的双因素交互试验,研究水分和氮素水平对春小麦的光合生理、产量和水分利用特性的影响。结果表明:N_1W_2处理小麦的净光合速率、穗干重、干物质量和水分利用率与高水高氮(N_2W_3)处理无显著差异;蒸腾速率和气孔导度最高,分别为5.86和157.73 mmol/m~2·s,显著高于其他处理;蒸腾量最大,蒸发量最小,蒸腾蒸发比最大,说明水氮合理配施可显著提高小麦的光合特性、水分利用效率和产量。从节水节肥角度考虑,施氮量75 kg/hm~2和70%田间持水量耦合可以显著提高小麦的净光合速率和水分利用率,促进灌浆后干物质的积累,增加产量。本试验条件下,N_1W_2(施氮量75 kg/hm~2、70%田间持水量)为最优水氮组合。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。