福建省樟树溃疡病病原菌的分离与鉴定

为了明确福建省樟树溃疡病的病原菌种类,对福建省福州市仓山区、三明市明溪县、南平市建阳区和顺昌县4个地区采集的樟树枝干溃疡样本进行分离、纯化和致病性分析,将病原菌进行系统形态学观察,并结合代表菌株的核糖体基因内转录间隔区(ITS)、翻译延伸因子(EF-1α)、RNA聚合酶Ⅱ大亚基(RPB2)和β-微管蛋白(BT)基因序列进行同源性分析,构建进化树,最终确定病原菌种类。结果表明,在福建省不同地区内采集到的75份樟树溃疡样本,经过组织分离、纯化和致病性检测,得到43个病原菌株,根据观察病原菌的菌丝生长状态和孢子特征,并结合系统进化树的结果,得到小新壳梭孢(Neofusicoccum parvum)、可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)、假可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae)和Lasiodiplodia iranensis 4种类型菌株。接种菌株后发病症状与野外发病症状相同,但致病程度不同,其中小新壳梭孢最强,可可毛色二孢次之,L.iranensis最弱。     

First hybrid plane trees to show resistance against canker stain (Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani)

Canker stain, caused by the ascomycete Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani, is a major threat to plane trees in Europe. The American plane tree (Platanus occidentalis) carries some genetic resistance, but this species is not adapted to the climatic conditions in Europe. Therefore, hybrids between susceptible oriental plane trees (Platanus orientalis) and resistant P. occidendalis were screened for disease resistance in France. Among 960 hybrids, we found 18 individuals which survived two successive inoculations. These putatively resistant trees were cut back and, after 18 months, on each tree 12 of the newly produced shoots as well as two roots, were inoculated again. From these trees, only one showed complete and another one partial resistance. This selection process resulting in the resistant clone ‘Vallis clausa’ is described in detail.     

树木枝干溃疡病菌致病力分化研究

应用人工接种的方法,对不同地理区域、不同寄主上的24个Botryosphaeria dothidea菌株、6个B.berengeriana菌株在不同抗性杨树上接种后的致病力分化进行了研究.结果显示:接种后是否形成愈伤组织是树木抗性的表现,也是真菌致病力大小的表现;B.dothidea菌株存在致病力分化现象,表现为强、中、弱3种类型,中等致病力的菌株是优势类群;以杨树为接种材料,24个B.dothidea菌株的致病力呈现一定的地理分化现象,致病力从强到弱依次为:华东(华南)>西北>华北(华中)>东北,即菌株致病力从我国南方向北方有逐渐变小的趋势;苹果轮纹病菌和干腐病菌的致病力也呈现出南方菌株大于北方菌株的特点.从溃疡病菌株的致病力出发分析了5种杨树的抗病性,其结果与以往的观察结果相一致.     

3个南方造林树种幼苗抗旱性的比较

以聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ－６０００）渗透溶液模拟水分胁迫的条件下，比较了不同水分胁迫强度和同一胁迫强度条件下银杏，侧柏，火炬松等树种幼苗的抗旱性，并确定了３个鉴定苗木早期抗旱性的生理指标，结果表明３个树种幼苗抗旱性的顺序为：侧柏〉银杏〉火炬松。质膜相对透性，相对含水量（ＲＷＣ）根系活力等指标可以作为快速，简便鉴定苗木早期抗旱性的生理指标。     

Fluorescein diacetate as a viability stain for tree roots and seeds

Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) was tested as a viability stain for roots of green ash as well as for seeds of green ash and 10 other tree species. The viability level indicated by FDA staining of green ash roots agreed well with root growth potential results, bud condition assessment, and foliage browning measurements. In seed viability experiments, the FDA staining intensity of embryos was related to germination in 9 out of 11 species tested using a 30 minute stain incubation period. In the other 2 species, eastern hemlock and Scotch pine, embryo FDA staining intensity and germination were also similar, provided an 18 h stain incubation period was used. When two seedlots of differing viability were tested in each of white spruce, Douglas-fir, and pitch pine, significantly higher germination was reflected in significantly higher embryo FDA staining intensity. In Sitka spruce seed that was heat treated to produce a range of viabilities, the semilog plot of germination (log scale) and FDA staining intensity of the embryo (linear scale) had an r²= 0.95. Based on these preliminary results, FDA shows promise as a rapid viability stain for tree roots and seeds.     

The influence of some chemical treatments on cypress canker disease development

Six fungicides were applied for 32 months prior to inoculating Cupressus sempervirens L. with Seiridium cardinale (Wag.) Sutton and Gibson. Benomyl and Benomyl + Captafol were partly effective in preventing infection but none of the tested fungicides prevented spread of established infections.     

樟树溃疡病综合防治研究

樟树溃疡病菌为弱寄生茵，主要从植株伤口和衰弱组织侵入。在防治上应采取以营林技术措施为基础，以减少创伤，提高植株抗病力为主的综合防治措施；即(1)选用健壮无病苗木；(2)选择土壤肥沃、湿润、深厚、排水良好的中性或微酸性土壤的林地造林；(3)避免植株机械损伤和日光灼伤；(4)在子囊孢子释放初期喷施70％甲基托布津1000倍液、40％多茵灵1000倍液、70％代森锰锌500倍液或等量式波尔多液等药剂保护；植株发病后和整枝伤口处，喷施70％甲基托布津1000倍液或40％多茵灵1000倍液等药剂。     

BACTERIAL SWOLLEN STEM CANKER ON POPLAR:THE DISEASE AND ITS CAUSES

The bacterial swollen stem canker of poplar is prevalent in planted poplars ofnortheast China.Serious damage occurs in the form of necrosis,putridity,cankers,swollen stemsand discolored wood of trunks and branches of young and mature trees.Tests of allergic reaction,pathogenicity,culture characteristic,Gram stain and anaerobic culture revealed that the pathogen isErwinia sp.Its occurrence depends mainly on the predisposing factors of the disease among whichthe susceptibility of poplars is the most important one.The disease becomes widespread in associa-tion with low-lying and high-humidity terrain,frost injury,node wounds,insect damage,and prun-ing and other mechanical wounds.Harmful factors promote the disease.     

Decay and canker caused by Inonotus rickii spreading on more urban tree species

Inonotus rickii was detected for the first time causing cankers and decay in Acer negundo and Celtis australis in Italy. In a boxelder boulevard, declining trees showed sparse foliage, exudations and cracks in the bark; in some cases, chlamydospore masses were present. Five isolates were collected and compared by growth tests in vitro and electrophoretic analyses; three isolates from the same boulevard showed very similar physiological characters. The increasing importance of the pathogen in urban areas is underlined and discussed.     

杨树对溃疡病的抗病性研究综述

叙述了杨树对溃疡病的抗病性研究进展情况,指出了各个学者所做的实验和各自的观点,并说明了在杨树栽植过程中应该注意的问题。     

杨树溃疡病及松材线虫病对树体干部电指标的影响

对杨树溃疡病及松材线虫病对树木电指标的影响进行研究.结果表明:杨树溃疡病胁迫下,毛白杨扦插苗POD酶活性先增大后减小,PPO酶活性持续增大,树木干部电容和单位电容呈减小趋势,而树木干部阻抗呈增大趋势,最先表现出统计学差异性的指标是POD酶活性,其次为树木干部电容,之后为树体干部阻抗,最后是PPO酶活性;树木干部电容和单位电容与马尾松枯针率均有显著的正相关关系,同时利用树体干部电容0.5 nF为阈值,判断马尾松是否感染松材线虫的准确率可达89.26%.     

Some factors governing mycelial establishment and lesion extension in the larch canker disease

From inoculations on larch trees with mycelium of Trichoscyphella willkommii it was shown that seasonal variation in lesion development was the result of varying ability by the host to limit mycelial spread. Freezing conditions as well as fungal infection were shown to be essential for canker extension and the mechanism was apparently an alternation of the two factors during the winter.     

洞庭湖区杨树苗木溃疡病调查研究

通过对洞庭湖区56块杨树苗圃地的两次实地调查,发现洞庭湖区杨树苗木溃疡病发生普遍,室内培养检测为水泡型溃疡病。两次调查发现第二次调查危害较第一次调查轻,一年生苗圃地较二、三年生苗圃地轻。分析了洞庭湖区杨树苗木溃疡病的危害情况及其原因,并为育苗和造林用苗选择提供依据和防治建议。     

Sphaeropsis canker,a new disease of cypress in Greece

The fungus Sphaeropsis sp. is reported for first time in Greece to cause cankers on Cupressus sempervirens. The cultural characteristics on PDA, spore shape and size and canker morphology were identical to those of the fungus described as Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi in Israel. The cankers of Sphaeropsis sp. are characterized by resin exudation, with fissuring of the bark over a dry sector of the wood. The pathogenicity of the Sphaeropsis sp. was proved by artificial inoculations on selected cypress clones resistant and susceptible to Seiridium cardinale. The mean canker length of the susceptible clone was significantly more than that of the resistant clones. It appears that the defence reaction in cypress against both fungi is similar. In artificial inoculations on Pinus halepensis and Pinus pinea, Sphaeropsis sp. was nonpathogenic. During a 3‐year period, in an experimental plot in western Peloponnese, the fungus spread from one, initially, to 13 cypress clones. Drought stress during the summer appears to be the main factor predisposing the cypress plants to become susceptible to the fungus.     

Infection of exotic and Tasmanian native tree and shrub species by the vascular stain fungus Chalara australis

Inoculation of stem pieces and living plants was used to assess the susceptibility of a range of exotic Fagaceous and Tasmanian native tree and shrub species to the vascular stain organism Chalara australis. Development of inoculum on freshly cut stump surfaces of a number of species was also examined. The fungus has a limited host range but may produce inoculum on moribund surface tissues of non host species and is a potential hazard to other Nothofagus species growing both within Australia and elsewhere in the world.     

A thirteen‐year study on the impact of a severe canker disease of Corymbia calophylla,a keystone tree in Mediterranean‐type forests

Worldwide, forests and woodlands have shown progressive declines in health as a result of global environmental changes in combination with local anthropogenic drivers. This study examined the incidence and progression of a canker disease of marri (Corymbia calophylla) caused by the endemic fungal pathogen Quambalaria coyrecup at three paired forest and anthropogenically disturbed sites in the southwest of Western Australia over 13 years. At the time of plot establishment in 2001, cankers were present on trees at all six sites with 22.7% of the assessed trees cankered. By 2014, cankers had led to the death of 6.7% of the trees, and an additional 10.0% of the trees developed cankers during this time. A further 2.3% of trees died due to causes other than canker, resulting in a final figure of 65.0% of trees remaining alive and free of cankers for the duration of the survey period. Canker incidence was significantly greater on trees present at anthropogenically disturbed sites (along roadsides and in paddocks) than forest trees (35.3% increasing to 50.7%, 10.0% increasing to 14.7%, respectively). Trunk diameter at breast height, tree height and crown ratings were not correlated with canker presence. This long‐term study provides evidence of the increasing severity of this canker pathogen and the impact it is having on the survival of marri.     

A distribution map for Seiridium cardinale causing the cypress canker disease in Greece

The first distribution map of Seiridium (Coryneum) cardinale (Wag.) Sutton and Gibson which causes the cypress canker in Greece is given. A recent survey all over the country has shown that S. W. Greece and the Ionian islands are already under heavy attack whereas in central and N. Greece and the island of Krete only restricted spots have been found. Strict sanitation measures are imposed to prevent building up and diffusion of the disease.     

基于侵染特性的山核桃干腐病防治技术

根据山核桃干腐病Botryosphaeria dothidea潜伏侵染和树体内越冬的侵染特性,研究了针对性的治理技术.结果表明,戊唑醇和腐霉利在离体条件下对干腐病菌表现很强的抑菌活性,平均EC<,50>分别为0.70,1.08 mg/L;二者1:5复配后表现明显的协同增效作用,增效系数(SF)为1.84.在淳安、桐庐两地的林间药剂筛选实验也表明戊唑醇和腐霉利对干腐病有较好的控制效果.涂干+喷雾的防治技术也有很好的效果,其中福美胂涂干+戊唑醇:腐霉利(1:5)连续喷雾3次在淳安、桐庐两地的平均效果迭81.44%.     

Decomposition of leaf litter of four native broad-leaved tree species in south China

Leaf litter decomposition of Castanopsis fissa, Cinnamomum camphora, Michelia macclurei and Mytilaria laosensis in mixed broad-leaved plantation and pine plantation was studied by the litterbag method for 1 year. Leaf litter decomposition rates of the four species were highest in Cinnamomum camphora, followed by Mytilaria laosensis, Michelia macclurei, and Castanopsis fissa. The decomposition rates of all four species were higher in the mixed than in pine plantation. The decomposition processes of all species followed Olson’s exponential model. The decomposition coefficients (k) of all species were also higher in the mixed plantation and had the same order as the decomposition rates. The nitrogen contents of leaf litter of the different species studied increased initially and then decreased with time. Net release of N only occurred in pine plantation. Potassium contents appeared to decrease first but later increase, and net release was only found in mixed plantation. Calcium, magnesium and boron all showed similar pattern of initial increase followed by later decrease. They all had net release in both mixed and pine plantations. The release of phosphorus varied greatly between species and showed no clear trend.