增强兽药制剂使用效果的几种方法

1 抗菌增效剂 抗生素已应用了几十年,许多细菌都对其产生了耐热性.而增效剂的应用,可以增加抗菌药物的抗菌效果,提高其对细菌敏感性.目前兽医院临床上常用的有β内酰胺结构抗生素增效剂和磺胺类药物增效剂.     

三种抗菌药物对大肠杆菌和胸膜肺炎放线杆菌MIC值及FIC指数的测定

最小抑菌浓度(MIC)是抑制细菌生长的最低药物浓度。细菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,通常以药物常用剂量在血清中的浓度大于MIC为敏感,反之则为耐药[1]。各种病原菌对抗菌药物的敏感性不同,同种细菌的不同菌株对同一种药物的敏感性有差异,检测细菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,可筛选最有疗效的药物。同时,探求合适的联合用药可达到协同作用或相加作用,从而增强疗效,在临床上对控制细菌性传染病的流行至关重要。     

动物源细菌耐药性的产生及控制对策

抗菌药物在动物疾病的临床治疗中起重要作用,但是由于抗菌药物的广泛和不合理应用,导致病原菌对动物使用的各种抗菌药物日益耐受,出现了非常严峻的细菌耐药局面.本文简要阐述和分析了动物源细菌抗菌药物耐药性产生方式及原因,并简述了对动物源细菌耐药性的控制对策.     

简述药物敏感性试验的方法

药敏试验在兽医临床上有重要指导意义，由于长期使用抗菌素，引起细菌产生耐药性使各种常用抗菌药物往往失去药效，以及不能很好的掌握药物对细菌的敏感度，临床兽医通过药敏试验可以指导临床用药以及用药的剂量。从而提高疗效。     

羔羊正常肠道菌对抗菌药物的敏感试验

由于大量滥用抗菌药物引起幼畜肠道菌群失调所带来的后果日趋严重。因此,有必要对幼畜正常肠道菌群进行某些抗菌药物的敏感试验,以了解正常肠道菌群对不同抗菌药物的敏感程度,为临床上合理选用抗菌药物提供试验依据。本试验对从健康羔羊肠道分离的四种主要正常细菌,以常用的十五种抗菌药物进行了体外敏感试验,现总结如下。     

浅谈磺胺类药物的临床应用

磺胺类药物是一类化学合成的抗菌药物,具有广泛的抗菌谱,通过阻止细菌的叶酸代谢而抑制其生长繁殖,具有抗菌谱广、疗效确实、性质稳定、不易变质等优点.临床上应用仅次于抗生素,但也有抗菌作用较弱,不良反应较多,细菌易产生耐药性、用量偏大等缺陷.甲氧苄氨嘧啶(磺胺抗菌增效剂)的出现使磺胺类药物的抗菌效力增强应用较前增多.在此时磺胺类物药物在临床上的正确应用提出以下建议.     

一例猪磺胺药中毒的诊疗报告

磺胺类药物是临床常用的抗菌药物,一些兽医和养殖户并不清楚磺胺药的作用机理,不知道磺胺类药物只能抑制细菌生长繁殖,不能彻底杀死细菌,临床用药很不规范,不懂得遵守"首次突击量,以后用维持量,症状消失后使用最小量"的用药规律,而是毫无标准地大剂量和长时间用药,引起猪群中毒而导致死亡率提高.     

猪磺胺嘧啶钠中毒的诊治病例

<正>磺胺类药物是临床常用的抗菌药物,一些兽医和养殖户不清楚其作用机理,不知道磺胺类药物只能抑制细菌生长繁殖,不能彻底杀死细菌,临床用药很不规范,不懂得遵守"首次突击量,以后维持量,症状消失后最小量"的用药规律,而是毫无标准     

蛋雏鸡大肠杆菌病的中西医结合治疗试验

禽大肠杆菌病是家禽中最常见的一类细菌性疾病,预防和治疗这种病的常用方法是使用抗菌药物,但这些抗菌药物多数都存在着耐药现象而影响防治效果.因此,探讨中西医结合治疗是一个有效的途径.     

畜牧养殖中细菌耐药性产生机制与对策

畜牧养殖中抗菌药物耐药性问题日趋严重.细菌耐药性产生机制主要有产生钝化酶、改变药物作用靶点、通过主动外排或形成非渗透性膜、形成生物被膜、增加代谢颉颃物等.近几年研究又发现常用抗菌药的多种耐药新机制.针对细菌耐药机制,提出合理用药、加强饲养管理、研制开发耐酶药物、抗菌药物替代品、耐药抑制剂及破坏耐药基因新技术等对策,减少耐药性的产生与传播.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …