日本鸡爪槭中苹果根结线虫的鉴定

宁波口岸连续从来自日本的鸡爪槭根和根围介质中截获一种根结线虫,经形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定为苹果根结线虫。其主要鉴定特征是:雌虫会阴花纹卵圆形,线纹平滑细密,背弓和腹弓均低平,侧尾腺口大,侧尾腺间距大于阴门裂宽;雄虫背食道腺开口到口针基部球的距离较大,平均8μm;2龄幼虫体长和尾长均较短,分别为362～466μm和29.2～39.3μm,c=11.6～15.3。所截获的苹果根结线虫18S rDNA序列与已在GenBank登录的2个苹果根结线虫株系(登录号为EU669948和EU669949)最接近,相似度达99.4%和99.6%。这是我国首次报道截获该种线虫。     

寄生在柑桔根上的根结线虫新种——简阳根结线虫

 简阳根结线虫Meloidogyne jianyangensis n.sp.采自四川简阳县柑桔园的柑桔根上。雌虫的会阴花纹近圆形,线纹平滑、纤细,背腹线纹通常连贯。以尾尖处向两侧有脊状放射形条纹,条纹数目不定、在阴肛区的背侧有半圈脊状条纹。在放射状的条纹间,线纹有时不连贯,有如许多小刻点。尾觉器距离很近。雄虫头冠高,唇盘和中唇融合,无侧唇。口针长19.1-26.0(21.8μm)。口针基球和杆部界限明显。背食道腺开口距口针基部2.5-3.5(3.0μm)。侧带处有4条侧线,两边两条间有横纹,中间两条侧线间无横纹。二龄幼虫长387.6-483.3(423.2)μm。头冠高,唇盘和中唇融合成哑铃状。口针长13.0-16.8(15.1)μm。背食道腺开口距口针基部2.1-3.7(2.5)μm。尾部渐细,尾尖钝圆。简阳根结线虫雌虫的主要酯酶带Rf=0.41、0.45和0.48。     

进境木质包装中检出线虫新种--新加坡伞滑刃线虫

从新加坡进境阔叶木质包装中分离到伞滑刃属松材线虫组新种——新加坡伞滑刃线虫。该线虫雌虫和雄虫体长分别为850（690～961）肿和792（553．950）μm，身体较粗壮，口针15～16μm，侧区有4条侧线，雌虫后阴子宫囊较长（平均102μm），尾部圆锥形（c=20），略向腹面弯曲，末端钝圆，或有极短的尾尖突（1～2μm），雄虫交合刺长（41～48μm），喙突显著，远端有盘状突。该线虫与松材线虫组的B．conicaudatus、B．luxuriosae、B．fraudulentus、B．kolymensis、B．baujardi、B．xylophilus、B．mucronatus及B．abruptus形态上近似，但可从较大的交合剌及雌虫尾部形态来区分。另外用ITS-RFLP方法也可将该线虫区分出来。     

四川省茂县花椒根结线虫病病原鉴定

为明确四川省茂县花椒根结线虫的种类,通过根结线虫雌虫和2龄幼虫的形态特征及雌成虫的会阴花纹、雌虫酯酶同工酶及分子生物学检测（rDNA-ITS区和rRNA-IGS区）,对花椒根结线虫进行了种类鉴定。三种方法的结果均表明在茂县地区花椒上发现的根结线虫为北方根结线虫（Meloidogynehapla）,这是我国首次报道在花椒上发现北方根结线虫病,四川省是北方根结线虫新的分布区。     

九叶青花椒根结线虫病的病原鉴定

为确定四川省蓬溪县九叶青花椒种植区发病植株花椒根结线虫的种类, 进而为九叶青花椒根结线虫病防治提供依据, 本文根据根结线虫雌虫与2龄幼虫的形态特征及雌成虫的会阴花纹、雌虫酯酶同工酶图谱, 并结合特异性扩增及rDNA-ITS扩增, 根据ITS序列构建系统发育树, 对该地区九叶青花椒根结线虫病的病原进行了种类鉴定。结果表明该病原为南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita (Kofold & White) Chitwood。这是我国首次在九叶青花椒上发现南方根结线虫。     

格木寄生线虫中国新记录种——卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫Cryphodera kalesari

在对广东省主要珍贵树种上的线虫进行调查时从格木Erythrophleum fordii上分离到一种隐皮孢囊线虫,经形态特征观察和测量数据分析,将其鉴定为卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫Cryphodera kalesari。其诊断特征为:雌虫椭圆形至近球形,头部具有1个唇盘和2～3个唇环,口针长33.6～37.8μm,阴门唇突出,阴门与肛门之间区域凹陷,肛阴距为42～72μm;2龄幼虫头部具1个明显的唇盘和3个唇后环纹,口针长24.8～29.5μm,口针基部球前缘凹陷,侧区3条侧线,尾长圆锥形,长38～53.5μm,尾末端细圆,透明尾长17.1～25.1μm,侧尾腺孔位于肛门后2～5环;雄虫未发现。本研究首次获得了卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫的rDNA(LSU D2D3和ITS)序列,为此线虫的鉴定提供了可靠的分子数据。本研究还分析了卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫与本属其他种类的系统进化关系。卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫为中国的地理新记录种。格木为隐皮孢囊线虫的新寄主。     

青岛口岸截获的马铃薯白线虫

从来自俄罗斯籍轮船携带的带土马铃薯样本中分离线虫,通过胞囊的阴门区和2龄幼虫的形态特征和测量数据,将截获线虫鉴定为马铃薯白线虫(Globodera pallida Behren,1975)。分离到的线虫胞囊内部为奶油色,雌虫阴门和肛门间角质脊数目为10～12,Granek’s ratio为1.95±0.8;2龄幼虫口针长度为23±1.2μm,口针基球剖面的前表面尖,口针锥部占整个口针长度的52.5%;头区深度骨化,六角放射状,口盘及唇部轮廓为矩形,轻微缢缩,有4～6个环纹。马铃薯白线虫是中国一类进口植物检疫对象,该线虫为青岛口岸首次截获。     

氟吡菌酰胺对南方根结线虫的作用效果

为明确琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类(SDHI)杀线剂氟吡菌酰胺对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的作用效果,在室内盆栽条件下研究不同剂量、不同施药时期该药剂对线虫侵入、根结和雌虫数量以及产卵量的影响。结果显示:在黄瓜幼苗移栽前进行土壤处理,氟吡菌酰胺施用剂量为31.25μg/株时,每株2龄幼虫侵染数量和根结数量分别为11.3条和6.4个,相比对照处理显著减少;在接种南方根结线虫后0～11 d,以施药量为125μg/株的氟吡菌酰胺进行灌根时,可大幅减少根结数量,每株根结数量减少至12.8～22.5个,同时,施药后根系内未见成熟雌虫产生;在接种后15 d,以施药量为250μg/株的氟吡菌酰胺进行灌根时,可大幅减少根内成熟雌虫数量,每株雌虫数量减少至16.9条;接种后20 d施药,施药量为500μg/株时可大幅减少根部产生的根结线虫卵块数量,每株卵块数量减少至18.9个。表明氟吡菌酰胺能抑制土壤内线虫对黄瓜根系的侵染并抑制根内线虫发育,但随着施药时间的推迟,防治已侵入根系的线虫需增加施药剂量,在生产上使用氟吡菌酰胺防治根结线虫病应在作物移栽前或线虫侵染早期施药效果更好。     

8批调运入京草莓种苗根结线虫病的病原鉴定

对调入北京的草莓种苗根结线虫病的为害症状及病原进行了观察和鉴定,其症状为草莓种苗根部有明显而密集的根结,直径1~3 mm。通过根结长度百分数分级法明确根结指数为55.42;通过雌虫显微形态观察以及ITS序列测定,初步明确病原物为北方根结线虫(Meloidogyne hapla)。     

甘肃省党参根结线虫病发生、分布及病原种类鉴定

为明确甘肃省党参根结线虫病的发生、分布及病原种类,在甘肃省党参主产区调查、统计田间根结线虫病发生情况,并通过形态学和分子生物学方法进行种类鉴定。结果表明,甘肃省6个党参主产区均有根结线虫病发生,病田率、病株率分别为40.7%、13.2%,病情指数为10.4。依据根结线虫各虫态的形态测量值和雌虫会阴花纹等特征,将危害党参的根结线虫初步鉴定为北方根结线虫Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949。rDNA-ITS区段和28S rDNA D2D3区段序列比对和系统发育树显示,6个根结线虫群体无核苷酸差异,与多个北方根结线虫聚为一支且有较高的置信度。利用特异性引物Mh-F/Mh-R扩增得到北方根结线虫的特异性片段,大小为462 bp。故综合形态学和分子生物学特征,将危害甘肃省党参的根结线虫鉴定为北方根结线虫。     

半轮线虫属新种——拟中华半轮线虫Hemicriconemoides parasinensis sp. nov.的描述

 拟中华半轮线虫新种(Hemicriconemoides parasinensis sp. nov.)模式标本采集于辽宁省沈阳市沈阳农业大学校园的丁香(Syringa oblata)根际土中,在河南省安阳市安阳公园的小叶女贞(Ligustrum quihoui)根际土中也有分布。主要鉴别特征是虫体头区圆形,头环2个,第1头环略小于或等于第2头环,排泄孔位于肠的前端(Rex=29~33),体长中等,口针中等(76~86 μ m),体环数R值中等(96~110),卵巢单生前伸,受精囊长圆形,尾部宽圆锥形、尾端半球形圆;幼虫具指状的棘片,约12~16排,后翻;雄虫未见。该新种虫体形态特征与中国半轮线虫(H. sinensis Vovlas,1988),芒果半轮线虫(H. mangiferae Siddiqi,1961)和微小半轮线虫(H. minutus Esser,1960)相近似。     

无花果树苗中截获的无花果孢囊线虫形态和分子鉴定

上海口岸从旅客携带进境的树苗中分离到1种孢囊线虫属的2龄幼虫,通过形态特征和分子特征分析,鉴定为无花果孢囊线虫(Heterodera fici Kirjanova,1954)。该2龄幼虫的主要形态特征为:体长409.9~454.4μm;唇环3个;口针发达,长22.6~24.0μm,基部球圆形略向前倾斜;侧线4条;尾长圆锥形,末端细圆,尾部透明区长24.7~30.5μm,约占尾长的1/2。序列分析显示其ITS区序列与GenBank中无花果孢囊线虫的序列相似性为99.48%~99.90%,序列差异为1~5 bp。系统发育分析显示该线虫与无花果孢囊线虫处于一个聚类组内。这是我国口岸首次报道截获无花果孢囊线虫。     

根结线虫在中国的新纪录种——西班牙根结线虫(Meloidogyne hispanica Hirschmann)

 A root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hispanica Hirschmann, was first described and illustrated from roots of papaya in Danzhou, Hainan province in China. The perineal pattern of female was characterized by oval shaped to rectangular with a low dorsal arch; dorsal striae varied from fine and wavy to coarse; lateral lines forked with fringe-like striae between lines and phasmidial ducts distinctly appeared. Male had high and rounded head region with labial disc and medial lips fused to form elongate lip structures. Second-stage juve-nile had distinct body annules and stylet with rounded, posteriorly sloping knobs, and the tail terminus was slender with indistinct hyaline. This Chinese new record of M. hispanica had a unique esterase phenotype (S2-M1) which was different from that of other Meloidogyne species.     

A New Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne baetica n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), Parasitizing Wild Olive in Southern Spain

ABSTRACT High infection rates of wild olive (Olea europaea sp. sylvestris) feeder roots and soil infestation by a new root-knot nematode were found in sandy soil at Vejer de la Frontera (Cádiz), southern Spain. Morphometric traits and analyses of the nematode esterase electrophoretic pattern as well as of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-5.8S gene and D2-D3 fragment of the 28S gene of rDNA showed that specimens differed clearly from known root-knot nematodes. Studies of host-parasite relationships showed a typical susceptible reaction in naturally infected wild olive plants and in olive planting stocks (cvs. Arbequina and Picual) artificially inoculated with the nematode. However, the nematode did not reproduce in artificially inoculated chickpea, pea, and tomato. Because of the ability of this new nematode to infect wild and cultivated olives only, we suggest the common name, "Mediterranean olive root-knot nematode." The species is herein described and illustrated, and named as Meloidogyne baetica n. sp. The new root-knot nematode can be distinguished from other Meloidogyne spp. by (i) the perineal pattern, which is almost similar to that of M. artiellia, characterized by distinct inner striae forming two distinct longitudinal bands, extending throughout the perineum to just below the vulva; (ii) female excretory pore anterior to the level of stylet knobs, excretory pore distance from anterior end/length of stylet ratio extremely small (0.5 to 0.8); and (iii) second-stage juveniles with elongate-conoid tail. Phylogenetic trees derived from maximum parsimony analyses showed that M. baetica is closely related to M. artiellia, the cereal and legume root-knot nematode.     

A new root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne silvestris n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), parasitizing European holly in northern Spain

High infection rates of European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) feeder roots by an unknown root-knot nematode were found in a holly forest at Arévalo de la Sierra (Soria province) in northern Spain. Holly trees infected by the root-knot nematode showed some decline and low growth. Infected feeder roots were distorted and showed numerous root galls of large (8–10 mm) to moderate (2–3 mm) size. Morphometry, esterase and malate dehydrogenase electrophoretic phenotypes and phylogenetic trees of sequences within the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) demonstrated that this nematode species differs clearly from other previously described root-knot nematodes. Studies of host-parasite relationships showed a typical susceptible reaction in naturally infected European holly plants, but did not reproduce on a number of cultivated plants, including tomato, grapevine, princess-tree and olive. The species is described here, illustrated and named as Meloidogyne silvestris n. sp. The new root-knot nematode can be morphologically distinguished from other Meloidogyne spp. by: (i) roundish perineal pattern, dorsal arch low, with fine, sinuous cuticle striae, lateral fields faintly visible; (ii) female excretory pore level with stylet knobs, or just anterior to them, EP/ST ratio about 0·8; (iii) second-stage juveniles with hemizonid located 1 to 2 annuli anterior to excretory pore and short, sub-digitate tail; and (iv) males with lateral fields composed of four incisures, with areolated outer bands. Phylogenetic trees derived from maximum parsimony analysis based on 18S, ITS1-5·8S-ITS2 and D2–D3 of 28S rDNA showed that M. silvestris n. sp. can be differentiated from all described root-knot nematode species, and it is clearly separated from other species with resemblance in morphology, such as M. ardenensis , M. dunensis and M. lusitanica .     

Antifungal activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Boerhavia diffusa</Emphasis> L. extract against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora</Emphasis> spp. in tomato and pepper

A new longidorid nematode, Longidorus persicus n. sp., is described and illustrated from a population extracted from soil associated with wild rose (Rosa sp.) naturally growing in the mountains close to the village of Cheshmeh-e-Nezamei near the city of Gilan-e-Gharb, Kermanshah province, western Iran. The new needle nematode is characterised by a large body size (6550–7763 μm), an anteriorly flattened lip region, ca 13 μm wide, distinctly set off from body contour by a depression, amphidial fovea large, pocket shaped, slightly asymmetrically bilobed, a moderately long and flexible odontostyle ca 86 μm long, stylet guiding ring located at ca 25 μm from anterior end, posterior arrangement of the pharyngeal gland nuclei, vulva almost equatorial (49–54 %), tail short, about 3/4 of its width, dorsally convex-conoid, with rounded terminus, with a c’ ratio ca 1.3, bearing three pairs of caudal pores and male rare (ratio 1:10 females) with spicules ca 46 μm long. Integrative diagnosis was completed with molecular data obtained using D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA, ITS1-rDNA, and partial 18S-rDNA. The phylogenetic relationships of this species with other Longidorus spp. using D2-D3 expansion segments and partial 18S-rDNA indicated that L. persicus n. sp. clustered together with L. perangustus and L. euonymus: both of them sharing an anteriorly flattened lip region and distinctly set off from body contour by a depression.     

膏体迷向剂对苹果园梨小、桃小食心虫的防效

2013年在宁夏苹果园进行了复合膏体迷向剂对梨小、桃小食心虫防效的进一步试验,试验设3个处理(涂抹高度3.5m、3.5m/4.5m交叉涂抹、交叉涂抹空白区域)、1个对照,2种膏剂附着方式(树干附着、膏剂填装塑料瓶悬挂)。通过监测全年诱蛾量、调查果实膨大期与成熟期蛀果率分析防控效果。结果显示,复合式膏体迷向剂可有效防止梨小食心虫对果实的为害,涂抹高度3.5m时,梨小食心虫诱蛾量下降76.68%;交叉涂抹时,下降70.8%;交叉涂抹空白区域下降36.8%。3个处理成熟期蛀果率分别下降84.88%、91.39%、24.19%。由于试验区桃小食心虫种群密度小,试验无法确定该迷向剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果。     

根结线虫在中国的一新纪录种——拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicol

本文描述了采自海南省三亚市葱 ( Allium tistulosum)上的拟禾本科根结线虫 Meloidogynegraminicola。该种雌虫的会阴花纹多为上下长的卵圆形 ;线纹细弱 ,通常平滑连续 ,但在局部区域骤然出现将线纹截断的短线纹 ;侧区不明显 ;侧尾腺口小 ,相隔很近。雄虫的头冠与头区等宽 ,头区很低、光滑或有 2条不明显的环纹。二龄幼虫的尾相当长 ,尾透明末端的界限通常明显 ,尾端细长 ,末端呈细棍棒状。拟禾本科根结线虫在中国属首次报道 ,其寄主葱及其所属的百合科为拟禾本科根结线虫寄主植物的新纪录种和新纪录科     

根结线虫在中国的一新纪录种——拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicol

 本文描述了采自海南省三亚市葱(Allium tistulosum)上的拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola。该种雌虫的会阴花纹多为上下长的卵圆形;线纹细弱,通常平滑连续,但在局部区域骤然出现将线纹截断的短线纹;侧区不明显;侧尾腺口小,相隔很近。雄虫的头冠与头区等宽,头区很低、光滑或有2条不明显的环纹。二龄幼虫的尾相当长,尾透明末端的界限通常明显,尾端细长,末端呈细棍棒状。拟禾本科根结线虫在中国属首次报道,其寄主葱及其所属的百合科为拟禾本科根结线虫寄主植物的新纪录种和新纪录科。