北亚热带3种典型森林群落水文过程中盐基离子年内动态变化特征

[目的]揭示大气沉降盐基离子在北亚热带典型森林群落中分配特征及其时空差异性,评价典型森林群落对大气降水的净化能力。[方法]于2018年7月至2019年6月,在杭州富阳庙山坞林区毛竹、杉木和青冈林分样地采集大气降水、穿透雨、树干茎流、枯透水和地表径流,对比生长季和非生长季森林群落不同层次各水文分量中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的浓度和通量变化。[结果]研究表明,大气降水中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的年均浓度分别为0.27、0.36、0.89和0.17 mg·L~(-1),且K~+和Ca~(2+)在生长季浓度高于非生长季;3种森林群落的林冠层和枯落物层对K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)均表现出强烈的淋溶作用,并在一定程度上调升降水pH值。林冠层对K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的淋溶率在生长季偏低,而地表层对4种盐基离子的截留率在生长季与非生长季间无显著差异;对比地表径流(输出)与大气降水(输入)通量,3种森林群落对4种盐基离子均表现为截留作用,青冈阔叶林对其截留能力最强,截留率超过94.70%。[结论]3种北亚热带典型森林群落的林冠层和枯落物层是林内盐基离子的重要释放源,并缓冲非生长季酸性降水的pH;地表层则在生长季和非生长季都能有效截留径流水中盐基离子的流失,维持群落内养分循环,并保证森林集水区出水水质安全。     

降雨在杉木和马尾松人工林养分循环中的作用

本文对杉木和马尾松林内、外雨树干茎流及迳流所含各种养分物质量进行了测定,其结果表明:林内雨的各种养分物质浓度显著地高于林外雨。林外雨的各养分物质含量是 N>Ca>K>Mg>P,杉木林内雨的各种养分物质量是 K>N>Ca>Mg>P。皆伐迹地迳流中养分流失量显著地高于林地的流失量。雨水养分含量与降雨量存在着半对数函数关系。由降雨输入的养分量显著地大于迳流输出的养分量。林内雨和树干茎流淋溶的养分量占还原养分总量的 48—53％。林内雨和树干淋溶的K、Mg、N的养分量超过凋落物归还的养分量。     

毛竹林林内雨,冠层截留与降水的关系研究

经过三年对人工毛竹林水文系统的研究结果表明:毛竹林内穿透雨和竹秆茎流与林外降水呈线性回归关系,并且发现,在不同生长季其回归关系有差别。毛竹林冠层截留量与降水呈指数回归,相关式为I=A[1-exp(-bP)]的形式,其中A为一次降水的最大冠层截留量。毛竹林的冠层截留率低于同地区的杉木林。对降水,穿透水和茎流水水质的研究表明:毛竹林冠层对养分元素的输入有较大影响,林内穿透水中养分含量明显高于林外降水中的含量。     

毛竹林土壤速效养分的季节变化特征

运用定位研究法采集毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla var.pubescens)林土壤样品,在相似经营措施条件下,垦复毛竹纯林、未垦复毛竹纯林土壤水解氮含量春夏高于秋冬两季,毛竹木荷混交林水解氮含量呈现春季与冬季相近而分别高于夏季与秋季。垦复毛竹林土壤速效磷含量是夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,未垦复毛竹林则是春季最高,冬季最低,毛竹木荷混交林为春季最高,夏季次之,秋冬较低。3种经理方式毛竹林土壤速效钾含量呈现冬春季(52.1~233.3 mg.kg-1)高于夏秋季(39.2~188.3 mg.kg-1),各林分相同土壤层次平均速效钾含量夏季均最低为(51.1~123.2 mg.kg-1)。0~10 cm土壤层次的养分贮量序列:水解氮为毛竹木荷混交林320.4kg.hm-2>未垦复毛竹林244.9 kg.hm-2>垦复毛竹林239.8 kg.hm-2,速效磷是垦复毛竹林14.3 kg.hm-2>毛竹木荷混交林8.6 kg.hm-2>未垦复毛竹林6.6 kg.hm-2,速效钾是毛竹木荷混交林159.5 kg.hm-2>未垦复毛竹林132.9 kg.hm-2>垦复毛竹林125.8 kg.hm-2。对水解氮、速效磷的吸收高峰期可能在孕笋的秋冬季节然而对于速效钾可能在夏季,毛竹木荷混交林土壤养分状况总体优于毛竹林,垦复毛竹林相对较差。     

建瓯市毛竹林土壤养分状况及丰缺分级

采集了福建省建瓯全市15个乡镇毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)林表层土壤,对其养分含量进行了测试分析,在此基础上对毛竹林土壤养分含量进行了丰缺分级.结果表明:建瓯市毛竹林土壤较为肥沃,土壤酸碱性适宜毛竹生产;表层土壤有机质含量为较高,为3.98％;全氮平均含量为1.48 g/kg,碱解氮平均含量为167 mg/kg,土壤供氮较为充足;有效磷含量为9.93 mg/kg,远低于毛竹生长所需;速效钾含量为55.4 mg/kg,稍低于毛竹正常生长所需;土壤中量元素钙、镁含量普遍较低.整个建瓯市毛竹林土壤养分存在富氮低磷缺钾的现象,同时缺乏供应中量元素养分的能力,不同乡镇间毛竹林土壤养分失调的种类及程度有较大的变化.     

加强土壤和地被物管理对杉木生态系统生物量能量利用与养分循环的影响

试验区迳流系数和固体迳流为0.074％与0.902t/ha·a,降水输入养分69.941kg/ha·a,同期迳流(包括固体迳流)输出养分29.143kg/ha·a,生态系统净增养分占输入量的58.33％。土壤有机质流失24.02kg/ha·a,与此同时杉木生态系统归还有机质985.35kg/ha·a,净增有机质约为流失量的41倍。试验区光能利用率平均为4.64％。5年生杉木生态系统生物量和养分积累,分别达到51.6t/ha与1078.704kg/ha。     

强降雨条件下林分阳离子流转公式及应用

为了定量分析强降雨对不同林分阳离子的影响,通过野外取样和室内测定收集数据,编制公式计算降雨再分配过程中的林分阳离子流转量,并以山涧口流域白桦林、落叶松林和油松林为例,对降雨及再分配过程中的K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Fe~(2+)7种阳离子进行测定与分析。结果表明:(1)降雨输入阳离子排序为,K~+Mg~(2+)Na~+Fe~(2+)Ca~(2+)Zn~(2+)Mn~(2+);(2)白桦林中Mg~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Na~+处于流失状态;K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)处于保留积累状态。油松林中Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+处于流失状态;Fe~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)处于保留积累状态。落叶松林中Mg~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、K~+、Na~+处于流失状态;Ca~(2+)、Mn~(2+)处于保留积累状态;(3)流转量公式ρ_穿=m_穿×v_穿和净余量公式ρ_净=cρ_穿+(1-c)ρ_降+ρ_树+(ρ_枯-ρ_降)-ρ_坡可以正确分析强降雨及再分配过程中阳离子的流转。     

大兴安岭北部森林流域内积雪与融雪径流化学特征

采集2015年3月16日最大积雪期流域内积雪样品和2015年4~5月河川融雪径流样品,分析其离子质量浓度特征,结果表明:1)森林流域内积雪离子质量浓度从大到小依次为PO_4~(3-)(5.91 mg/L)、SO_4~(2-)(5.15 mg/L)、Cl~-(1.90 mg/L)、K~+(1.16 mg/L)、Ca~(2+)(0.96 mg/L)、NO_3~-(0.89 mg/L)、Mg~(2+)(0.33 mg/L)和Mn(0.011 mg/L),其中樟子松林对积雪离子浓度影响最大,白桦林次之,兴安落叶松林最小。2)河川融雪径流中离子成分以Ca~(2+)和PO_4~(3-)为主,二者占78.50%左右,融雪径流Ca~(2+)、PO_4~(3-)、Mg~(2+)和K~+相对流域积雪表现为淋失型迁移,其中Ca~(2+)的迁移量最大,迁移系数为15.84,而SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-和Mn则表现为内贮型迁移。     

西藏色季拉山冷杉林生态系统养分的淋溶输出研究

西藏色季拉山冷杉林生态系统中土壤地表水和土壤渗漏水中离子和元素的输出量占降水养分输入量的比重很小,均不超过1%。地表枯落物和土壤中的SO2-4、HCO-3、N被淋溶;K、Zn、P被吸附;土壤总的淋溶量从大到小的顺序为:SO2-4>Cl->HCO-3>C>Mg>N>Ca>Fe>Na>Zn>P>K;土壤总的淋溶系数显示的次序为HCO-3>Ca>SO2-4>Na>Cl->N>Mg>C>Fe>P>K>Zn。     

竹林养分循环规律研究：Ⅲ.毛竹纯林竹秆流及其养分输入

在我国毛竹主要产区浙江省安吉县灵峰寺林场试验林的三个区组中，根据立竹直径分布规律确定样竹处理数后，随机布置总共30套秆流收集装置，持续观察21个月，共获91次秆流水。测定每次秆流水量并分析其N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量以研究毛竹林内秆流的变化动态及其养分输入。结果表明：秆流水中不含Ca，其它四元素的年输入量分别为N-1．8557，P-0．0072，K-0.7849，Mg-0.1569，Kg.ha－1；年秆流量为年降水量的12．5％，无论次、月秆流量与相应降水量均为紧密线性相关，但与立竹粗度为显著非线性相关；其它因子，如：立竹所处的坡位、坡向，竹林密度，钩梢强度，立竹分布状况，植株个体表面结构特征等，亦直接或间接地影响着竹秆流的产生和大小。     

Nutrient cycling in an agroforestry system with runoff irrigation in Northern Kenya

A nutrient balance was determined for sole and alley cropped Sorghum bicolor and Acacia saligna in a runoff irrigation system in Northern Kenya. Nutrient input including precipitation and runoff, and output through harvest and leaching were measured for N, P, K, Ca and Mg using adsorption resins, tensiometry and suction cups. Various management scenarios are discussed with respect to nutrient return. Nutrient input with rainfall was generally low in comparison to nutrient uptake or leaching losses. The irrigation water, however, constituted an important nutrient input, especially for Ca and Mg. Nutrient export with the harvest was large for N and K, but can effectively be reduced by a nutrient return with mulch. Nutrient leaching losses from the topsoil (0–30 cm) were lower in the sorghum monoculture than in the tree-based systems. In the subsoil (120 cm), however, leaching was effectively reduced by the trees. In the agroforestry system, leaching losses of N under the sorghum were 53% lower than in the sorghum monoculture. This could be attributed to a higher root abundance and a higher ratio of nutrient uptake-to-leaching in the agroforestry system than in the monocultures indicating a higher nutrient efficiency. The lower leaching losses in the agroforestry system compared to the crop monoculture could not compensate for the additional nutrient export in tree biomass. A nutrient return by mulching crop residues and acacia leaves was essential for a positive nutrient balance in the agroforestry system. Combining annual and perennial crops provided a higher internal nutrient cycling than the monocultures. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

福建柏人工林养分积累与分配的研究

1997年对安溪半林国有林场福建柏人工林的养分积累进行了研究。在连续坡面上福建柏人工林叶的N、P、K含量随坡位升高而降低 ,Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn则相反 ;养分积累量随坡位升高而缓慢下降。在生长过程中叶的N、P含量随年龄增大而降低 ,Ca、Mg则相反 ,K含量相对稳定 ;10年生、2 0年生时林木叶的养分积累量占全树的比重最大 ,由大到小的顺序为叶、根、干、枝、皮 ,而 30年生时林木根的养分积累量占全树的比重最大 ,由大到小的顺序为根、干、叶、枝、皮 ;营养元素的积累总量随年龄的增大而增加。在不同生长阶段 ,养分的积累与分配有所不同     

Nutrient accessions to the forest floor in karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) forests of varying age

Nutrient accessions to the forest floor in rainfall, throughfall and stemflow from the understorey and tree strata were measured in karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) forest of south-west Western Australia. These data, for stands aged 2, 6, 9, and 40 years and for mature forest, were compared with annual accessions of nutrients in litterfall.

With increasing age of the stands, the concentration and amounts of Ca, K, Mg, Na and Cl in throughfall increased. The amounts of Mg, Na and Cl in stemflow from the overstorey were also greatest in the older stands. Although concentrations of nutrients in stemflow from the tree stratum were higher than from the understorey, the quantities of nutrients transported to the forest floor in stemflow from the understorey were greater because of its greater volume.

Rainfall is the major source of Na (64–91%) and Cl (51–79%) and it also contributes significantly to Mg (19–50%) accessions. Of the nutrient pathways between canopy and forest floor, litterfall accounts for the largest proportion of N (89–93%), Ca (80–87%) and P (67–79%) recycled in the karri forest. About equal amounts of K are transferred in litterfall, throughfall and stemflow with approximately 80% of stemflow K originating from the understorey strata.     

Nutrient cycling in two traditional Central American agroforestry systems

A preliminary nutrient cycling study quantified total and temporal nutrient inputs via litterfall and pruning residues in two agroforestry systems: (1) Coffea arabica (perennial crop)-Erythrina poeppigiana (leguminous shade tree); and (2) C. arabica-E. poeppigiana-Cordia alliodora with emphasis on the effect of the timber tree C. alliodora. The total annual input of litterfall plus pruning residues was similar in both associations. Total annual input from E. poeppigiana was less than half in the association with C. alliodora than without, but the litterfall from this latter species compensated for the loss. Large differences in the total annual nutrient input of K, Ca and Mg was found between associations, but not for N or P. The amount of nutrients recycled by the associated trees reached the recommended level of fertilizer required for coffee production. The inclusion of C. alliodora within the C. arabica-E. poeppigiana association resulted in a more evenly distributed annual nutrient input.     

寒温带兴安落叶松林生态系统养分特征

森林生态系统营养元素的积累和循环是维护森林生态系统健康稳定的关键因素之一,对森林生态系统的存在和发育具有重要的意义。文章对寒温带兴安落叶松林生态系统的养分输入、贮藏和输出特征进行了初步的研究。结果表明:林冠对Ca、Mg、Fe总体呈现吸附趋势,其中对Ca元素的吸收最为显著;P、K元素则是经林冠后含量增加;微量元素Mn的输入主要来自降雨,林冠对其的利用很少;各元素在植物和土壤中贮存的比例存在较大的差异,其中Ca、Mg、Mn主要贮存于植物体中,其贮存量约占86.06%、84.25%和94.18%;植物体中P、K的贮存量约占总贮量的44.62%和58.82%;Fe主要贮存于土壤当中,植物体中Fe的贮存量仅占总贮存量的9.16%;在兴安落叶松林生态系统中径流输出是养分元素主要的输出途径,其中P、K、Mn元素的年输入量大于输出量,生态系统中养分含量呈累积增加趋势,而Ca、Mg、Fe元素的输出量大于输入量,表现为养分流失,其中Ca的损失量最大。     

南亚热带7种林分凋落叶养分含量的年动态变化

2006-05-2007-04对广西凭祥市7种主要林分凋落叶的N,P,K,Ca及Mg含量进行分析.结果表明:林分凋落叶的N,P,K,ca及Mg含量全年月份动态变化趋势较为一致;在林木生长旺盛的高温雨季4-9月,林分凋落叶的N及P养分含量较高,而K的含量较低;在林木生长缓慢或休眠的干旱低温季10月至翌年3月,凋落叶N及P养分的含量较低,而K的含量较高,说明林分凋落叶的N与P含量与林木生长量成正相关,而K与生长量成负相关;Ca随月份的变化较小,但不同林分之间的差异较大;Mg随月份的变化较大;西南桦凋落叶N含量最高(14.44 g·kg-1),火力楠最低(5.11 g·kg-1);次生林凋落叶P含量最高(1.20 g·kg-1),马尾松最低(仅0.53 g·kg-1);K也以次生林最高(5.16 g·kg-1),马尾松最低(1.71 g·kg-1);Ca以杉木最高(达11.10 g·kg-1),马尾松最低(仅3.76g·kg-1);Mg以次生林最高(3.03 g·kg-1),马尾松最低(1.18 g·kg-1);7种林分凋落叶的N,P,K,Ca与Mg的最高与最低含量比值都超过2.     

Nutrient transfer associated with precipitation in plantations of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides)

Determinations of pH and annual atmospheric inputs of total N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were made in a 7-year-old plantation of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) located on the floodplain of the Mississippi River near Greenville, MS. Concentrations and quantities of P, K, Ca, and Mg in precipitation and throughfall showed pronounced seasonal patterns, generally being greater in summer than winter. However, there was little difference between precipitation and throughfall N regardless of season. Relative to foliar element content, nutrients were leached in the order K>Mg>P>Ca with 47.3, 6.7, 3.1 and 31.2 kg/ha, respectively, being transferred to the forest floor. These quantities are generally higher than those reported for other forest species. The pH of precipitation increased upon contact with the summer canopy; however, the presence of acid precipitation (pH<5.6) was found in only eight of the 54 rainfall events monitored. Quantities of precipitation intercepted by the cottonwood stand exhibited no seasonal differences.