几种常用营养试剂对波尔山羊精子活率的影响

研究常用的几种营养试剂对波尔山羊精子活率的影响。在25℃,第一组（果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖）精子活率最高（0.92）;第二组（鲜牛奶、卵黄）精子活率最低（0.70）;第三组（果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖鲜、牛奶、卵黄）精子活率居中（0.81）,差异极显著（P<0.01）。在-196℃时,第三组精子活率最高（0.51）;第一组精子活率最低（0.30）;第二组精子活率居中（0.48）,差异极显著（P<0.01）。结果表明,对于采精后立即实施人工授精或短时间保存精液（25℃）,使用糖类试剂最好;若长时间保存精液（-196℃）,糖类和奶类及卵黄混合试剂最好。     

几种常用营养试剂对波尔山羊精子活率的影响

研究了常用的几种营养试剂对波尔山羊精子活率的影响。在25℃时,第1组（果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖组）精子活率最高（0.92）;第2组（鲜牛奶、卵黄组）精子活率最低（0.70）;第3组（果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、鲜牛奶、卵黄组）精子活率居中（0.81）,差异极显著（P<0.01）;在-196℃时,第3组精活率最高（0.51）;第1组精子活率最低队（0.30）;第2组精子活率居中（0.48）,差异极显著（P<0.01）。结果表明,对于采精后立即实施人工授精或短时间保存精液（25℃）,使用糖类试剂最好;若长时间保存精液（-196℃）,糖类和奶类及卵黄混合试剂最好。     

稀释液溶质和渗透压对鸡精子体外存活及形态的影响

将三种糖（葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖）、三种有机盐（柠檬酸钠、柠檬酸钾、谷氨酸钠）、两种无机盐（氯化钠、氯化钾）共8种物质，分别配成7个渗透压水平（100-700mol/L）共计56种精液稀释液，在3-5℃下进行鸡精液保存试验。结果表明：精子最高生存指数出现在三种有机盐的稀释液中；两种无机盐液中精子存活时间最长，但畸形率很高；蔗糖和谷氨酸钠液的精子畸形率只有5.29%和5.40%。在300mol/L时精子生存指数、存活时间均较好；500mol/L时精子畸形率最低；渗透压值与精子头部畸形类型高度相关（P＜0.01)，与精子头部弯曲且膨胀百分数的相关系数为-0.93，与精子头部单纯弯曲的百分数的相关系数为0.94。     

不同糖类稀释液对低温保存杜泊羊鲜精的影响

为了比较添加不同糖类(葡萄糖、果糖、D-半乳糖和蔗糖)稀释液对杜泊羊鲜精品质的影响,试验选用3岁健康杜泊种公羊3只,采集精液,等量分装,分别加入等量等温的含不同糖类的精液稀释保存液,并在0h、6h、24h、30h、48h、54h、72h和78h对精子活率、质膜完整率和顶体完整率进行检测。结果表明,混合糖精子活力、质膜完整率和顶体完整率都最高,与其他组差异显著(P0.05);D-半乳糖组质膜完整率比葡萄糖组和果糖组高,差异显著(P0.05),其他指标三者差异不显著(P0.05);蔗糖组效果较差,与其他组差异显著(P0.05),对照效果最差,与其他组差异极显著(P0.01);有效存活时间和生存指数混合糖组最高。结果提示:添加葡萄糖、果糖和D-半乳糖的混合糖作为杜泊羊新鲜精液的保存液效果较好。     

五种糖类对犬精液冷冻保存效果的研究

选取8只身体健康、性欲旺盛的比格公犬,采集其精液,对鲜精进行质量检测,主要包括颜色、射精量、精子活率、活力和pH。选取精子活率达到70%以上犬精液用于后续精液冷冻试验。分别将含有葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、乳糖和海藻糖的精液稀释液与精液按照1∶2的比例进行稀释。经冷冻解冻后,进行活率、活力、质膜完整性和顶体完整性的精子质量检测。通过对新鲜精液进行品质检测,结果显示5只合格用犬的平均射精量为2.85 mL,密度为2.01×10~8个/mL,pH为6.56。含有果糖的冷冻稀释液中精子活率和活力最高,分别达59.90%和54.00%;其次是添加葡萄糖和乳糖的稀释液中活率较高,分别为59.21%和56.73%,且两组稀释液中精子解冻后活力均为52.00%。进一步评估精子解冻后质膜完整率,结果显示葡萄糖和果糖组显著高于其他组,分别达48.73%和49.52%;而蔗糖添加组精子质膜完整率最低,为42.21%。稀释液中添加果糖的精子解冻后顶体完整率显著高于其他组,而添加蔗糖组顶体完整率最低。在比格犬的精液冷冻保存中,添加果糖的冷冻稀释液能显著提高精子的活率和活力,从而达到提高冻精质量的效果。     

绒山羊精液冷冻保存技术的研究

为了使绒山羊精液得到长期保存,充分发挥和提高优良种公羊的利用率,本实验对绒山羊精液冷冻保存技术进行了研究,比较了4种自行研制的保存稀释液的冷冻效果。结果表明:采用Ⅰ液(葡萄糖-卵黄-柠檬酸钠)冷冻保存绒山羊精液,解冻后精子活率(0.508±0.010)极显著高于Ⅱ液(葡萄糖-卵黄-乳糖-柠檬酸钠)(0.275±0.008)、Ⅲ液(葡萄糖-卵黄-蔗糖-柠檬酸钠)(0.354±0.012)和IV液(葡萄糖-卵黄-蔗糖-乳糖-柠檬酸钠)(0.319±0.006)(P<0.01);Ⅲ液极显著高于Ⅱ液(P<0.01)和显著高于Ⅳ液(P<0.05)。解冻后Ⅰ液的精子顶体完整率(59.4%±0.5%)极显著高于Ⅱ液(47.1%±0.8%)、Ⅲ液(52.4%±0.6%)和IV液(51.3%±0.5%)(P<0.01)。精液解冻后在室温(23±2)℃下避光培养,Ⅰ液中精子活率在5h内能够保持0.30以上,Ⅱ、Ⅲ液和Ⅳ液精子活率维持在0.3不到2h。     

卵黄在湖羊精液常温保存中的作用效果

为探究常温保存稀释液中添加卵黄对湖羊精液保存效果的影响,本实验在基础稀释液中添加0(对照组)、5%、10%、15%和20%卵黄,检测16℃保存过程中湖羊精子活率、活力和直线速率等运动性能指标。结果表明:与对照组相比,保存0～72 h,5%和10%卵黄添加组精子活率增强(P0.05),15%和20%卵黄添加组精子活率降低(P0.05);与对照组相比,保存96 h,5%、10%和15%卵黄添加组精子活率增强(P0.05),20%卵黄添加组精子活率降低(P0.05);与对照组相比,保存120～240 h,各卵黄添加组的精子活率、活力、直线速率、曲线速率、路径速率和侧摆幅度较对照组均有显著提高。因此,在本实验条件下,不同浓度卵黄在常温保存条件下保存不同时间对湖羊精液的保存效果不同,保存144 h内,添加5%卵黄的保存效果最好;保存144～216 h,添加15%卵黄量的保存效果最好;保存216 h后,添加20%卵黄的保存效果最好。     

几种糖类对水牛精子冻后效果的观察和比较

本研究比较了几种糖类对水牛精液冷冻保存的效果,以筛选出适于水牛精液冷冻保存的糖类保护剂。在水牛精液冷冻稀释液中分别添加半乳糖、果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖,观察并比较它们对水牛精液冷冻保存的效果。试验结果表明:在原Tris-柠檬酸钠-鸡卵黄-甘油基础稀释液中,加入果糖能较显著提高水牛精子冻后的活力和顶体完整率(P0.05),加入半乳糖、蔗糖与葡萄糖没有显著差异(P0.05)。     

解冻温度和保存时间对牛细管冻精精子活率的影响

本试验采用4组解冻温度,每组解冻温度设计了2个不同的解冻时间,观察不同解冻温度、解冻时间及解冻后常温保存时间对牛细管冷冻精液精子活率的影响。结果显示,4组解冻温度以80℃（3s）精子活率最高,为48．77％,20组（2（80s）精子活率最低,为30．02％,两者差异极显著（P〈0．01）。各组精液解冻后保存1h检查精子活率明显高于解冻时镜检活率（P〈0．05）,80℃解冻后间隔5h精子活率仍达到30％。     

不同稀释液对绵羊精液4℃保存效果的影响

本实验旨在比较研究3种不同组成成分的绵羊精液低温稀释液对绵羊精子4℃保存效果的影响,3种稀释液分别是以三羟甲基氨基甲烷（Tris）-卵黄-柠檬酸-葡萄糖为基础配方的稀释液1、以脱脂奶粉-大豆卵磷脂-果糖为基础配方的稀释液2和以Tris-卵黄–柠檬酸-果糖为基础配方的稀释液3。通过假阴道方法采集健康成年绵羊精液,用3种不同稀释液按照精液:稀释液=1:8的比例稀释后在4℃环境进行保存,分别在0、24、72、120 h和168 h后检测分析精子活力、运动参数、顶体完整性、线粒体膜完整性、精子总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和细胞丙二醛（MDA）浓度。结果表明：精液保存168 h时,稀释液3组的保存效果最好,其总运动精子比例为54.91%、前向运动精子比例为43.27%、快速运动精子比例为19.73%、线粒体完整性为68.03%,均高于稀释液1和稀释液2组（P<0.05）;稀释液3组的顶体完整率为60.55%,高于稀释液2组（P<0.05）。保存120 h时,稀释液3组T-AOC为0.76 mmol/mg prot,高于稀释液2组（P<0.05）;稀释液3...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -