小白菜硝酸还原酶基因的克隆与初步鉴定

蔬菜是一种易于富集硝酸盐的植物性食物，人体摄入的硝酸盐大部分（70％～80％）来自蔬菜。然而，我国蔬菜生产中氮肥用量迅速提高，造成了蔬菜，特别是喜氮的叶菜类蔬菜硝酸盐含量过高。不同蔬菜硝酸盐含量存在很大差异，同一种蔬菜不同品种体内硝酸盐含量也存在差异。不同器官累积硝酸盐的能力不同，硝酸盐累积取决于硝态氮的吸收与同化的结果。     

氮素供应水平对小白菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响

蔬菜是一种易富集硝酸盐的作物。研究表明，人体摄入的硝酸盐有72％-94％来自蔬菜。虽然硝酸盐本身对人体无害或毒害性相对较低，但吸收过多的硝酸盐可能会对人体健康构成潜在的威胁协引。为了降低蔬菜可食部分的硝酸盐含量，改善蔬菜的卫生品质，保护人类健康，国内外学者自60年代以来就比较系统地研究了蔬菜硝酸盐的积累与分布规律。小白菜是人们食用的主要蔬菜之一，因此，如何降低小白菜的硝酸盐积累、提高其营养及卫生品质已经成为蔬菜安全研究的一大热点问题。     

含硝化抑制剂DMPP氮肥对小白菜硝酸盐累积和营养品质的影响

新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate,DMPP)对叶菜类蔬菜(如菠菜)硝酸盐的累积有明显的抑制作用[1-5],但其与氮肥一起造粒形成的新型氮肥在蔬菜上的研究还少有报道.我们以常规氮肥(NH4HCO3,urea,ASN)作对比,就新型含硝化抑制剂氮肥(ASN DMPP)在典型菜地正常施肥条件下对降低小白菜硝酸盐累积及营养品质的影响进行了研究,以期为提高蔬菜品质提供依据.     

不同施氮水平对莴苣产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响

莴苣(Asparagus lettuce)是菊科一年生或二年生蔬菜,它富含胡萝卜素、硫胺素、核黄素和钙、磷、铁等矿质营养,既能生食、熟食,又可腌制和干制,是人们喜爱的蔬菜之一[1]。莴苣在我国栽培面积很广,由于其产量高,对肥料的需求量也较大。但在生产实际中常常由于不合理的施肥,特别是     

江西宜春市蔬莱淡季的农业气象条件分析

<正> 蔬菜是人民生活中不可缺少的副食品。宜春市近年人口发展很快,蔬菜的需求量也要随着增加。本文从农业气候的角度来分析蔬菜淡季的原因,为提高蔬菜供应量,探讨一些解决办法。一、历年蔬菜上市状况据1976—1982年蔬菜上市资料,其上市品种周年共有五十多个,但月际之间变化大。品种多的时候近三十个,少的时候只有十来个,有的月份每人每天平均一斤多,有的月份只有二两强。据蔬菜公司反映,市民每人每天供应蔬     

亚热带山区气候资源利用研究 Ⅱ.浙江省高海拔地区蔬菜气候适宜性区划

利用亚热带山区夏秋季的温凉气候条件种植蔬菜,是改善由于高温影响所形成的蔬菜“秋淡”的重要措施.本文在过去研究基础上,进一步分析了浙江省主要山区夏秋季气候特征,并根据有关蔬菜的生物学特性,提出了浙江主要山区发展夏秋蔬菜的适栽高度和不同蔬菜的经济栽培上限,以期合理地利用山区农业自然资源.     

缺铁敏感度不同的生菜品种对缺铁的适应机制

蔬菜无土栽培中常因铁营养失调而引发失绿症。     

上海市蔬菜“夏淡季”的气候分析及预报

<正> 上海人口密度大,平均每人占有常年蔬菜生产土地面积很小。在蔬菜生长适宜的月份,蔬菜供需较平衡,但在8-10月由于受气候条件的影响较大,产量不稳,供求矛盾突出。俗称“夏淡季”。因而,从农业气象角度分析蔬菜“夏淡季”的发生和形成原因,进行预报,将有利于农、商二部门共同采取相应有效措施,趋利避害,提高单产,及时做好调拨工作,改善市场供应。     

不同作物对铬毒害耐性的研究

铬是一种重要的环境污染物,土壤中过量的铬将抑制作物生长,降低产量;作物中累积的铬又通过食物链富集于人体。因此,铬对粮食、蔬菜作物生长的影响,以及铬在农作物中的累积已为许多研究者所关注。但不同作物对铬毒害耐性的研究尚少见报道。本文采用4种粮食作物(6个品种)、5种牧草和7种蔬菜作物(10个品种)为对象,分析比较作物耐铬性的差异,并从生理生化方面探讨作物耐铬性的实质,以探讨重金属铬的毒害机理。     

广东建立蔬菜补淡基地问题的探讨

本文分析了广东“菜篮子”的重要性,以及产生蔬菜淡季的原因。指出利用广东高海拔山区的非纬度地带性的季节差异,建立度夏补淡基地,对补充调节广东夏秋淡季蔬菜供应和改善外贸出口有重要意义;利用边缘热带的纬度地带性季节差异,建立冬种北运基地,对补充调节我国北方地区冬春淡季蔬菜供应有重要意义。     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in different Indian cereals, pulses, spices, vegetables, fruits, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils.

A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items.     

Caimans,Capybaras, otters,manatees, and man in amazonia

Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.     

Die Bindungsformen von Si,Mg, Fe,Al, Mn,Cr, Ni und Co in Saprolit und Laterit über Serpentinit,Insel Gebe,Indonesien

Fixation of Si, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn, Cr, Ni and Co in saprolite and laterite above serpentinite - Gebe Island, Indonesia The fixation of various major and trace elements has been studied in a saprolite/laterite profile above serpentinized peridotite. Sequential extraction of < 63 μm fraction shows different types of element fixation in soil: adsorption on mineral surfaces (1), fixation to Mn-oxides (2), bonding to poorly and better crystallized Fe-oxides (3). In the laterite, most of the extractable Si-, Al-, Cr- and Ni-contents are bound to goethitic Fe-hydroxide. The saprolite has considerable amounts of secondary quartz which has been formed during ageing of amorphous silica modifications. Their precipitation is favoured by high Si adsorption capacity of poorly crystallized Fe-hydroxide. In saprolite and laterite Co is bound to Mn-oxides. It can readily be extracted from pure Mn-oxides. In contrast, the intimate association of Mn-oxides to goethite reduces the rate of easily extractable Mn and Co in middle and upper zones of the laterite.     

Fluxes of Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Cr,and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems

The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification.