Sludge Treatment and Energy Consumption of Urban Water Plant

This paper introduces the composition and the treatment process of sludge and energy consumption of dewaterizers in urban water treatment plant, the new development of sludge treatment techniques and the comprehensive uses of the sludge are evaluated. The calculation formulas for power consumption and economical benefit of wastewater recovery are presented with examples, offering a basis for economical evaluation to energy consumption of the technology of wastewater recovery in water works .     

固定根区水分胁迫下氮形态对玉米幼苗水分利用的调节与作用机制

摘 要：为研究固定根区水分胁迫下氮形态对玉米幼苗水分利用的调节与作用机制,本文采用分根装置,向一侧加入聚乙二醇（PEG6000）模拟水分胁迫,分两次收获植株测定木质部水分运输速率、生理水分利用效率以及不同部位脱落酸含量等指标,并在第7天测定叶片及根系解剖结构。氮设三种形态（NH4+-N;NO3--N;50% NO3--N+50% NH4+-N）,两侧根室均匀供应。结果发现固定根区水分胁迫下,随着胁迫时间延长,混合氮处理能相对维持植株较高的水分运输速率;叶肉和叶片厚度大,导管数目较多,直径较大,有利于促进水分吸收与运输,适应水分胁迫。而NH4+-N对木质部汁液pH及ABA的调节作用较强,各部位ABA浓度高于其他两个氮形态;在胁迫后期NH4+-N供应的植株木质部汁液pH值增加,从而更有利于调节蒸腾作用,提高水分利用效率。     

再生水中重金属元素聚类分析和主成分分析

采用ICP-AES法测定了某再生水中Cr、Mn、Pb、Ni、Hg、Fe、Cu、Cd、Zn、As等10种重金属元素的含量,应用聚类和主成分分析法对测定结果进行了研究。聚类分析将此10种重金属元素分为四类。主成分分析选出污水原水水质、CASS池运行的稳定性、泥水分离和陶滤效果三个影响再生水水质的主因子,其中以污水原水水质对再生水水质的影响最大。因此,利用ICP-AES法测定此再生水重金属元素含量并对测定结果进行聚类和主成分分析能够对目标污水厂的水质指标监测、运行控制提供一定的指导。     

Supplying the City of Shenzhen, P. R. China with Water of Differing Quality

The pattern of supplying water of differing quality using sewage recycling,and its implementation as a strategy,are discussed through an analysis of the water shortage situation in the city of Shenzhen,P.R.China. Supplying Shenzhen with water of varying quality is proposed as a concept.The necessity and feasibility of such a water supply pattern are expounded.The pattern of water supply in Shenzhen city consists of a main water supply system and non-potable water supply system with sewage recycling.In addition,the proposal also includes using seawater and rainwater.The non-potable water supply system with sewage recycling would be used primarily in large industrial parks outside the special economic zone and in other areas around the parks.Supplying Shenzhen with water of differing qualities embodies the concepts of sewage reused as a resource and of the recycling economy.This proposal also satisfies the requirement for urban sustainable development.     

Removal of Dmethyl Phthalate from Water with Enhanced Coagulation Technology

The removal of Phthalate Esters (PAEs) from water was measured by using enhanced coagulation technology.Cationic coagulant poly-diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium-chloride (PDMDAAC) and polyacrylamide (CPAM) were employed to remove the dimethyl phthalate (DMP),and the residual concentration of DMP is determined by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).During the coagulation/flocculation process,parameters such as coagulant dosage,pH value,and sedimentation time are investigated.The results show the use of coagulant PDMDAAC/CPAM together has better coagulation effect than PDMDAAC.DMP removal rate is 99.87% when initial DMP concentration is 0.50 mg/L,the addition of a PDMDAAC dosage 50 mg/L,the addition of a CPAM dosage 2.5 mg/L,pH value 6.0 and sedimentation time 3 hours.Therefore,the removal of PAEs by coagulation is effective,and the application of coagulation by PDMDAAC/CPAM in water supply will enhance the removal of PAEs and at the same time reduce the water turbidity.     

不同产量水平下冬小麦水肥利用特性研究

根据黄淮海地区冬小麦多年不同产量需肥特征进行配方施肥,来模拟冬小麦不同产量水平,进而研究不同产量下冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用等特性,为田间水肥管理和高效用水及合理施肥提供理论依据。本试验于2018—2019年在中国农业科学院新乡综合试验基地进行,试验设置4个产量水平,分别为7.50 t/hm²(C₀),8.25 t/hm²(C₅),9.00 t/hm²(C₁₀),9.75 t/hm²(C₁₅),以不施肥为对照处理(CK)。结果表明,随产量的增加,冬小麦株高、SPAD、穗数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和生物量均呈上升趋势,无效小穗数呈下降趋势,较CK处理相比,C₁₅处理株高、SPAD、穗数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和生物量分别提高17.8%、69.1%、68.6%、15.3%、16.5%、17.3%、34.9%,收获指数达到53.2%。随产量的增加,冬小麦耗水量显著增加,水分利用效率呈上升趋势,C₁₀耗水量增加22.8%,水分利用效率增加9.9%;收获后C₁₀土壤全氮全磷较播前显著增加,C₁₅显著减少,肥料贡献率随产量增加显著提高,偏生产力显著降低。冬小麦产量的提高主要依赖于较高的穗数和全生育期干物质的积累,结合冬小麦产量、耗水量,水分利用等认为C₁₀处理水肥利用最佳。     

水肥耦合对快速生长期北沙参生长及品质的影响

为探讨滨海盐碱地种植北沙参适宜的施肥量与灌溉量,减少氮素损失,提高水肥利用效率,研究水肥耦合对快速生长期北沙参株高、抗氧化酶活性指标、渗透调节物质及活性成分的影响,并通过大田试验验证。结果显示,在北沙参整个生育过程中,株高在6月中旬—8月上旬增高最快;水肥耦合对北沙参植株生长具有显著影响,水分充足条件下,增施肥料能显著增加北沙参植株株高。在水分胁迫条件下,适当的增施氮肥,北沙参叶片中SOD、CAT、POD活性均呈升高的趋势;在施肥量相同时,北沙参叶片中SOD、CAT、POD活性随土壤水分含量的增加呈降低趋势;其中,SOD、CAT、POD活性分别在处理40天(W2F3)、处理40天(W2F3)、处理60天(W3F2)处理组最高,分别为38.246、89.761、85.222 U/(g·FW)。在相同水分条件下,叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量均随施肥量的增加而增加;在相同施肥条件下,叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量均随土壤水分含量的增加呈下降的趋势;其中,W2F3（土壤相对含水量为60%~70%,施肥量240~360 kg/hm²）处理组叶片中可溶性糖含量较W2F1（土壤相对含水量为60%~70%,施肥量120~180 kg/hm²）处理组提高了26.6%,W2F2（土壤相对含水量为60%~70%,施肥量180~270 kg/hm²）处理组叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量较W2F1处理组提高了47.11%~90.47%,W2F3处理组叶片中游离脯氨酸含量比W2F1处理组提高了11.93%~36.95%。中度和轻度水分胁迫耦合适量氮钾营养极大地刺激了北沙参内香豆素类成分的合成,其中,W2F2处理组中内香豆素类总量最高(0.011%)。综上,在轻度和中度水分胁迫条件下,增施氮/钾肥有利于北沙参中抗氧化酶活性的提高以及渗透调节物质和香豆素类成分的积累,对于植物在非生物胁迫下生长具有重要意义。     

Removal Efficiency and Effect on Water Quality of Zeolite Enhanced Filtration

A new kind of filter media, zeolite, is used to enhance filtration for an improvement on tap water quality. The experimental results show that zeolite can remove not only turbidity but also ammonia-N and partial organic pollutants in water. In the experments, zeolite can remove about 65% of turbidity and over 10% of COD Mn , 95% of ammonia-N from water, the removal efficiencies of anianon detergent(LAS), chloroform and phenol are over 17.7%, 44.45% and 34% respectively, and metal ion contamination has not been found in filter effluence. Therefore, zeolite enhanced filtration is an efficiency and security method for an improvement on water quality.     

Investigation and Analysis on Saving Optimization at Waterworks

This paper investigate the plant water of 52 different conventional processed water plant in the eastern and central regions, and analyse the characteristics of water plants in different areas; survey the influence of the pond of waterworks flocculation, sedimentation tanks on the water consumption rate and the solids containing in the sludge; besides, research the influence of the type of waterworks filter pool and backwash conditions on the consumption rate of water and backwash effect; also, it analyse the rate of water plants which have had this water reuse process at this time.     

云南省嵩明县污水处理厂对污染物处理效果的分析

为了更好地评价云南省嵩明县污水处理厂运行效果,对该污水处理厂运行1年来进出口水质、污泥处置等情况进行调查分析。结果表明,该污水处理厂对废水BOD、CODcr、SS、TP、NH4-N的平均去除率分别为81.45%、78.78%、86.08%、41.37%、84.03%。该污水处理厂污泥处理符合环保及农用要求,对环境没有造成污染;恶臭等问题也得到了有效的控制。试验及调查结果对污水处理厂的设计及其后期运行具有重要的指导意义和实用价值。     

甘蓝不同节水灌溉模式下水氮利用及氮素运移研究

为解决甘蓝过量灌溉和施肥问题,试验通过设置甘蓝不同节水灌溉模式、灌溉量和施氮量等因素,从水氮运移及其利用效率出发,探讨垄膜沟灌和膜下滴灌水肥利用规律。结果表明,膜下滴灌模式下施纯氮300 kg/hm²时产量最高,达到57135 kg/hm²。膜下滴灌处理的水分利用效率显著高于垄膜沟灌处理,其中施300 kg/hm²纯氮的水分利用效率最高。膜下滴灌模式的氮肥利用效率均显著高于垄膜沟灌模式。垄膜沟灌模式矿质态氮向下运移的深度和数量明显要大于膜下滴灌模式。收获后,整个200 cm土层矿质态氮含量均表现为垄膜沟灌高于膜下滴灌模式。     

土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦生长的后效影响

为揭示土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦生长的后效影响及其规律,利用盆栽试验对供试冬小麦设置13种供水处理,测定作物株高、叶面积、冠干重及产量,研究水分胁迫对上述生理指标的后效影响。结果表明,中度水分胁迫对株高的后效影响大于重度水分胁迫,在重度水分胁迫下,除C5-A外,当前影响均大于后效影响;前期中度水分胁迫对叶面积的后效影响大于当前影响,后期则相反,重度水分胁迫对叶面积的当前影响大于后效影响;水分胁迫对冠重的后效影响大于当前影响;水分胁迫对冬小麦穗数的后效影响基本上表现为正效应,而对每穗粒数、千粒重、产量及WUE的后效影响则全部为负效应,拔节至孕穗阶段中度水分胁迫抽穗期复水的处理产量最高,达到对照的62%。不同程度、不同历时、不同生育阶段的水分胁迫,对作物生长均有后效应,并导致小麦减产。     

Prognoses of inlet water quality via QSOM in wastewater treatment processes

A quantum self organizing feature map neural network (QSOM) method is introduced for water quality prediction in activated sludge wastewater treatment processes which includes uncertainty of microbial activity and complexity of biochemical reactions and strong lagging of parameters. This approach quantizes the inlet water quality data corresponding outlet water in abnormal state and makes the quantized data sample as the input of QSOM. The correlation coefficient of the quantum inputs and its weights are calculated as the best inputs matching of network by using quantum gates to update the weights in learning the rules. The experiments illustrate the efficiency of this prediction approach by using operational data of Chongqing Jiguanshi wastewater treatment plant.     

覆盖措施对咸水结冰灌溉后土壤水盐动态和棉花生产的影响

对咸水结冰灌溉融冰后不同防止返盐措施处理的土壤水盐动态以及棉花的出苗、生长特征和产量进行了研究。结果表明,不同的覆盖措施对抑制土壤表层水分蒸发的效果有显著差异,3月和4月份表层土壤含水量影响5月份的含盐量,而5月份表层土壤的含盐量直接决定棉花出苗率。地膜覆盖和保留前茬旧膜的处理保墒抑盐效果最好,棉花出苗率和产量也最高;秸秆覆盖也有一定的抑盐效果;而翻耕和中耕对土壤保墒抑盐的作用较差;液态膜处理的抑盐效果最差,棉花的出苗率和产量最低。可见保留前茬旧膜是简便有效的保墒抑盐途径。     

Present Situation of Water Resources in Chongqing and Countermeasures for Sustainable Utilization

The water resource is a material base for living and development of human beings, it is also an important component for study of the strategy for sustainable development of the today's society. In this paper, from the situation of water resource in Chongqing, according to the problems in development and utilization of water resource, some countermeasures are suggested to solve the problem of water deficiency and promote the sustainable utilization and development of the water resource.     

郑州市水资源承载力评价研究

为计算郑州市水资源承载力,分析水资源开发利用中存在的问题,为水资源可持续利用提出建议,选取水资源可利用量和水资源需求量作为评价指标,构建评价模型,确定评价等级体系;分析现状年（2011年）并预测目标年（2020、2030年）水资源可利用量和水资源需求量,计算郑州市各行政辖区水资源承载力。结果表明：2011年郑州市水资源均呈超载状态,水资源供需缺口达到11.33亿m³。随着水资源保护及节水措施的加强,2020—2030年郑州市水资源供需矛盾整体有所缓解。受经济社会快速发展及山地地形影响,巩义市、新密市、登封市水资源供不应求,供需矛盾近期内相对较大。     

土壤水分胁迫对不同茶树品种光合作用及水分利用率的影响

针对华南茶区存在的季节性缺水问题,研究分析了不同茶树对土壤水分的适应性,为配套栽培措施提供理论依据。试验采用盆栽方法研究正常供水（土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的75%）、轻度水分胁迫(55%)、中度水分胁迫(35%)和重度水分胁迫(20%)条件下,5个茶树品种‘黄棪’、‘金萱’、‘英红九号’、‘鸿雁12号’、‘青心1号’1年生幼苗光合作用及其水分利用效率(WUE)的变化。结果表明,不同土壤水分处理对茶树净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、WUE等生理指标均产生明显影响;水分胁迫下茶树的Pn、Tr、Gs都下降,WUE均值的降幅比Pn的小。‘英红九号’在水分胁迫下Pn、WUE降低幅度均最大,T3处理时Pn的均值为1.47μmolCO2/(m2·s),比CK下降80%,WUE平均值比CK降低51.5%;生长在同一生境中的‘金萱’、‘鸿雁12号’、‘青心1号’对土壤水分的生态适应能力较强,‘英红九号’最弱,在进行品种推广时需注意相应栽培技术配套。     

城镇污泥生物沥浸减量试验研究

通过生物沥浸技术实现对城镇污水处理厂污泥减量并最终达到资源化利用的目的,具有非常重要的实际意义。利用可移动集装箱式试验机,采用续批式运行模式对天津本地两处污水处理厂污泥进行生物沥浸减量实验。结果表明,环境温度为15~25℃、曝气量为1.2L/min、反应时间72h,初始批次将260L接种物和0.73kg营养剂投入400L原泥中,按回流比40%进行3批次沥浸实验。当反应结束后,2种污泥3批次的终点pH从沥浸前的5左右可降至3以下。2种污泥的镉、铜、锌、镍平均溶出率都达到80%以上,其中锌、镉的溶出率分别达到了94.26%、86.67%以上,平均溶出效果从高到底依次为锌＞镉＞铜＞镍。汞、铅、砷的平均溶出率最低,分别为21.42%、20.4%、23.52%。2种污泥经生物沥浸固液分离后,泥饼含水率均降至53%以下。向压滤液分别投加4kg/t、2kg/t石灰后,污泥1、2的上部澄清液中氨氮、COD及污泥1的SS都超过了污染物一级排放标准。与原泥相比,粪大肠菌群杀灭率达到99.99%,沥浸过程造成总养分分别损失24.89%、9.31%,有机质也有所损失,泥饼盐分含量超过2.00%。因此,生物沥浸具有很好的应用效果及应用前景,为进一步在本地工程化应用提供了相关依据。     

限量灌溉对冬小麦产量和水分利用的影响

在河南省丘陵旱作区,采用限量灌溉的方法,研究了灌水对冬小麦子实产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明,在不同生育期灌水0．90mm范围内,灌水平均增产13．0％-39．6％,水分利用效率提高7．0％-18．0％,且能改善冬小麦的生育性状和产量构成。在雨水偏丰的年份,满足最高作物水分利用效率的补充灌水量为45mm,满足灌溉水利用率最高时的补充灌水量为30．45mm。冬小麦拔节孕穗期灌水能增加成穗数,提高灌溉水利用率,灌浆期灌水能增加粒重,提高水分利用效率。拔节孕穗期是限量灌溉的最佳生育期。     

Pretreatment of Coke Oven Waste Water with Blast Furnace Sludge Method and Blast Furnace Sludge Plus Scrap Iron Method

Coke oven waste water is respectively pretreated by blast furnace sludge method and blast furnace sludge plus iron scrap method, the effects of pH and the quantity of materials and treatment time on the removal efficiency of COD are analyzed. The results indicate that blast furnace sludge plus iron scrap method is superior to blast furnace sludge method .The treatment time and pH can greatly affect on the removal efficiency of COD using blast furnace sludge plus iron scrap method. The treatment time after 30 minutes and pH have no remarkable effects the removal efficiency of COD using blast furnace sludge method. The removal efficiency of COD increases with the increase of blast furnace sludge and iron scrap, but the increase rate decreases gradually.