我国不同时期小麦品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成比较

用SDS-PAGE方法测定了我国10个小麦主产省份171份小麦品种和高代品系的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成。鉴定出18种HMW-GS,40种HMW-GS组成形式,其中20种亚基其组成形式只在一个品种(系)中出现。Glu-A1位点亚基1和Null出现最多,Glu-B1位点7 8和7 9亚基对占绝对优势,Glu-D1位点2 12亚基对出现频率最高。Null、7 9、2 12、Null,7 8,2 12,1、7 8,2 12,1、7 9、2 12等亚基组成形成出现频率最高,占分析品种的49.71%。与前人研究相比,新育成品种HMW-GS亚基组成发生了明显变化,面包优质亚基(对)1、5 10出现的频率显著升高,亚基多态性增加,组成形式明显改善,这些对于品质改良和品种选育是非常有利的,新育成品种Glu-1品质评分已超过7。尽管个别品种亚基组成好,品质优良,但总体上看,我国小麦品种与其它国家相比品质还存在一定差距,提高5 10、17 18等优质亚基的频率是改善我国小麦面包品质的重要措施。     

卫星搭载小麦SP3代高分子麦谷蛋白亚基的SDS-PAGE分析

利用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）技术对返回式卫星搭载小麦两个品种SP3代籽粒的高分子麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）进行了分析,并按照相关评分方法计算了高分子量麦谷蛋白Glu-1位点的品质得分。结果表明,经卫星搭载可产生较高频率的HMW-GS基因变异,陕253和西农1043 两个品种SP3代HMW-GS组成的变异频率分别为27.08%和27.45%。陕253和西农1043 SP3代的小麦品质得分分别为7分和6分,陕253 SP3代变异株为优质小麦。     

新疆小麦地方品种资源HMW-GS的遗传多样性组成分析

为了明确新疆小麦地方品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的遗传多样性,并为小麦品质改良提供基础材料,利用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE) 技术,分析了源自新疆地区的282份小麦地方品种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成。结果表明,在Glu-A1、Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点上的等位变异分别为3、6和 5种,三个位点上的优势亚基依次为null、7+8和2+12,其频率分别是75.5%、90.8%和72.0%。在Glu-1位点共检测到20种亚基组合,其中(null, 7+8, 2+12)组合的频率最高,为52.8%, 其次是(null, 7+8, 2.6+12)和(2*, 7+8, 2+12)组合,其频率分别为14.1%和11.0%,其它亚基组合的频率均低于10%。另外,在Glu-D1位点上还检测到一个新的亚基2.6+12。在供试的282份新疆地方品种中发现了两份具有优质亚基组合的材料,它们的亚基组成为(2*, 7+9, 5+10)和(1, 7+9, 5+10),这些地方品种可作为改良小麦品质性状的重要遗传资源。     

高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因Glu-1Ay 在小麦中的表达

小麦是世界上重要的粮食作物.小麦的品质一直是发达国家小麦生产的重要指标.中国在解决了产量需求的今天,品质已经成为小麦育种的主要目标之一.小麦加工品质主要取决于其高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)数量及亚基组合.一般来说,高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基对加工品质的影响具有加性效应,因此增加普通小麦 HWM-GS 数量可以改良面团品质[1]..     

施氮量对不同小麦品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基表达量及品质影响的研究

采用盆栽试验和SDS-PAGE技术,研究了氮肥对强筋和中筋小麦亚基表达量、品质性状及相关关系的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥提高了优质小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基表达量,对强筋小麦影响较小,而对中筋小麦影响较大。施氮后,强筋小麦的亚基表达量与醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的含量极显著相关,而中筋小麦的亚基表达量仅与谷蛋白的含量显著相关,说明氮肥对不同亚基组成小麦高分子量谷蛋白表达量及蛋白组分调控有一定差异。施氮后,高分子量谷蛋白亚基表达量与各项加工品质指标呈正相关;强筋小麦的亚基表达量与湿面筋含量、稳定时间、沉降值和评价值相关性达到显著或极显著水平;而中筋小麦的亚基表达量仅与沉降值相关性达到显著水平。     

利用高分子量谷蛋白亚基的特异PCR标记辅助选育优质面包小麦

本研究利用亚基5和10的特异PCR标记，对19个已知HMW－GS组成的品种（包括中国春及其缺体1D－四体1A、缺体1D－四体1B）进行了扩增。结果表明，具有5亚基的8个品种[如钱尼（CNN）和荔垦2号]，能扩增出450bp的特异带；而其它品种[如中国春（CS）及其1D缺体－四体]，则没有这一特异带。具有10亚基的品种[CNN和荔垦2号等]能扩增出576bp的特异带；具有12亚基的品种（如CS等）能扩增出612bp的特异带。结果与HMW－GS的蛋白质电泳结果一致。用这两个标记对同一组合内的15个F6品系进行PCR扩增，发现其中12个品系HMW－GS组成为1Dx5 1Dy10。     

斯卑尔脱小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

采用十二烷基硫酸钠－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS－PAGE）方法，鉴定分析了80份斯卑尔脱小麦（Triticum spelta L.)高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW－GS）组成特点，3个位点上一共检测到13种不同的亚基类型，其中在Glu-Al和Glu-Bl位点上，以1和6＋8亚基出现频率最高，分别高达93．75％和78．75％，与普通小麦（T.aestivum L.)相比，斯卑尔脱小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基具有其明显的组成特点。在Glu-Dl位点上，斯卑尔脱小麦以2＋12亚基出现频率最高（87．5％），5＋10亚基次之（11．25％）。表明2＋12亚基和5＋10亚基为其主要变异类型，这与普通小麦的研究结果相似，但远低于粗山羊草（Aegilops squarrosa L.)1D染色体上的高分子量谷蛋白亚基变异形式。另外，研究还筛选出9份具有5＋10优质亚基的材料，为提高斯卑尔脱小麦与普通小麦是杂交种的品质杂种优势提供了基础材料。     

普通小麦背景中长穗偃麦草高分子量麦谷蛋白基因的表达、染色体定位与分子标记

摘要：以普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）中国春、长穗偃麦草?穴Thinopyrum elongatum ?雪及其双二倍体、二体异附加系、二体异代换系为材料，采用SDS-PAGE分析了种子高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基。长穗偃麦草高分子量麦谷蛋白基因在中国春背景中编码一条高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基，其迁移率与中国春1By8亚基相同，命名为1E8亚基，控制该亚基的基因位点Glu-E1位于长穗偃麦草E组染色体第一同源群的长臂上。用高分子量麦谷蛋白y亚基基因重复区域的特异引物进行扩增，长穗偃麦草1E8亚基编码基因（Glu-E1）扩增出1 300 bp的片段，而中国春1By8亚基编码基因（Glu-B1y）扩增出1 950 bp的片段。     

辐射与杂交结合提高小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白优质亚基转化效果的研究

本文利用核质互作与辐射处理研究了促进优质HMW GS基因的转化。结果表明 ,不同组合处理间F1籽粒优质亚基 (Glu D15+1 0 )的转化存在差异 ,辐射处理的多以杂合型出现。F2 分离群体中 ,反交及反交结合辐射处理的抽穗期明显倾向于早熟的亲本 ,细胞质与辐射具有促进抽穗期的作用。F3 植株Glu D15+1 0亚基的表达频率 ,不论是哪种组合 ,反交时 5+1 0亚基的表达频率高于正交 ;无论正交还是反交 ,辐射处理提高了 5+1 0亚基的表达频率 ,而且在不同组合间存在差异。     

High Molecular Weight (HMW) Glutenin Subunit Composition of Some Nordic and Middle European Wheats

A collection of 123 winter and 106 spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and breeding lines commonly grown in Nordic and Middle European countries were characterised for the composition of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits on the ground of data from literature and experiments of author. HMW glutenin subunit composition was determined by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The present database includes data for cultivars and breeding lines from Finland (FIN – 56), Estonia (EST – 27), Sweden (SW – 27), Germany (D – 24), Lithuania (LIT – 17), United Kingdom (UK – 6), France (F – 3), Poland (POL – 5), Italy (IT – 7), Netherlands (NL – 6), Norway (NOR – 12), Russian Federation (RUS – 14 items). The occurrence of individual alleles and corresponding HMW glutenin subunits in surveyed cultivars is demonstrated. Special attention has been paid to cultivars growing in neighbouring countries with the aim to apply them in Estonian plant breeding. The database consists of 4 tables with data of HMW glutenin subunits, encoding them Glu-1 alleles, quality score and sources of data. The database could be useful for varietal identification and for plant breeders to improve wheat quality and accelerate the breeding process.     

HMW-GS对春小麦品质的影响及不同亚基评分比较

为了明确高分子麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)对春小麦品质的影响,以及不同亚基评分方法的准确性,对22份春小麦的亚基组成和数目与小麦品质的关系进行研究,并对不同亚基的评分方法进行对比。结果表明,Glu-A1位点Null的小麦品质明显低于2*亚基和1亚基。Glu-B1位点17+18和7+8及7+9亚基的差异对小麦品质影响不大,仅在面筋指数上17+18亚基优于7+8亚基,在延伸度(L)上17+18亚基显著优于7+9亚基。Glu-D1位点等位基因的变异对小麦品质的影响较大,5+10亚基明显优于2+12亚基,在面筋指数、颗粒度、灰分、P、W、IE、PRMAX、WA上差异显著或极显著。综合评价,Glu-1位点对小麦品质的贡献大小顺序依次为Glu-D1Glu-A1Glu-B1。在4种亚基评分方法中Payne评分方法与春小麦的品质相关性最好。本研究结果为春小麦品质的育种早代选择提供了一定的理论依据。     

Genetic Diversity of Glutenin Protein Subunits Composition in Durum Wheat Landraces [Triticum turgidum ssp. turgidum Convar. durum (Desf.) MacKey] from the Mediterranean Basin

The genetic diversity of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits of 63 durum wheat landraces from different geographical regions in the Mediterranean Basin was studied using SDS-PAGE. Great variability in glutenin composition was found, with 42 high and low molecular weight glutenin haplotypes, 20 allele combinations at the HMW-GS loci, and 18 at the LMW-GS. All five possible LMW models were detected in all Mediterranean regions. Rare alleles were found at Glu-B1 locus in high frequencies and a priori related alleles to grain quality were also observed. Global genetic diversity index was relatively high (0.67); it ranged from 0.33 to 0.66. Cluster analysis on the frequency patterns of origins grouped genotypes following a geographical structure. Rogers’ distance coefficient on frequency pattern for each region of origin showed two germplasm pools with distinct quality profiles, where South West Asian landraces were very different from the landraces of other Mediterranean areas. The relationship between different regions of origin is discussed and two possible ways of introduction of wheat in the Iberian Peninsula (N Africa and SE Europe) are hypothesized. The use of Mediterranean durum wheat landraces as source of genetic variability for grain quality improvement is highly recommended.     

Effect of Climate Change on Wheat Quality and HMW Glutenin Subunit Composition in the Pannonian Plain

The primary goal of this study is to improve our understanding of the extent of influence of climatic factors in Serbia and high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunit (HMW‐GS) composition upon wheat end‐use quality. In‐depth analyses were performed on four bread wheat cultivars that are the most common in agricultural practice in Serbia. Total glutenin content showed significant difference between the production years, in opposition to gliadins. Cluster analysis of different percentages of glutenin and gliadin subunit molecular weight ranges (<40,000, 40,000–80,000, 81,000–120,000, and >120,000) indicated that the year of production and the cultivar did not have a significant effect on the percentage ranges for glutenins. However, they had a considerable impact on the percentage ranges for gliadins. Production year and the interaction of year and cultivar had the strongest influences on the percentage of SDS‐unextractable polymeric proteins. A synergistic effect of the HMW‐GS composition and climatic conditions revealed that all eight samples with HMW‐GS composition 2*, 5 + 10, 7 + 9 along with the highest Glu 1 score of 9 (out of a maximum of 10) produced in the year 2011 belonged to two clusters with the best wheat end‐use quality. Furthermore, the climate conditions in 2011 made it possible for the wheat cultivars with HMW‐GS composition –, 2 + 12, 7 + 9 to possess similar qualities as cultivars with HMW‐GS composition 2*, 5 + 10, 7 + 9 produced in 2012.     

(英文)

对来源于美、中、俄及埃塞阿比亚等22个国家的142份硬粒小麦材料的种子贮藏蛋白位点及遗传变异进行了研究。供试的硬粒小麦(Triticum durum Desf )材料共检测出37条醇溶蛋白条带，无1条带纹为所有材料共有，多态性达到100％，说明硬粒小麦具有丰富的醇溶蛋白等位变异。聚类分析将142份供试材料分为3个大类，材料间遗传差异大小在不同的国家有所不同，表明醇溶蛋白带型与地理来源有一定关系。高分子量谷蛋白电泳共分离出14种亚基和15种亚基组合，但是优质亚基所占比例不高，这可能是因为硬粒小麦加工用途的特殊性，使得多年的育种并未太多改变硬粒小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基等位变异的频率，促成优质亚基的累计。