发酵棉籽粕替代豆粕对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能、免疫功能、抗氧化能力和肠道健康的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究发酵棉籽粕替代饲料中不同比例豆粕对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能、血淋巴生化指标、肝胰腺抗氧化指标、肠道组织结构与菌群的影响。以发酵棉籽粕替代基础饲料中0、20%、40%、60%、80%的豆粕,配制5种等氮等脂的试验饲料,分别命名为FCM0(作为对照)、FCM20、FCM40、FCM60和FCM80,饲喂初始体重为(0.38±0.01)g的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹8周。结果显示:发酵棉籽粕替代不同比例豆粕对幼蟹的成活率、增重率以及特定生长率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。FCM40组肝胰腺指数最高,显著高于FCM0和FCM80组(P<0.05)。发酵棉籽粕替代不同比例豆粕对全蟹水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。FCM60组血淋巴中酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),血淋巴谷丙转氨酶活性显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,各替代组(FCM20、FCM40、FCM60和FCM80组)幼蟹肝胰腺还原型谷胱甘肽含量显著升高(P<0.05),FCM60和FCM80组总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著升高(P<0.05),FCM80组幼蟹肠道组织结构出现明显损伤。发酵棉籽粕替代40%的豆粕不会对幼蟹肠道菌群α多样性产生显著影响(P>0.05),不会改变肠道主要菌群结构。综上所述,在本试验条件下,发酵棉籽粕替代20%~80%的豆粕对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的生长性能无显著影响,但以替代比例为20%时生长性能较好;以肝胰腺和肠道健康为评价指标,发酵棉籽粕替代豆粕比例不宜超过40%。     

饲料中镁添加量对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、体成分及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中镁添加量对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、体成分及抗氧化能力的影响。在基础饲料中分别添加0、1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0和7.5 g/kg镁(L-天门冬氨酸镁形式),制成镁含量实测值分别为0.98、1.43、3.40、4.79、6.65和7.98 g/kg的6种试验饲料。选取平均体重为(2.97±0.01)g的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹900只,随机分为6个组,每组5个重复,每个重复30只幼蟹。每组幼蟹随机投喂1种试验饲料,试验期为10周。结果表明:添加3.0 g/kg镁组幼蟹的增重率、存活率和全蟹粗蛋白质含量最高,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。幼蟹日摄食率、饲料系数及全蟹粗脂肪、水分和粗灰分含量各组之间亦无显著差异(P>0.05)。全蟹中镁含量随着饲料中镁添加量的升高而升高,而钙含量则在未添加镁组最高,导致此组的钙镁比最高。幼蟹肝胰腺和血清中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量随着饲料中镁添加量的升高先升高后降低,在添加3.0 g/kg镁组达到最高值,其肝胰腺中GSH含量显著高于添加7.5 g/kg镁组(P<0.05),血清中GSH含量显著高于未添加镁组(P<0.05);血清和肝胰腺中丙二醛(M DA)含量则随着饲料中镁添加量的升高先降低后升高,在添加3.0 g/kg镁组获得最低值,显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。由此得出,以L-天门冬氨酸镁为镁源,当饲料中镁添加量为3.0~4.5 g/kg时中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的生长效果较好;以肝胰腺中GSH含量为判据,采用二次回归模型进行拟合发现,当饲料中镁添加量为3.76 g/kg(饲料中镁含量为4.39 g/kg)时,中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的抗氧化能力最佳。     

发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分及相关消化酶活性的影响

为研究发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹生长性能、体组成及相关消化酶活性的影响,本试验选用初始均重为(4.0±1.0)g的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹280只,随机分成7组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只。配制发酵豆粕替代量分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%(分别记为P0、P5、P10、P15、P20、P25、P30组)的7种等能等氮试验饲料。试验期为60 d。结果表明:发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉能提高中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的生长性能,当发酵豆粕替代15%鱼粉时,中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的增重率(WGR)、成活率(SR)、摄食率(FI)和特定生长率(SGR)较对照组分别提高了16.54%、10.09%、11.48%和7.06%(P0.05),饵料系数(FC)降低了6.58%(P0.05);不同水平发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹全蟹蟹体、肌肉和肝胰腺的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均无显著影响(P0.05);当发酵豆粕替代量小于15%时,脂肪酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和活性淀粉酶活性与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。由本试验结果可以看出,发酵豆粕可以适量替代中华绒螯蟹配合饲料中的鱼粉,且适宜替代量为15%。     

虾青素和角黄素的配伍对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长和抗氧化能力的影响

以平均初始体重为(9.91±0.01)g的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹为研究对象,进行为期70 d的养殖试验,探讨在幼蟹基础饲料(D0)中添加50 mg/kg虾青素+50 mg/kg角黄素(D1)对蟹的生长和抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示:饲料中添加了虾青素和角黄素后对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、存活率以及肌肉和全蟹常规营养成分均无显著影响(P>0.05);虾青素和角黄素的添加显著提高了幼蟹肝胰腺总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶的水平(P<0.05),显著降低了丙二醛的水平(P<0.05),两组间过氧化氢酶的水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲料中添加虾青素+角黄素混合物(11)可以有效提高中华绒螯蟹幼蟹肝胰腺抗氧化能力。     

中华绒螯蟹幼蟹对苏氨酸需求量的研究

通过56 d的生长试验确定中华绒螯蟹( Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹对苏氨酸的需求量。试验设计了6种以酪蛋白、明胶和晶体氨基酸为蛋白质源的等氮等能纯化饲料,通过添加晶体L-苏氨酸,使得饲料中苏氨酸含量分别为饲料干物质的0.86%(对照,无外源苏氨酸)、1.24%、1.61%、2.04%、2.42%、2.81%。选取初始体重为(0.36±0.00) g的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹360只,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复20只幼蟹。结果表明：随饲料中苏氨酸含量的升高,幼蟹的增重率、特定生长率以及消化酶(胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶)活力均先升高后降低,在苏氨酸含量为饲料干物质的1.61%时,各项指标均达到最大值,且此时饲料系数最低,蛋白质效率最高,且该组增重率、特定生长率显著高于0.86%、1.24%、2.42%和2.81%组(P<0.05),消化酶活力显著高于其他各组( P<0.05)。饲料中苏氨酸含量对幼蟹的成活率及体成分无显著影响( P>0.05)。幼蟹肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶、碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活力均随饲料中苏氨酸含量的升高呈先升高后降低趋势,并分别在苏氨酸含量为饲料干物质的1.61%、1.61%和2.42%时达到最大值。以增重率为评价指标进行折线回归模型分析,得到中华绒螯蟹幼蟹对饲料中苏氨酸的需求量为饲料干物质的1.59%(饲料蛋白质的3.98%)。     

竹笋多糖对免疫抑制中华绒螯蟹非特异性免疫的影响

为建立环磷酰胺诱导的中华绒螯蟹免疫抑制试验模型,以10 mg/kg体质量的环磷酰胺对试验组中华绒螯蟹进行体腔注射,每隔5 d注射1次,共注射3次,对照组注射等量的氯化钠注射液,试验组与对照组均投喂基础饲料。自最后一次注射环磷酰胺的次日开始,将试验组分为自然恢复组和竹笋多糖调节组2个组,分别投喂基础饲料和含2 g/kg竹笋多糖的饲料,对照组则继续投喂基础饲料。在竹笋多糖调节试验开始的第0天(最后一次注射环磷酰胺的次日)、第3天、第6天和第12天,采样测定中华绒螯蟹血清酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及肝胰腺总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)与丙二醛(MDA)含量,以考察竹笋多糖对免疫抑制中华绒螯蟹非特异性免疫的影响。结果表明:投喂2 g/kg饲料的竹笋多糖能显著提高环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制中华绒螯蟹的血清ACP、AKP、SOD和POD活性及肝胰腺的T-AOC,降低肝胰腺MDA含量(P0.05)。由此表明,竹笋多糖能增强免疫抑制中华绒螯蟹的非特异性免疫反应,可作为中华绒螯蟹的免疫增强剂和饲料添加剂。     

丁酸梭菌对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹抗氧化、免疫功能及消化能力的影响

试验旨在探究在基础饵料中添加不同水平丁酸梭菌对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹肝胰腺抗氧化、消化能力及非特异性免疫功能的影响。选取120只体格健全、活力相似、平均体重(4.50±0.75) g的螃蟹，随机分为4组，每组5个重复，每个重复6只蟹。对照组(G0组)幼蟹饲喂基础饵料，各试验组分别在基础饵料中添加10⁵(G5组)、10⁶(G6组)、10⁷ CFU/g (G7组)丁酸梭菌。试验期40 d。结果显示，与对照组相比，在饵料中添加丁酸梭菌能够在一定程度上提高中华绒螯蟹的增重率和特定生长率(P>0.05)。与对照组相比，G6组幼蟹肝胰腺总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著升高(P<0.05),G7组幼蟹肝胰腺的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著升高(P<0.05),G6组肝胰腺脂肪酶活性显著提高(P<0.05)。研究表明，106 CFU/g丁酸梭菌对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺抗氧化性、消化能力及非特异性免疫功能提升效果较好。     

饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳运输前后应激指标及组织抗氧化能力的影响

本试验通过检测运输胁迫前后血清皮质醇、葡萄糖和乳酸浓度以及组织抗氧化性能的变化,以研究饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳运输前后应激指标及组织抗氧化能力的影响。试验配制4种试验饲料,分别以100%鱼油(FO组)、70%鱼油+30%大豆油(FSO组)、30%鱼油+70%大豆油(SFO组)、100%大豆油(SO组)为脂肪源,饲喂平均体重(17.2±6.7)g银鲳60 d后进行4 h运输胁迫。每种饲料饲喂3个水泥池(重复),每池投放50尾试验鱼。结果显示:4 h运输胁迫后,各组血清皮质醇浓度均有所增加,其中SO组变化显著(P0.05),升高1.89倍,SFO组变化程度最小;各组血清葡萄糖浓度均略有增加,其中SFO组增加最少,但变化均不显著(P0.05);各组乳酸浓度则均出现显著增加(P0.05),尤其是SO组;各组脑部乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)活力均出现显著减弱(P0.05),而SFO组无论是在胁迫前还是在胁迫后在各组中均有最高活力;各组血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均显著增强(P0.05),其中SO组上升幅度最大;虽然各组血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力均有所增强,但只有SO组变化显著(P0.05);肝脏和肌肉CAT活力仅SO组显著增强(P0.05),其余各组变化不显著(P0.05);SO组血清SOD和CAT活力显著增强(P0.05)。由此可见,SO组银鲳在运输后机体健康情况较差,应激反应较为剧烈,说明投喂过量添加大豆油的饲料不利于银鲳的机体健康和长途运输,而在保持鱼油含量的前提下适当添加大豆油的效果较好。     

饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆生长、体组成及血清生化指标的影响

本试验以不同脂肪源配制成等氮等脂的7种饲料,对大菱鲆[(27.31±0.10)g]进行40 d的饲养试验,旨在探讨不同饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆生长、体组成、血清生化指标的影响。7种饲料分别添加6%的鱼油(FO)、大豆油(SO)、菜籽油(RO)、花生油(PO)、猪油(L)、鱼油-豆油(1∶1)(FSO)和鱼油-豆油-猪油(3∶4∶3)的混合油(MIX)。每组饲料设3个重复,每个重复12尾鱼。研究结果表明:(1)鱼油-豆油组特定生长率显著高于其他各组,较鱼油组(基础饲料组)提高了10.42%(P < 0.05),猪油组特定生长率最低,较鱼油组降低了19.79%(P < 0.05)。猪油、混合油、花生油组饲料系数分别较鱼油组提高了36.36%、33.33%、25.25%(P < 0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P > 0.05);(2)饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量影响不显著(P > 0.05),猪油组粗蛋白质含量显著低于鱼油组、菜籽油组和花生油组,其中较鱼油组降低了4.47%(P < 0.05)。摄食不同脂肪源饲料的大菱鲆空壳、内脏和背肌的脂肪含量差异不显著(P > 0.05),猪油组空壳的水分显著高于菜籽油组和混合油组(P < 0.05);(3)各试验组总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和碱性磷酸酶含量无显著差异(P > 0.05)。猪油组和混合油组的谷丙转氨酶含量显著高于其他各组,较鱼油组分别升高了124.89%和119.94%(P < 0.05),混合油组的谷草转氨酶含量显著高于其他各组,较鱼油组提高了352.51%(P < 0.05),表明猪油组和混合油组鱼体肝脏受到一定程度的损伤。综合以上7种饲料脂肪源对鱼体生长性能、体组成及血清生化指标的影响,鱼油-豆油(1∶1)、豆油和菜籽油可作为大菱鲆饲料合适的脂肪源,而猪油、混合油不适宜作为大菱鲆的饲料脂肪源。     

菜籽油替代鱼油对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、脂肪酸组成及脂肪沉积的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中菜籽油替代鱼油对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长、脂肪酸组成以及脂肪沉积的影响。以菜籽油分别替代0、33.3%、66.7%和100.0%的鱼油,配制4种等氮等脂实用饲料。选择初始体重为(5.89±0.02)g的大菱鲆幼鱼420尾,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复35尾。每种饲料随机投喂1组试验鱼,养殖周期为92 d。结果表明:1)随菜籽油替代水平的升高,大菱鲆幼鱼的终末体重和特定生长率均有下降的趋势,而肝体比则有升高的趋势,其中全菜籽油组的终末体重和特定生长率显著低于全鱼油组(P0.05),肝体比则显著高于全鱼油组(P0.05)。菜籽油替代水平并未显著影响大菱鲆幼鱼的存活率、饲料效率、摄食率和表观净蛋白质利用率(P0.05)。2)菜籽油替代水平并未显著影响大菱鲆幼鱼的体成分、肌肉脂肪含量以及饲料脂肪表观消化率(P0.05),但显著影响了大菱鲆幼鱼的肝脏脂肪含量(P0.05)。66.7%菜籽油组和全菜籽油组肝脏脂肪含量显著高于全鱼油组(P0.05)。3)肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成呈正相关关系;相对于全鱼油组,66.7%菜籽油组和全菜籽油组肌肉和肝脏中C18∶2n-6(亚油酸)和α-C18∶3n-3(α-亚麻酸)含量显著升高(P0.05),而C20∶5n-3(EPA)和C22∶6n-3(DHA)含量显著下降(P0.05)。综上可知,从营养品质角度考虑,在大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中菜籽油替代鱼油水平应低于66.7%     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.