pH对酸性土壤中铝的溶出和铝离子形态分布的影响

ＰＨ对酸性土壤中铝的溶出和土壤溶液中铝离子形态分布的影响的研究结果表明,土壤中铝的溶出量随ＰＨ降低而增加,ＰＨ对不同土壤中铝的溶出的影响不同,三种土壤中铝的溶出量受ＰＨ影响的大小顺序是：红壤〉赤红壤〉砖红壤,说明不同类型土壤中铝的溶出对外来酸的敏感和程度不同。     

有机酸对酸性土壤中铝的溶出和铝离子形态分布的影响

五种低分子量的有机酸对酸性土壤中铝的溶出和铝离子形态分布的影响的研究结果表明，有机酸主要通过与铝形成络合物而促进铝的溶解，使土壤溶液中有机络合态铝浓度增加，有机酸对无机铝形态的影响较小。不同有机酸由于本身的性质和结构不同，它们对铝溶解的影响不同。     

pH,温度和水土比对酸性土壤溶液中铝离子形态分布的影响

溶液中Ａｌ＾３＋,Ａｌ－Ｆ有机络合态铝的浓度随ｐＨ降低而增加,Ａ＾３＋在总单核铝中所占比例随ｐＨ的降低而增加,而Ａｌ－Ｆ络合物呈相反的变化趋势。土壤中铝的溶解度与土壤中铝氧化物的结晶形态有关,处于较高纬度地区的土壤,由于铝氧化物的结晶形态较差,在相同ｐＨ下,其铝的溶解度较大。     

用氟离子电极零点电位法区分酸性土壤溶液中无机铝离子的形态

本文介绍氛离子电极零点电位法测定强酸性土壤溶液中的游离F^-,并区分无机单核铝离子的形态。结果表明,零点电位法对F^-的检测下限为10^-7 mol/L,在合成的Al-F体系中,该方法的相对误差在±5%范围内。对几种强酸性土壤的研究结果表明,用该方法测定强酸性土壤溶液中的游离F-并区分无机单核铝的形态是可行的。     

模拟酸雨对酸性土壤铝溶出及其形态转化的影响

通过采样、酸雨模拟试验和样品分析，研究了我国南方酸沉降区主要土壤类型在模拟酸雨影响下，土壤中铝离子释放及铝形态转化的特点。结果表明，酸雨淋洗造成土壤中铝离子释放；酸雨pH值越低，则铝离子释放量越大。酸雨淋洗还造成土壤中铝形态发生变化；酸雨pH值越低，则土壤中羟基态铝和腐殖质铝含量越低，交换态铝含量越高，从而导致土壤中的铝对植物和生态系统的危害性也越大。     

在实验酸性硫酸盐条件和酸性硫酸盐土壤上可溶性铝的控制

The controls of soluble Al concentration were examined in three situations of acid sulfate conditions:1) experimental acid sulfate conditions by addition of varying amounts of Al(OH)3(gibbsite) into a sequence of H2SO4 solutions;2)experimental acid sulfate conditions by addition of the same sequence of H2SO4 solutions into two non-cid sulfacte soil samples with known amounts of acid oxalate extractable Al; and 3) actual acid sulfate soil conditions.The experiment using gibbsite as an Al-bearing mineral showed that increase in the concentration of H2SO4 solution increased the soluble Al concentration,accompanied by a decrease i the solution pH, Increasing amount of gibbsite added to the H2SO4 solutions also increased soluble Al concentration,but resulted in an increase in solution pH.Within the H2SO4 concentration range of 0.0005-0.5mol L^-1 and the Al(OH)3 range of 0.01-0.5g(in 25 mL of H2SO4 solutions),the input of H2SO4 had the major control on soluble Al Concentration and pH .The availability of Al(OH)3，however,was responsible for the spread fo the various sample points,with a tendency that the samples containing more gibbsite had a higher soluble Al concentration than those containing less gibbsite at equivalent pH levels.The experimental results from treatment of soil samples with H2SO4 solutions and the analytical results of acid sulfate soils also showed the similar trend.     

土壤与酸的反应时间对土壤酸度及土壤溶液中铝离子形态分？…

用两种土壤研究土壤与酸的反应对土壤酸度及土壤溶液中铝离子形态分布的影响,结果表明,土壤溶液ＰＨ随反应时间增加而增加,安徽红壤ＰＨ的增幅大于江西红。在ＰＨ３．０的ＨＮＯ３溶液中,土壤溶液中的总铝及Ａｌ＾３＋均随反应时间增加而减少,而在ＰＨ３．５的ＨＮＯ３溶液中,土壤溶液中总铝及Ａｌ－Ｆ络合物先随反应时间的增加而减小,然后又有所增加。     

施用碱稳定污泥污水土壤经γ-辐照后土壤溶液中Cu和Zn

Soil samples collected from several acid soils in Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces of the southern China were employed to characterize the chemical species of aluminumions in the soils. The proportion of monomeric inorganic Al to total Al in soil solution was in the range of 19% to 70%, that of monomeric organic Al (Al-OM) to total Al ranged from 7.7% to 69%, and that of the acid-soluble Al to total Al was generally smaller and was lower than 20% in most of the acid soils studied. The Al-OM concentration in soil solution was positively correlated with the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and also affected by the concentration of Al³⁺. The complexes of aluminum with fluoride (Al-F) were the predominant forms of inorganic Al, and the proportion of Al-F complexes to total inorganic Al increased with pH. Under strongly acid condition, Al³⁺ was also a major form of inorganic Al, and the proportion of Al³⁺ to total inorganic Al decreased with increasing pH. The proportions of Al-OH and Al-SO₄ complexes to total inorganic Al were small and were not larger than 10% in the most acid soils. The concentration of inorganic Al in solution depended largely on pH and the concentration of total F in soil solution. The concentrat ions of Al-OM, Al³⁺, Al-F and Al-OH complexes in topsoil were higher than those in subsoil and decreased with the increase in soil depth. The chemical species of aluminumions were influenced by pH. The concentrations of Al-OM, Al³⁺, Al-F complexes and Al-OH complexes decreased with the increase in pH.     

单宁酸对不同pH茶园土壤中活性铝形态分布的影响

采集云南省普洱市和江西省南昌县两地典型的茶园土壤,通过添加HCl和Ca(OH)2调节土壤pH,研究不同pH(3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5)茶园土壤添加0.4 mmol·kg 1、2.0 mmol·kg 1、4.0 mmol·kg 1、8.0 mmol·kg 1、12.0 mmol·kg 1单宁酸后,活性铝形态交换态铝(Al3+)、单聚体羟基铝[Al(OH)2+、Al(OH)+2]、酸溶无机铝[Al(OH)03]和腐殖酸铝[Al-HA]的分布特征。结果表明:单宁酸添加量为0~0.4 mmol·kg 1和0~2.0 mmol·kg 1时,江西南昌和云南普洱茶园土壤中交换态铝随土壤pH的增加呈明显下降趋势,而羟基态铝、酸溶无机铝和腐殖酸铝呈逐渐上升趋势;当单宁酸浓度增至2.0 mmol·kg 1以上时,随土壤pH的增加,单宁酸对活性铝释放的抑制作用增强,各形态活性铝含量都较低,且不同pH处理土壤间的差异不显著。0~20 cm土层土壤与20~40 cm土层土壤变化规律大致相似,总体上看,下层土壤活性铝总量高于上层。云南普洱茶园土壤活性铝总量明显高于江西南昌的茶园土壤。相关分析表明,0~20 cm土层土壤中,pH与羟基态铝、腐殖酸铝、土壤酸碱缓冲容量(pHBC)呈正相关(r=0.796,P0.01;r=0.960,P0.01;r=0.852,P0.01);pHBC与交换态铝、羟基态铝呈负相关(r=0.904,P0.01;r=0.645,P0.05),而与腐殖酸铝呈正相关(r=0.795,P0.01)。同时,单宁酸加入浓度为0~0.4 mmol·kg 1时,土壤pH明显上升,之后随着单宁酸加入浓度的增加土壤pH持续下降,土壤pH(YpH)与单宁浓度(CDN)在此阶段基本符合方程:YpH=0.04CDN+3.82(R2=0.95,P0.01)的线性变化趋势,在单宁酸浓度达到8.0~12.0 mmol·kg 1时,土壤pH基本不再变化。     

低分子量有机酸对促进可变电荷土壤中铝溶解的影响

Low-molecular-weight （LMW） organic acids exist widely in soils and play an important role in soil processes such as mineral weathering, nutrient mobilization and A1 detoxification. In this research, a batch experiment was conducted to examine the effects of LMW organic acids on dissolution of aluminum in two variably charged soils, an Ultisol and an Oxisol. The results showed that the LMW organic acids enhanced the dissolution of A1 in the two investigated soils in the following order： citric 〉 oxalic 〉 malonic 〉 malic 〉 tartaric 〉 salicylic 〉 lactic 〉 maleic. This was generally in agreement with the magnitude of the stability constants for the Al-organic complexes. The effects of LMW organic acids on Al dissolution were greater in the Ultisol than in the Oxisol as compared to their controls. Also, the accelerating effects of citric and oxalic acids on dissolution of A1 increased with an increase in pH, while the effects of lactic and salicylic acids decreased. Additionally, when the organic acid concentration was less than 0.2 mmol L-I, the dissolution of A1 changed Iittle with increase in acid concentration. However, when the organic acid concentration was greater than 0.2 mmol L^-1,the dissolution of A1 increased with increase in acid concentration. In addition to the acid first dissociation constant and stability constant of Al-organic complexes, the promoting effects of LMW organic acids on dissolution of A1 were also related to their sorption-desorption equilibrium in the soils.     

有机物料对酸性红壤铝毒的缓解效应

利用盆栽试验研究了施用不等量稻草对酸性红壤旱耕地铝毒的缓解效应。结果表明,添加不等量的秸秆碳(C)后,土壤pH值显著提高,土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝的含量则明显降低,土壤有机络合态铝的含量也呈增加趋势。添加铝盐并不影响秸秆碳对降低土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝含量的作用。在本研究中,土壤pH值与土壤交换性铝和土壤吸附态羟基铝均呈显著负相关,方程分别为y=-2193.9x+11545,R2=0.9798**,y=-655.34x+9748,R2=0.7837**。土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝与玉米主根长,地上部磷、钾含量均呈显著负相关,是抑制玉米吸收养分的主要限制因素,土壤吸附态羟基铝是次于交换性铝的又一活性较大的铝化合物。     

Low pH and aluminum tolerance of Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from acid soils in Indonesia

Sixty-seven strains of Bradyrhizobium isolated from soybean plants growing on acid soils in West Java and Sumatra, Indonesia, were examined for the effect of the pH and aluminum concentration on their growth in nutrient media, compared with 61 strains of Bradyrhizobium from soils in Japan. The results in this study indicated that the indigenous population of Bradyrhizobium in the soils of Indonesia showed a large difference in acid- and Al-tolerance from that of Japan. Eighty-five and 48% of the isolates from Japanese soils and Indonesian soils, respectively, were unable to grow in YEM broth at pH below 4.5. The acid-tolerance was correlated with AI-tolerance of the isolates on YEM agar plates at pH 4.4. Seventy-five percent of the isolates that grew in YEM broth at pH 4.5 were also resistant to 400 µM Al on the YEM plates. Acetylene reduction assay of the root nodules revealed that 3 of the acid- and Al-tolerant isolates from Indonesian soils showed a significantly high nitrogen fixation activity.     

柠檬酸和葡萄糖存在下土壤锰溶解动力学研究

研究探讨了土壤锰还原和溶解的动力学特征,为土壤锰的植物有效性提供科学依据。以无机酸和酸化还原剂(HCl、NH2OH.HCl-HNO3、NH2OH.HCl-HAc)处理为对照,用连续液流法研究柠檬酸和葡萄糖对土壤锰溶解的影响。结果表明,柠檬酸、葡萄糖可通过在土壤固相表面的吸附使其中的锰还原溶解,几种化合物对土壤锰的相对溶解能力强弱顺序为:0.04 mol.L-1NH2OH.HCl(25%HAc)>0.1 mol.L-1NH2OH.HCl-0.001 mol.L-1HNO3>1%柠檬酸>0.5%柠檬酸>0.1 mol.L-1HCl>1%葡萄糖>0.5%葡萄糖>0.01 mol.L-1HCl。用不同数学模型模拟化合物对土壤锰溶解动态过程,5种方程拟合的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),并且以指数方程、Elovich方程和权函数方程拟合所得的标准差较小,抛物线扩散方程拟合的标准差最大。表明几种化合物对土壤锰氧化物的溶解速率受控于表面化学反应,而不是由扩散来控制。     

营养型土壤改良剂对酸性土壤中钾的调节及玉米吸钾量的影响

营养型土壤改良剂(以下简称改良剂)施入三种不同肥力水平的土壤进行恒温培养试验和盆栽试验,测定土壤有效钾的含量、盆栽试验玉米的生物量和钾吸收量。结果表明:对于有效钾含量高的土壤,改良剂能促进钾的缓效化,有利于土壤钾的保蓄,防止土壤钾的淋失;对于有效钾含量较低的土壤,改良剂可以活化土壤中的钾,提高土壤钾的有效性;不同肥力水平的土壤,改良剂都能促进玉米对钾的吸收,有利于提高钾肥的吸收利用效率。     

添加有机酸对土壤镉形态转化及苋菜镉积累的影响

植物根系分泌的低分子量有机酸能够与土壤中的镉形成镉–有机酸复合体,从而影响根际镉的移动性。本文通过添加有机酸对土壤镉形态转化的研究,阐明有机酸与镉生物积累的关系。采用盆栽试验及土壤培养等方法,研究了添加苹果酸、柠檬酸对赤红壤和黄棕壤中镉的形态转化以及超积累型苋菜天星米镉生物积累的影响。结果表明,与Cd 25 mg/kg处理比较,Cd 25 mg/kg＋苹果酸、Cd 25mg/kg＋柠檬酸处理对苋菜生物量未产生影响,但显著增加苋菜根系及地上部镉含量;添加苹果酸、柠檬酸处理显著降低土壤专性吸附态Cd含量,却显著增加了交换态Cd、碳酸盐结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量。说明添加苹果酸、柠檬酸还能够通过影响土壤镉形态转化而促进苋菜对镉的积累。     

电解质阴离子和pH对可变电荷土壤硫酸盐吸附的影响

The effects of three electrolyte anions, ionic strength and pH on the adsorption of sulfate by two variable charge soils, with different surface charge properties were studied. Under the conditions of the same pH and ionic strength the effect of electrolyte anions on the adsorption of sulfate was in the order of Cl^- > NO₃^- > ClO₄^-, indicating the difference of the nature among these three anions. For Ferralsol in the same concentration of chloride and perchloride solutions, the two sulfate adsorption-pH curves could intersect at certain pH value. When pH was higher than the intersecting point, more sulfate was adsorbed in the perchloride solution, while when it was lower than the intersecting point, more sulfate was adsorbed in the chloride solution. In different concentrations of electrolyte solution, the curves of the amount of oxy-acid anion adsorbed, which changed with pH, could intersect at a certain pH, which is termed point of zero salt effect (PZSE) on adsorption. The nature of electrolyte anions influenced obviously the appearance of PZSE for sulfate adsorption. For ferralsol the curves of adsorption converged to about pH 7 in NaCl solution seemed to intersect in NaNO₃ solution and to have a typical PZSE for sulfate adsorption in NaClO₄ solution. For Acrisol the three curves of adsorption were nearly parallel in NaCl and NaNO₃ solutions and converged to pH 6.5 in NaClO₄ solution.     

Reactive aluminum in the vermont soil test

Abstract

Determination of Reactive Al by extracting a soil sample with pH 4.8 NH₄ OAc (1.25 N acetate) characterizes for northern acid soils the quantity of soil acidity that must be neutralized to meet lime need and also lower the P adsorbing capacity. Extracted Al is used in conjunction with pH in 10 mM CaCl₂ to calculate the lime requirement directly. First, the amount of P fertilizer needed is approximated, based on the P intensity (Available P) determined in the same NH₄ OAc extract. Then the recommended amount is increased by a P‐fixation factor obtained from the Reactive Al measured, and decreased by a Reserve P factor derived from fluoride extractable P.

Unlike a buffer lime requirement method, which predicts lime needed to reach a target pH, the Reactive Al test estimates the quantity of acidity that must be neutralized to prevent fixation of P fertilizer by soil Al and to release P from Al‐bound sources. Attaining a particular target pH is not the primary goal. The Reserve P test measures the amount of unavailable Al phosphates that becomes partially available when lime needs are met.