不同肥密处理对超高产大豆辽豆14的影响

选用超高产大豆品种辽豆14和普通大豆品种辽豆11为材料,在不同施肥(150、300 kg hm-2磷酸二铵)和不同种植密度(7.5、15.0、22.5万株hm-2)处理下,比较了两个品种的农艺性状和产量表现,试图揭示超高产品种的产量形成规律.结果表明,超高产大豆辽豆14在不同肥密处理下其株高稳定性好,结荚高度低,而且在施肥水平较高时具有较好的分枝性能.叶面积指数在结荚期达到最大值,而后稳健下降,且在生育后期能维持一个较高的水平.超高产品种辽豆14种植密度间产量差异达显著水平,而施肥水平间产量差异不显著,说明只有在超高产栽培条件下才能体现其品种优势,使其产量潜力得到充分表达.     

肥密处理对不同大豆品种产量和品质的影响

以中黄30、铁丰31和铁豆37为材料,在不同施肥和不同种植密度(12.0、16.5、21.0万株·hm-2)处理下,比较了3个大豆品种的农艺性状、产量和品质表现.结果表明:不同密度下,大豆产量差异极显著,并且高密度条件下的产量最高;不同肥力条件下,大豆产量差异不显著.不同肥密处理对不同大豆蛋白质和脂肪含量影响不同,低密度中肥处理提高了中黄30和铁豆37蛋白质含量,降低了3个大豆品种脂肪含量.中密度中肥处理提高了中黄30和铁丰31蛋白质含量.施肥处理降低了中黄30脂肪含量,提高了铁丰31和铁豆37脂肪含量.高密度施肥处理提高了中黄30和铁豆37蛋白质含量.施肥处理增加了铁丰31脂肪含量.     

半干旱地区不同品种大豆密度对产量的影响

对半干旱地区不同品种大豆密度对产量的影响进行了研究,结果表明:在半干旱区,种植密度对大豆产量影响是显著的。在一定的栽培条件下,不同的品种大豆的在一定的密度条件下才能获得较高的产量。大豆品种垦农5号、绥农14高产栽培适宜密度是30万株/hm2。     

10个亚麻品种对低纬度高海拔生态环境的适应性分析

云南省处于低纬度高海拔地区,自然条件明显不同于传统亚麻产区.为了明确亚麻品种对云南自然条件的适应性,开展了10个引进亚麻品种在云南省的2年多点试验.结果表明,除双亚7号和黑亚10号原茎产量较低外,其它的各品种都能较好的适应云南省各参试点地区的自然和栽培条件,获得较高原茎产量.推荐阿里安、高斯等品种在云南推广种植,而黑亚11、12、13号的品种可进一步扩大示范种植面积.     

九三农垦地区种植密度对不同早熟大豆品种农艺性状及产量的影响

以九三农垦地区推广面积较大的大豆品种北豆53、黑河45和垦鉴豆27为研究对象,采用裂区试验设计,研究不同种植密度对不同大豆品种的农艺性状及产量影响。结果表明,随着种植密度的增加,北豆53和黑河45的株高降低;垦鉴豆27的主茎节数增多;北豆53和垦鉴豆27的产量下降;相同种植密度条件下,垦鉴豆27表现最好,最适宜的种植密度为35万株/hm~2。     

辽宁省大豆品种在晋南夏播的表现

报道辽宁省大豆品种在晋南麦后夏播区生态条件下的特征特性及产量表现,结果表明所有7个品种均表现为:生育期缩短,植株变矮,但由于单株英数增加,百粒重提高,仍可获得较高产量,其中辽豆15、辽豆17生态适应性较好,产量高,商品性也好,经过本省区试后可以夏播种植.     

异地种植对辽宁省大豆品种生育与产量的影响

2007--2008年,辽宁省育成的高产大豆品种在陕西关中平原进行了麦后夏播试验。结果表明,其生育期缩短,植株变矮,但由于百粒重显著高于当地对照品种而获得较高产量。其中,辽豆18号表现为生态适应性好,高产、稳产,适宜在该地区夏播种植。     

优质粳稻辽粳2501选育及高产栽培技术

辽粳2501是辽宁省水稻研究所选育的晚熟常规水稻品种,2018年通过辽宁省审定.该品种在辽宁省晚熟稻区种植表现出产量高、稻米品质优、适应性广、抗稻瘟病等特点.阐述了辽粳2501的品种来源及选育经过,并从适时播种、合理施肥灌水、病虫草害综合防治等方面介绍了其机械化高产高效配套栽培技术,旨在为该品种的推广种植提供理论参考.     

种植密度对半直立型绿豆主要性状及产量的影响

对半干旱地区不同种植密度对半直立绿豆品种的产量影响进行了研究．结果表明：在半干旱地区,种植密度对绿豆产量影响是显著的。在一定的栽培条件下,绿豆在适宜的密度条件下才能获得较高的产量。绿豆品种绿丰5号高产栽培适宜密度是20万株／hm2。     

10个亚麻品种对低纬度高海拔生态环境的适应性分析

云南省处于低纬度高海拔地区，自然条件明显不同于传统亚麻产区。为了明确亚麻品种对云南自然条件的适应性，开展了10个引进亚麻品种在云南省的2年多点试验。结果表明，除双亚7号和黑亚10号原茎产量较低外，其它的各品种都能较好的适应云南省各参试点地区的自然和栽培条件，获得较高原茎产量。推荐阿里安、高斯等品种在云南推广种植，而黑亚11、12、13号的品种可进一步扩大示范种植面积。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.