植物根系和根际微生物对氮的竞争

植物根系可促进土壤中有机碳和氮的矿化^[1-3]。     

植物根系分泌物与根际微生物交互作用机制研究进展

根际是受植物根系影响最为强烈的微域环境,是植物和土壤交流的桥梁。根系能通过调控根系分泌物的种类和数量影响根际微生物的种群结构和多样性,根际微生物通过改变根际土壤特性影响根系的分泌作用,进而影响植物的生长发育过程。因此,很有必要对这些研究进展进行梳理,提出未来该领域的研究重点。本文以1999～2022年中国知网（CNKI）和Web of Science核心数据库为文献来源,对根系分泌物与根际微生物互作相关的64篇论文进行分析。总结了近年来根系分泌物和根际微生物互作的最新研究成果,重点介绍了根系分泌物对根际微生物种类、数量和分布的影响,环境胁迫对根系分泌物和根际微生物的影响,以及根际微生物对植物生长的影响。基于此,我们对该领域未来的研究方向进行了展望。深入理解根系分泌物和根际微生物之间复杂的互作关系及其机理,对揭示根际微生态调控过程、土壤微生物组功能、促进农作物增产等方面具有重要的意义。     

酸性黄壤铅污染下植物根际微生物和酶活性研究

采用盆栽试验研究了酸性黄壤铅污染下4种草本植物根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的变化。结果表明：植物根际土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌对铅污染的响应因植物根系环境的不同而有所区别：4种植物根际土壤中细菌和真菌数量增加,但增幅不一致。黑麦草和早熟禾根际土壤放线菌数量降低,翦股颖根际土壤放线菌数量呈现波动起伏。4种植物根际土壤中过氧化氢酶活性、淀粉酶活性和中性磷酸酶活性与土壤铅含量都表现出负相关性,与淀粉酶活性负相关达到极显著,铅对黑麦草和狗牙根根际土壤脲酶活性表现出低浓度下激活高浓度下抑制,早熟禾和翦股颖根际土壤脲酶活性与土壤铅含量表现出正相关性。     

营养胁迫下不同植物根系的反应和根际效应

研究了在营养胁迫下、小麦、番茄、玉米（不同品种）根系的适应性及其根际效应。结果表明，在缺锰胁迫下植物根系分泌更多的可溶性有机物，导致根际Ｅｈ下降，高价锰氧化物还原，根际氧化锰结合态锰活化并转化为有效态，提供植物吸收。     

植物根际微生物组的研究进展

根际微生物组(rhizosphere microbiome),是植物从其种子库土壤微生物组中有选择性地招募在根际聚集的动态微生物集群.随着近年来高通量测序技术、宏基因组学等的飞速发展,根际微生物组与植物宿主及土壤微生物组间的紧密联系引起了全球关注和研究热潮.根际微生物组被视作植物第二基因组,其与植物间的互作极为复杂,有...     

根际微域环境的研究

作者对根际环境研究的发展趋势和我国１０年来取得的成就进行了回顾，对今后重点的研究方向提出了见解，强调了根际物理环境，养分转化，特定分泌物与抗逆性等方面研究的重要意义。     

盐生植物根际微生物对含盐环境污染修复展望

盐对微生物生长繁殖的抑制性增加了高盐情况下的污染物的生物修复难度。本文总结了盐度对微生物生长状况影响,分析了盐生植物对其根际微生物耐盐能力和污染物去除能力的作用,并展望了盐生植物在高盐环境条件下对污染修复的潜力。     

植物根际促生菌辅助红麻修复铅污染土壤

通过盆栽实验研究土壤Pb浓度对经济作物红麻（Hibiscuscannabinus）生长、富集及转运Pb的影响,并将具有较强Pb抗性的植物根际促生菌（PGPR）DBM1（Arthrobactersp．）接种至红麻根际,考察Pb胁迫下PGPR对红麻的促生作用,以探索利用PGPR辅助重金属耐性植物红麻对Pb污染土壤进行植物稳定修复的可行性。结果表明,土壤Pb浓度和接菌处理均显著影响红麻的生长。红麻对Pb具有较高耐性,可通过将Ph富集在根部,并抑制其向地上部转移,从而在中低Pb（Pb400和Pb800处理）污染土壤中良好定植和生长。土壤Pb浓度达到1600mg·kg^-1时,红麻生长开始受到Ph胁迫的抑制,红麻通过自身胁迫抵抗机制缓解Pb毒性。接种DBM1可有效促进红麻的生长,提高红麻叶绿素含量。DBM1对红麻的促生作用是由胁迫诱导的特性,在高Pb胁迫下促生效果更显著。因此,可利用植物根际促生茵DBM1辅助红麻对高Pb污染土壤进行植物稳定修复,在促进红麻生长的同时,有效抑制Pb向红麻地上部的转移。     

PGPR复合菌剂对辣椒生长及根际土壤微生物结构的影响

为研究植物根际促生菌(PGPR)菌剂在田间条件下对辣椒的促生效果及其对根际土壤微生物结构的影响,以前期筛选到的4株PGPR菌株制备的复合菌剂为研究对象、辣椒为试验材料进行田间试验,分别设置了100%化肥组(CK)、100%化肥+PGPR复合菌剂组和80%化肥+PGPR复合菌剂组共3个处理,在幼苗期、始花期和坐果期对辣椒进行灌根,测定了不同处理组辣椒的株高及茎粗、产量和根际微生物的结构变化。结果表明:PGPR复合菌剂能有效促进辣椒植株增高和茎粗增加,单株产量及挂果数较100%化肥组分别增加34.14%、38.62%和47.44%、52.89%,每公顷鲜椒增产约9 000～10 000 kg。微生物菌群的结构变化表现为,PGPR菌剂灌根的处理组中,微生物总量和细菌数量显著性增加、真菌数量减少,放线菌数量则表现为盛果期显著增加;溶磷、解钾及固氮菌等功能菌群的数量总体上升,增幅不一致。表明施用PGPR复合菌剂对辣椒的促生效果显著,且影响了辣椒根际的土壤微生物结构。     

植物根际沉积与土壤微生物关系研究进展

【目的】活跃的根际微生物被喻为植物的第二套基因组,在植物的生长发育过程中发挥着关键作用。植物通过根际碳沉积影响根际土壤微生物群落的结构和功能;作为根际微生态系统中的物质流、能量流和信息流,根际碳沉积是连接大气、植物和土壤系统物质循环的重要纽带;因此,理解根际碳沉积在根际微生态中的作用对于提高植物抗逆性,增加作物产量,调控根际养分循环等方面具有重大的理论意义。【主要进展】本文就近年来关于根际微生物领域的研究成果,重点综述了根际微生物多样性和组学研究;根际碳沉积的组成和产生机理;根际微生物群落结构的形成机制;根际微生物在促进作物养分吸收、提高作物抗逆性等方面的生态功能;以及气候变化和长期施肥对植物-微生物互作关系的影响。在此基础上我们提出了未来可能的研究重点和发展方向:1)植物根际沉积物原位收集方法和检测技术的改进和发展;2)稳定同位素探针与分子生态学技术的结合,将植物、土壤和微生物三者有机地联系起来,综合分析根际界面中微生物的活性与功能;3)高通量测序、组学技术和生物信息学等新技术的引入势必使根际微生物学研究发生革命性的变化;4)随着全球气候变化和土壤肥力改变,例如全球变暖、CO2浓度升高和长期施用化肥,根际沉积物在植物-土壤-微生物中的分配与调节机制,以及这种环境选择压力下植物如何诱导根际促生菌发挥更大作用。希望通过平衡作物与微生物之间的相互关系来实现作物的高产高效,促进农田的可持续利用。     

Plant pathogen protection by arbuscular mycorrhizas: A role for fungal diversity?

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can confer protection to host plants against some root pathogens, and several mechanisms for these phenomena have been proposed. If AM fungal taxa vary in the ways that they limit the negative effects of pathogens on host plants, additive and/or synergistic interactions among members of diverse AM fungal assemblages and communities may result in a greater pathogen protection than is currently predicted. However, in a review of the literature on interactions between AM and pathogenic fungi, we found few examples that compared the effectiveness of single- and multi-species AM fungal assemblages. Here, we briefly recount the generally recognized mechanisms of pathogen protection by AM fungi and present evidence, where appropriate, for functional diversity among AM fungal taxa with regard to these mechanisms. We propose that functional complementarity of AM fungal taxa in interactions with pathogens could mimic, or even be the cause of, previously observed relationships between AM fungal diversity and plant productivity.     

AMF和PGPR修复甲胺磷污染土壤的效应

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)和根围促生细菌(plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria,PGPR)能降解有毒有机物,但分解土壤中残留甲胺磷农药尚未见报道。本试验旨在测定AMF和PGPR矿化甲胺磷的效应。试验设甲胺磷0、50、100和150μg g-1下,对番茄(Lycospersicon esculentum,品种金冠)接种AMF Glomus mosseae(Gm)、Glomus etunicatum(Ge)、PGPR Bacillus subtilis(Bs)、Bacillus sp.B697(Bsp)、Pseudomonas fluorescens(Pf)、Gm+Bs、Gm+Bsp、Gm+Pf、Ge+Bs、Ge+Bsp、Ge+Pf和不接种对照,共48个处理。结果表明,接种Gm显著增加了根区土壤和根内PGPR定殖数量,而Pf处理显著提高了AMF侵染率,表明Gm与Pf能够相互促进。甲胺磷100μg g-1水平下,Gm+Pf处理的番茄株高显著高于其他处理,地上部干重显著高于其他处理(Ge+Pf除外),根系干重显著高于对照、PGPR各处理和Ge处理;而根内甲胺磷浓度则显著低于其他处理,茎叶中的则显著低于其他处理(Gm+Bs、Gm+Bsp和Ge+Pf除外)。AMF、PGPR或AMF+PGPR处理均显著降低番茄体内甲胺磷浓度。甲胺磷50~100μg g-1水平下,Gm+Pf显著降低根区土壤中甲胺磷残留量,矿化率达52%~60.6%。AMF和PGPR显著提高了根区土壤中甲胺脱氢酶活性,其中以Gm+Pf组合处理的酶活性最高。表明AMF和PGPR均能促进土壤中残留甲胺磷的降解,Gm+Pf是本试验条件下的最佳组合。     

根际促生菌及其在污染土壤植物修复中的应用

植物对重金属吸收、转运和积累以及植物生物学特征使其成为修复重金属污染土壤的重要手段之一。然而,由于植物对重金属的耐受性有限而限制其广泛实际应用,因而探讨植物修复技术强化措施就显得尤为重要。随着自然资源的开发和技术的发展,微生物调控使植物修复技术变得更为可行和更有价值。回顾近年来新兴的微生物调控技术,植物根际促生菌资源因其对环境无污染,可利用自身的抗性系统减缓重金属对植物的毒性,促进植物的生长和影响重金属的迁移等优势,在修复过程中发挥着重要作用。目前,国内外就植物根际促生菌的筛选、鉴定和应用价值等方面已经做了大量的相关研究。本文综述了根际促生菌-植物相互作用的机制及其促进植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用原理。     

The role of the external mycelium in early colonization for three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species with different colonization strategies

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) differ in their rate and extent of colonization of both plant roots and soil but the mechanism responsible for these differences is unclear. We compared the external mycelium of three AMF isolates (Glomus intraradices, Glomus etunicatum and Gigaspora gigantea) during early colonization of plant roots. We investigated whether an AMF with the most rapid colonization would have higher numbers of infective structures (i.e., infection hyphae and contact points), an AMF with extensive root colonization would have more infection units, and (3) AMF with extensive soil colonization would have large numbers of all external features (including absorptive hyphae, runner hyphae and hyphal bridges). Using specially designed soil and root observation chambers, we followed the development of the external mycelium for 7 weeks. We found that rapid colonization rate was due, in part, to the presence of more infective structures, in particular more infection hyphae and root contact points. Second, the extensive root colonizer had more, larger infection units. Third, data did not support the hypothesis that the extensive soil colonizer had more external structures. These results show that differences in the architecture of the external mycelium are responsible, in part, for variation in the colonization strategy of AMF.     

Influence of Dual Inoculation of AM Fungi and Rhizobium on Growth Indices,Production Economics,and Nutrient Use Efficiencies in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Field experimentation was conducted at Palampur, India during 2011–2012 in an acid Alfisol to quantify the influence of integrated use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Rhizobium and inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on growth, productivity, profitability, and nutrient use efficiencies in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) replicated thrice comprising 13 treatments involving AMF (Glomus mosseae), Rhizobium (R. leguminosarum), and inorganic N and P fertilizers. The results revealed that dual inoculation of pea seed with AMF and Rhizobium enhanced the plant height, leaf area index, and dry matter accumulation significantly by 19.4 and 13.1, 10.7 and 10.7, and 16.6 and 16.7%, respectively at 60 and 120 days after sowing (DAS). Similarly, dual inoculation exhibited significant respective increases of 9.5 and 14.6% in absolute and crop growth rates over generalized recommended NP potassium (K) dose (GRD) during 60–120 DAS. The dual inoculation led to significant respective increases of 1.0 and 2.2, 1.06 and 1.74, 0.21 and 1.5, and 1.05 and 1.60 folds in partial factor productivity, crop recovery efficiency, physiological efficiency, and % recovery of applied N and P, respectively over GRD. The magnitude of increase in pea productivity, net returns, and boron to carbon (B:C) ratio following dual inoculation was to the tune of 20, 54.4, and 104.1%, respectively over GRD. Dual inoculation also exhibited significant increases of 19.4 and 53.1% in production and monetary efficiencies of pea over GRD. Overall, dual inoculation of AMF and Rhizobium with 75% soil-test-based N and P dose in pea has great potential in enhancing pea productivity, profitability, and nutrient use efficiency besides saving about 25% fertilizer N and P without impairing pea productivity in Himalayan acid Alfisol.     

Increased N availability in grassland soils modifies their microbial communities and decreases the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Two complementary studies were performed to examine (1) the effect of 18 years of nitrogen (N) fertilization, and (2) the effects of N fertilization during one growing season on soil microbial community composition and soil resource availability in a grassland ecosystem. N was added at three different rates: 0, 5.44, and 27.2 g N m⁻² y⁻¹. In both studies, Schizachyrium scoparium was the dominant plant species before N treatments were applied. Soil microbial communities from each experiment were characterized using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. Discriminant analysis of the FAMEs separated the three N fertilizer treatments in both experiments, indicating shifts in the composition of the microbial communities. In general, plots that received N fertilizer at low or high application rates for 18 years showed increased proportions of bacterial FAMEs and decreased fungal FAMEs. In particular, control plots contained a significantly higher proportion of fungal FAMEs C18:1(cis9) and C18:2(cis9,12) and of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) FAME, C16:1(cis11), than both of the N addition treatment plots. A significant negative effect of N fertilization on the AMF FAME, C16:1(cis11), was measured in the short-term experiment. Our results indicate that high rates of anthropogenic N deposition can lead to significant changes in the composition of soil microbial communities over short periods and can even disrupt the relationship between AMF and plants.     

蚕豆任米问作接种AM真菌与根瘤菌对其吸磷量的影响

盆栽试验研究不同根系分隔方式蚕豆/玉米间作接种AM真菌和根瘤菌对其吸收有机磷影响结果表明,接种AM真菌均显著促进玉米和蚕豆吸收有机磷,与对照相比吸P量分别增加138.1%和82.3%;接种AM真菌和根瘤菌对蚕豆吸收有机磷有协同促进作用,蚕豆根瘤数、根瘤重和菌根侵染率显著增加,并改善与其间作玉米的营养状况,明显促进玉米生长。     

林分改变驱动的优势菌根真菌类型变化影响土壤有机碳积累

马尾松林（Pinus massoniana Lamb.）是典型的外生菌根（Ectomycorrhiza, ECM）优势林，但是近年来受到松材线虫病的影响，生态服务功能下降，逐渐被丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM）占优势的阔叶林所替代，但亚热带地区马尾松林转变为阔叶林过程中，优势菌根类型的改变对土壤有机碳积累的影响仍不清楚。以建德市马尾松林和阔叶林为研究对象，通过高效液相色谱和中性脂肪酸、磷脂脂肪酸等技术，测定优势菌根真菌生物量、球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（GRSP）含量以及土壤胞外酶活性和微生物群落特征。结果表明：AM真菌占优势的阔叶林（AMD）取代ECM真菌占优势的马尾松林（ECMD），土壤有机碳显著提高了36.81%，微生物碳利用效率（CUE）显著提高了53.85%，AM真菌生物量提高了25.57%，ECM真菌生物量下降45.04%，并且ECM真菌占优势的马尾松林受到更严重的氮限制。磷脂脂肪酸分析显示，相比于AM真菌占优势的阔叶林，ECM真菌占优势的马尾松林革兰氏阳性细菌（G+）以及革兰氏阳性与阴性细菌之比（G+/G-）分别显著下降了21.47%和6.46%。冗余分析（Redundancy analysis, RDA）结果表明，AM真菌占优势和ECM真菌占优势的森林之间土壤微生物群落结构存在显著差异（P<0.05），其中AM真菌生物量和土壤有机碳与微生物群落结构变异显著相关。GRSP含量下降以及不同类型菌根真菌招募微生物类群不同是导致ECM真菌占优势森林土壤有机碳下降的重要原因。因此，亚热带地区马尾松林被阔叶林替代后增加森林土壤有机碳含量，提高森林碳汇功能。     

Changes in microbial communities and carbohydrate profiles induced by the mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices) in rhizosphere of olive trees (Olea europaea L.)

The influence of inoculation of olive trees with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus (G) intraradices, on microbial communities and sugar concentrations, were examined in rhizosphere of olive trees (Olea europaea L.). Analyses of phospholipid and neutral lipid fatty acids (PLFA and NLFA, respectively) were then used to detect changes in microbial community structure in response to inoculation of plantlets with G. intraradices.Microscopic observations studies revealed that the extraradical mycelium of the fungus showed formation of branched absorbing structures (BAS) in rhizosphere of olive tree. Root colonization with the AM fungi G. intraradices induced significant changes in the bacterial community structure of olive tree rhizosphere compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. The largest proportional increase was found for the fatty acid 10Me18:0, which indicated an increase in the number of actinomycetes in mycorrhizal rhizosphere soil, whereas the PLFAs i15:0, a15:0, i16:0, 16:1ω7 and cy17:0 which were used as indicators of bacteria decreased in mycorrhizal treatment compared to non-mycorrhizal control treatment. A highest concentration of glucose and trehalose and a lowest concentration of fructose, galactose, sucrose, raffinose and mannitol were detected in mycorrhizal rhizosphere soil. This mycorrhizal effect on rhizosphere communities may be a consequence of changes in characteristics in the environment close to mycorrhizal roots.     

Intracellular and extracellular PGPR: commonalities and distinctions in the plant-bacterium signaling processes

Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) associations range in degree of bacterial proximity to the root and intimacy of association. In general, these can be separated into extracellular PGPR (ePGPR), existing in the rhizosphere, on the rhizoplane or in the spaces between cells of the root cortex, and intracellular PGPR (iPGPR), which exist inside root cells, generally in specialized nodular structures. The latter includes rhizobia and Frankia species, both of which fix nitrogen in symbiosis with higher plants. There has been considerable development in understanding signaling mechanisms of rhizobia (iPGPR) during the establishment of the rhizobia-legume symbiosis, and this may serve as a model of knowledge regarding cross-talk and plant growth promoting mechanisms. We provide a detailed review of this process, including plant-to-bacteria signal molecules, followed by bacterial perception and consequent production of bacteria-to-plant signals. A history of PGPR discovery is also provided, indicating progress in understanding each of the PGPR groups. Recent advances in understanding plant growth responses to microbial signals are reviewed, along with the research areas that require attention. Based on new understandings of signaling mechanisms in the iPGPR (rhizobia) and recent findings with ePGPR we are able to speculate regarding general patterns of signaling in the ePGPR.