Symbiotic performance,shoot biomass and water-use efficiency of three groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes in response to phosphorus supply under field conditions in Ethiopia

Phosphorus is a key nutrient element involved in energy transfer for cellular metabolism, respiration and photosynthesis and its supply at low levels can affect legume nodulation, N₂ fixation, and C assimilation. A two-year field study was conducted in Ethiopia in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate the effects of P supply on growth, symbiotic N₂ nutrition, grain yield and water-use efficiency of three groundnut genotypes. Supplying P to the genotypes significantly increased their shoot biomass, symbiotic performance, grain yield, and C accumulation. There was, however, no effect on shoot δ¹³C values in either year. Compared to the zero-P control, supplying 40 kg·ha⁻¹ P markedly increased shoot biomass by 77% and 66% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. In both years, groundnut grain yields were much higher at 20 and 30 kg·ha⁻¹ P. Phosphorus supply markedly reduced shoot δ¹⁵N values and increased the %Ndfa and amount of N-fixed, indicating the direct involvement of P in promoting N₂ fixation in nodulated groundnut. The three genotypes differed significantly in δ¹⁵N, %Ndfa, N-fixed, grain yield, C concentration, and δ¹³C. The phosphorus × genotype interaction was also significant for shoot DM, N content, N-fixed and soil N uptake.     

有机肥替代部分化肥对棉田土壤养分含量与棉花产量收益的影响

【目的】研究河北省中南部旱薄沙壤区有机肥替代部分化肥后棉田土壤养分状况、棉花产量性状与肥料投入收益情况,为有机肥替代减施化肥提供理论支持。【方法】设置不施肥对照、单施化肥与增施有机肥配合减施10%、30%、50%化肥共5个处理,采用随机区组设计,定位3 a后,测定不同处理土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷与速效钾含量,调查棉花产量性状,分析肥料投入收益情况。【结果】定位3 a后,增施有机肥可显著提升土壤有机质含量,各处理土壤全氮含量变化不明显,增施有机肥后,随着化肥减量增加,土壤速效磷和速效钾均呈降低趋势,但减施10%、30%化肥后土壤速效磷和速效钾与单施化肥差异不显著,减施50%化肥后显著下降;增施有机肥减施化肥后,通过影响棉花单株铃数影响棉花产量,减施10%与30%化肥后籽棉产量与单施化肥差异不显著,而减施50%化肥后籽棉产量显著降低;肥料投入收益以增施有机肥减施化肥10%与30%2个处理显著高于其它处理。【结论】在河北省中南部旱薄沙壤棉区,增施有机肥1 500 kg/hm²,减少化肥用量30%,可提高棉田土壤有机质,稳定棉花产量,实现肥料投入收益最大化。     

Phosphorus status,use and recycling in a Chinese peri-urban region with intensive animal husbandry and cropping systems Results from case study in a Sino-German applied research collaboration project

The Sino-German research collaboration project, “Recycling of organic residues from agricultural and municipal origin in China” (2008–2012), comprising different interdisciplinary research groups, and also German small and medium-sized enterprises, aimed at developing integrated strategies and solutions for the recycling of organic residues in China. In an intensive crop-livestock agricultural region in the Shunyi District of Beijing, five typical cropping systems were investigated. The research was conducted in the form of analyses of phosphorus (P) in soil, plants, animal feed, animal products, manures, mineral and organic fertilizers and the derivation of the corresponding nutrient balances and P flows. The mean annual P balance surplus was 492 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ P for the vegetable production system, significantly higher (P<0.05) than that for orchards (130 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹P) and cereal crops (83 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ P). Plant-available P (Olsen-P) concentrations of topsoils (0–20 cm) had good correlations with the amounts of P applied (from mineral and organic sources). Compared to results from the Second Chinese National Soil Survey of 1981, mean concentrations of available P in soils of 19 plots investigated in Shunyi District increased 10-fold (from 7.3 to 60 mg·kg⁻¹) from 1981 to 2009. On average, the critical limit for Olsen-P concentrations (>30 mg·kg⁻¹) that can lead to increased risk of P loss was exceeded in all five cropping systems. With feed additives, the “natural background value” (Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils) of copper and zinc in topsoils was exceeded at several sites. Screening for several substances in the veterinary antibiotic classes of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones revealed widespread topsoil contamination. Calculated livestock densities were 10.6 livestock units per ha arable land in 2007. Animal husbandry is increasingly conducted in large operations, making traditional ways of reuse difficult to apply. Comparing three management systems for treatment of organic residues from a pig farm via aerobic (composting) or anaerobic (biogas) treatment in a life cycle assessment, the resulting cropland demand for a sustainable land application of biogas effluent varied between 139 and 288 ha·yr⁻¹, well above the cropland area owned by the farm (10 ha). The mismatch problems in the above context between business-as-usual and improving performance are framed and discussed as (1) the mismatch between centralized animal husbandry and smallholder farming, (2) the mismatch between livestock density and cropland, (3) nutrient (including P) recycling and increasing organic matter content versus energy production, (4) subsidies for compost production and biogas, as well as (5) advances in the regulatory framework in China.     

NEW ZEALAND DAIRY FARM SYSTEMS AND KEY ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

• NZ dairy farming systems are based on year-round grazing of perennial pasture (ryegrass/white clover). • Milk production per hectare has increased by about 29% with increased use of externally-sourced feeds over the last two decades. • Externally-sourced feeds with a low protein concentration can potentially reduce N₂O emissions and N leaching per unit of production. • Systems analysis is important for evaluating mitigations to minimize trade-offs between environmental impacts. This paper provides an overview of the range of dairy pasture grazing systems used in New Zealand (NZ), the changes with increased inputs over time and associated key environmental effects including nitrogen (N) leaching and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. NZ dairy farming systems are based on year-round grazing and seasonal milk production on perennial ryegrass/clover pasture where cows are rotationally grazed in paddocks. There was an increase in stocking rate on NZ dairy farms from 2.62 cows ha⁻¹ in 2000/2001 to 2.84 cows ha⁻¹ in 2015/2016. During the same period annual milk solids production increased from 315 to 378 kg·yr⁻¹ per cow. This performance has coincided with an increase in N fertilizer use (by ~ 30%) and a twofold increase in externally-sourced feeds. Externally-sourced feeds with a low protein concentration (e.g., maize silage) can increase the efficiency of N utilization and potentially reduce N losses per unit of production. Off-paddock facilities (such as standoff or feed pads) are often used to restrict grazing during very wet winter conditions. A systems analysis of contrasting dairy farms in Waikato (largest NZ dairying region) indicates that the increased input would result in an increase in per-cow milk production but little change in efficiency of milk production from a total land use perspective. This analysis also shows that the increased inputs caused an 11% decrease in N footprint (i.e., N emissions per unit of milk production) and a 2% increase in C footprint (i.e., greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of milk production).     

沼肥在水稻上的应用效果

稻田施用沼肥,结合少量化肥,水稻前期生长较慢,分蘖数和株高不如施用普通化肥或水稻专用肥,但后期转色好,且每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重都优于施用普通化肥或水稻专用肥的处理,稻谷产量与施用普通化肥的处理相比无明显增产效果,比施用水稻专用肥的处理减产4.6%.但施用沼肥能大大降低生产成本,比施用普通化肥和水稻专用肥分别降低19.0%和42.5%,同时能提高土壤有机质和N、P、K等营养元素的含量,改善土壤结构.因此,稻田施用沼肥,不仅能降低生产成本,提高经济效益,还能改良土壤,提高土壤肥力,具有较大的推广价值.     

Comparison of analytical procedures for measuring phosphorus content of animal manures in China

The concentration and components of manure phosphorus (P) are key factors determining potential P bioavailability and runoff. The distribution of P forms in swine, poultry and cattle manures collected from intensive and extensive production systems in several areas of China was investigated with sequential fractionation and a simplified two-step (NaHCO₃-NaOH/EDTA) procedures. The mean total P concentration, determined by the sequential fractionation procedure of intensive swine, poultry and cattle manure, expressed as g·kg⁻¹, was 14.9, 13.4 and 5.8 g·kg⁻¹, respectively, and 4.4 g·kg⁻¹ in extensive cattle manure. In intensive swine, poultry and cattle manure about 73%, 74% and 79% of total P, respectively, was bioavailable (i.e., P extracted by H₂O and NaHCO₃) and 78% in extensive cattle manure. The results indicated the relative environmental risk, from high to low, of swine, poultry and cattle manure. There is considerable regional variation in animal manure P across China, which needs to be considered when developing manure management strategies.     

长期不同施肥红壤磷素变化及其对产量的影响

目的 定量长期不同施肥红壤磷素的演变特征,研究红壤磷素变化对生产力的影响,为红壤地区磷素管理提供理论依据。方法 利用持续26年的红壤旱地长期定位试验平台（1991—2016年）,比较长期不施磷肥（CK、N、NK）、施用化学磷肥（PK、NP、NPK）、化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）和化肥配施有机肥及有机肥（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）土壤Olsen-P和全磷含量变化,分析土壤磷素对磷盈亏量的响应,采用不同模型拟合作物产量对有效磷的响应曲线,计算土壤有效磷农学阈值。结果 长期施用磷肥显著提高了土壤全磷和有效磷含量,提升了土壤磷素活化系数（PAC）。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）的PAC高于化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）和施用化学磷肥（PK、NP、NPK）。红壤地区土壤全磷和有效磷变化量与土壤磷盈亏量呈正相关关系（P＜0.01）,土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm ^-2,土壤Olsen-P含量上升3.00—5.22 mg·kg ^-1,全磷上升0.02—0.06 g·kg ^-1。土壤每累积亏缺磷100 kg P·hm ^-2,不施磷肥处理（CK、N、NK）土壤Olsen-P分别下降1.85、0.40、1.76 mg·kg ^-1。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）的小麦和玉米产量显著高于化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）以及施用化学磷肥（PK、NP、NPK）,显著高于不施磷肥（CK、NK、N）。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）的产量可持续指数也高于其他处理。3种模型（线性-线性模型、线性-平台模型和米切里西方程）均能较好地拟合作物产量与红壤有效磷含量的响应关系（P＜0.01）。在红壤地区推荐使用拟合度较好的线性-线性模型,其计算出小麦和玉米的土壤Olsen-P农学阈值分别为13.5和23.4 mg·kg ^-1。 结论 在南方红壤地区,化肥配施有机肥更有利于磷素累积和提升磷素有效性。化肥配施有机肥作物产量显著高于其他处理,且稳产性好。线性-线性模型可用于计算红壤地区有效磷的农学阈值。生产上应该根据土壤有效磷含量及其农学阈值调整磷肥施用量。     

EXPLORING THE RECYCLING OF MANURE FROM URBAN LIVESTOCK FARMS: A CASE STUDY IN ETHIOPIA

• Livestock manure was the main organic waste in urban and peri-urban areas.• Manure production will increase by a factor of 3–10 between 2015–2050.• Only 13%–38% of excreted N by livestock will be recycled in croplands.• Intensification of urban livestock production greatly increased N surpluses.• Reducing population growth and increasing livestock productivity needed.Urban population growth is driving the expansion of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in developing countries. UPA is providing nutritious food to residents but the manures produced by UPA livestock farms and other wastes are not properly recycled. This paper explores the effects of four scenarios: (1) a reference scenario (business as usual), (2) increased urbanization, (3) UPA intensification, and (4) improved technology, on food-protein self-sufficiency, manure nitrogen (N) recycling and balances for four different zones in a small city (Jimma) in Ethiopia during the period 2015-2050. An N mass flow model with data from farm surveys, field experiments and literature was used. A field experiment was conducted and N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values differed among the five types of composts derived from urban livestock manures and kitchen wastes. The N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values were used in the N mass flow model.Livestock manures were the main organic wastes in urban areas, although only 20 to 40% of animal-sourced food consumed was produced in UPA, and only 14 to 19% of protein intake by residents was animal-based. Scenarios indicate that manure production in UPA will increase 3 to 10 times between 2015 and 2050, depending on urbanization and UPA intensification. Only 13 to 38% of manure N will be recycled in croplands. Farm-gate N balances of UPA livestock farms will increase to>1 t·ha⁻¹ in 2050. Doubling livestock productivity and feed protein conversion to animal-sourced food will roughly halve manure N production.Costs of waste recycling were high and indicate the need for government incentives. Results of these senarios are wake-up calls for all stakeholders and indicate alternative pathways.     

我国麦田有机肥替代化学氮肥的产量及经济环境效应

【目的】有机肥替代是在维持作物产量的同时减少化学氮肥用量的关键措施之一。然而,有机肥替代化学氮肥的小麦产量效应、环境代价和经济效益的复杂联系尚不清楚。本研究通过系统分析,量化了有机肥替代的农学、环境和经济效应,旨在为有机肥替代技术在我国小麦生产中的应用提供参考。【方法】本研究利用文献调研方法,对2019年12月前经同行评议发表的涉及有机肥替代化学氮肥在小麦生产上应用的文献通过Meta分析,从农学、环境和经济角度评估有机肥替代的综合效益。【结果】有机肥替代处理在化学氮肥用量平均减少43%的条件下,未降低小麦产量。有机肥替代比例对小麦产量有巨大影响。在替代化肥比例<15%和15%—30%时,有机肥替代处理分别增产8%和5%,而在替代化肥比例>30%时,未显著增产。小麦生产的净经济效益受替代比例和替代有机肥类型影响。当有机肥替代比例<30%时,净经济效益无显著性差异;而当替代比例>45%时,牛粪和商品有机肥作为替代有机肥时,净经济效益减少18%和68%。有机肥替代使小麦生长季的NH₃挥发减少24%、小麦收获期的土壤硝酸盐残留量减少16%,但使小麦生长季的N₂O排放量增加了32%。进一步分析可知,土壤性质、有机肥类型、气候条件、试验持续年限、产量和施肥水平均可调控有机肥替代的小麦产量效应。与单施化肥相比,有机肥替代处理在SOM>15 g·kg ^-1时显著增产4%,而在SOM≤15 g·kg ^-1时无增产效应,在土壤pH<7时增产8%、而在土壤pH>7时无增产效应。当鸡粪、猪粪和商品有机肥作为替代有机肥时,有机肥替代处理分别增产6%、6%和4%,而牛粪作为替代有机肥时无增产效应。有机肥替代处理在年降雨量>600 mm区域显著增产4%,而在≤600 mm区域无增产效应。在年平均气温>15℃区域增产5%,而在年平均气温<15℃区域无增产效应。有机肥持续应用>10年增产6%,而在<10年无增产效应;在高施氮量条件下有机肥替代使小麦产量显著增加4%,而在中、低施氮量条件下无增产效应。在低产水平下有机肥替代使小麦产量显著增加9%,而在中、高产下有机肥替代无增产效应。【结论】有机肥替代处理在化学氮肥用量平均减少43%的条件下,未降低小麦产量,在维持小麦产量的同时有大幅减少化学氮肥用量和氮损失的潜力,但未增加净经济效益。应用合理的化学氮肥替代量、有机肥类型在降水充足和高温区域更易发挥有机肥替代的增产效应。     

INTENSIFICATION OF GRASSLAND-BASED DAIRY PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON LAND,NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCIES

• Monitoring data of>5000 dairy farms collected and examined in uniform manner. • Environmental performances of farms influenced by government regulations. • N and P surpluses at farm level remained about constant with intensity level. • N and P use efficiencies at farm, herd and soil increased with intensity level. • Accounting for externalization of off-farm feed production affects NUE and PUE. • Ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification. Many grassland-based dairy farms are intensifying production, i.e., produce more milk per ha of land in response to the increasing demand for milk (by about 2% per year) in a globalized market. However, intensive dairy farming has been implicated for its resources use, ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions, and eutrophication impacts. This paper addresses the question of how the intensity of dairy production relates to N and P surpluses and use efficiencies on farms subjected to agri-environmental regulations. Detailed monitoring data were analyzed from 2858 grassland-based dairy farms in The Netherlands for the year 2015. The farms produced on average 925 Mg·yr⁻¹ milk. Milk production per ha ranged from<10 to>30 Mg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹. Purchased feed and manure export strongly increased with the level of intensification. Surpluses of N and P at farm level remained constant and ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification. In conclusion, N and P surpluses did not differ much among dairy farms greatly differing in intensity due to legal N and P application limits and obligatory export of manure surpluses to other farms. Further, N and P use efficiencies also did not differ among dairy farms differing in intensity provided the externalization of feed production was accounted for. This paper provides lessons for proper monitoring and control of N and P cycling in dairy farming.     

双季稻－油菜三熟制下长期施肥对早稻产量、养分吸收及土壤肥力的影响

通过长期定位试验,研究了双季稻-油菜三熟制下长期施肥对早稻产量、产量构成因子、植株养分吸收及土壤养分变化的影响。试验设无肥(CK)、全化肥(NPK)、氮钾(NK)、氮磷(NP)、30%有机肥(30%OM)和60%有机肥(60%OM)6个处理。结果表明,有机无机肥长期配施显著提高早稻稻谷产量和生物产量,其中,以30%OM处理稻谷产量最高,60%OM处理次之,与CK相比,增产率分别达到131.58%和119.08%。有机无机肥长期配施还能促进稻谷氮磷钾养分的吸收,30%OM和60%OM处理稻谷养分总积累量(N+P+K)比NPK处理分别高3.90%和1.05%,比CK分别高135.65%和129.19%。与单施化肥相比,有机无机肥长期配施有利于土壤培肥和土壤养分的维持与提高。研究还发现NK处理早稻产量、养分吸收量及土壤有机质、全N、碱解N、速效P含量均明显低于其他施肥处理,说明磷素是制约该地区早稻作物生长的主要影响因素之一,农民在早稻生产中应注重磷肥的施用。     

有机无机配施对棉花氮磷钾养分吸收和产量的影响

【目的】比较滴灌棉田有机无机配施对棉花生产力和氮肥利用效率的影响,为新疆合理利用有机养分资源、改良棉田土壤和棉花施肥结构的调整提供科学依据。【方法】试验设5个处理,(1)不施氮;(2)CF:单施化肥;(3)LMCF:低量有机肥配施化肥(鸡粪堆肥1 500 kg/hm²+化肥);(4)MMCF:中量有机肥配施化肥(鸡粪堆肥3 000 kg/hm²+化肥);(5)HMCF:高量有机肥配施化肥(鸡粪堆肥4 500 kg/hm²+化肥)。【结果】相比单施化肥,有机肥与化肥配施处理中低量有机肥配施化肥(鸡粪堆肥1 500 kg/hm²+化肥)显著增加棉花产量,增产率为9.1%,地上部干物质累积和氮磷养分吸收分别增加1.7%、2.5%和6.9%。低量有机肥配施化肥(鸡粪堆肥1 500 kg/hm²+化肥)氮素表观利用率比单施化肥增加了3.2个百分点。氮肥偏生产力、肥料氮贡献和农学效率比单施化肥增加了9.1%、35.5%和56.1%。低量有机肥配施化肥(鸡粪堆肥1 500 kg/hm²+化肥)的纯收益与单施化肥处理相当。【结论】选择低量有机肥配施化肥(鸡粪堆肥1 500 kg/hm²+化肥)对提高棉花产量和氮肥增效的效果最佳。     

长江中下游冬油菜产区有机无机肥配施下减氮增效潜力分析

【目的】评估长江中下游冬油菜主产区化肥减施增效的潜力与区域适宜性,为该区域油菜产业减肥增效提供科学依据。【方法】于2018年在江苏（高淳）、湖南（安仁）、湖北（沙洋）、安徽（休宁和当涂）四省（共5个地点）布置以有机肥（M）用量（0、2 250 kg·hm^-2）和施氮（N）水平（0、90、135、180、225、270 kg·hm^-2）为控制因素的冬油菜田间试验,分析有机无机肥配施对油菜产量、化学氮肥利用率和经济效益的影响,并评估不同区域冬油菜最佳产量和施肥效益下适宜的有机无机配施技术模式及其减肥潜力。【结果】相比于单施化肥,增施有机肥显著提升油菜产量,增产幅度达7.7%—43.3%。以最高产量为目标,各试验点在增施有机肥的基础上推荐化肥氮施用量分别为：高淳195 kg·hm^-2,安仁199 kg·hm^-2,沙洋195 kg·hm^-2,休宁179 kg·hm^-2,当涂185 kg·hm^-2。通过模型拟合发现各试验点达到单施化肥最高产量时,有机肥施用可替代26.7%—45.9%的化肥氮投入,且随着土壤基础肥力提高,化肥氮减施潜力增加。不同有机肥用量下,油菜化学氮肥利用率均随施氮量的增加呈下降趋势,但有机无机配施能够有效提高各氮肥梯度下油菜的化学氮肥偏生产力和农学效率,各试验点化学氮肥偏生产力增幅为24.4%—53.0%,化学氮肥农学利用效率增幅为26.3%—89.9%。与不施氮处理（N₀）相比,安仁、休宁和当涂试验点在施用180 kg N·hm^-2并配施有机肥处理下增收效益最大,依次为8 915、10 358和6 569元/hm²;而高淳和沙洋试验点在单施化肥（225 kg N·hm^-2）处理下增收效益最大,分别为11 252、8 500元/hm²。【结论】长江中下游部分冬油菜产区采用有机无机肥配施技术可实现减化肥氮26.7%—45.9%的同时提高籽粒产量、化学氮肥利用率及氮肥或有机肥增收效益,实现减氮增效。     

EVALUATING QUINOA LODGING RISK AND YIELD UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION THRESHOLDS,NITROGEN RATES AND PLANTING DENSITIES IN NORTH-WESTERN CHINA

● A moderate irrigation threshold of −25 kPa gave the greatest actual yield. ● Nitrogen rates of 80−160 kg·ha⁻¹ reduced lodging risk without yield decrease. ● Planting density of 30 plants·m⁻² provided both high yield and lodging resistance. ● A lower-stem lodging index was best for prediction of quinoa lodging risk. Lodging is a major yield-limiting factor of quinoa production. In 2018 and 2019, the orthogonal field experiments were conducted to investigate the responses of quinoa lodging risk and yield to irrigation threshold (soil matric potential of −15, −25 and −55 kPa), nitrogen rate (80, 160 and 240 kg·ha⁻¹) and planting density (20, 30 and 40 plants m⁻²). Results showed that high irrigation thresholds and nitrogen rates significantly (P < 0.05) increased plant height and fresh weight per plant, and high planting densities reduced stem diameter and strength, all of those led to significantly ( P < 0.05) high lodging risks. The −15 and −55 kPa treatments gave the lowest actual yield ( P < 0.05) in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Higher lodging rate with a nitrogen rate of 240 kg·ha⁻¹ resulted in a lower actual yield than 80 and 160 kg·ha⁻¹ in both years. Planting density of 30 plants m⁻² gave a significantly (P < 0.05) greater estimated yield than 20 plants m⁻² and had a lower lodging rate than 40 plants m⁻², resulting in the maximum actual yield among planting densities. In conclusion, a moderate irrigation threshold of −25 kPa, a nitrogen rate of 80−160 kg·ha⁻¹ and an intermediate planting density of 30 plants m⁻² were determined to be best for quinoa cultivation in North-western China. In addition, the lower-stem lodging index (quarter plant height) could evaluate lodging risk more accurately than middle-stem (half plant height) or upper-stem (three quarters plant height) lodging indexes.     

化肥配施不同有机肥对土壤养分释放及烤烟养分吸收的影响

为了解化肥配施不同有机肥在不同生态条件下对植烟土壤养分释放及烤烟养分吸收的影响,于2008年在广西靖西县和南丹县烟区进行了化肥配施花生麸、猪厩肥、糖厂滤泥堆肥和稻草堆肥等有机肥的田间试验。结果表明:与纯化肥或当地推荐施肥相比,化肥配施有机肥处理的烤烟产量和上等烟比例在靖西县分别提高4.6%~15.5%和92.3%~106.7%,南丹县提高0.06%~32.4%和65.7%~97.8%;两县烤烟上、中部叶片的全钾、总氮、总糖、还原糖含量提高,烟碱下降,氮/碱比更接近0.8~0.9,糖碱比更接近10。不同的化肥配施有机肥处理间,烤烟产量及优质烟比例差异不显著;化肥配施有机肥在烤烟移栽后65 d内氮素释放较慢,但肥效较长,显著提高烤烟生长期土壤速效磷、钾供应能力,烟株养分吸收能力增强,后期烤烟叶片的全氮和全磷含量提高8.6%~61.5%和2.9%~34.3%。各处理中以化肥配施40%花生麸处理的烤烟产量、质量最佳,土壤养分指标与烤烟叶片养分指标含量最高,是烟田土壤较优的有机肥配施模式。相关分析表明,土壤速效养分与烟叶养分、烤烟大部分化学品质呈正相关,与烟碱呈负相关,表明化肥配施有机肥对土壤养分、烤烟养分吸收及烤烟品质的影响是一致的。     

我国春麦区小麦化肥有机替代潜力分析

【目的】明确我国春小麦养分管理的主要问题,因地制宜地提出不同省（区）春小麦化肥有机替代的技术途径,为春小麦生产化肥零增长和可持续发展提供参考。【方法】通过农户实地调研与农户调研文献资料收集的2 166组数据,比较分析不同省（区）春小麦养分管理存在的问题。通过国家统计局网站2018年公布的最新牲畜数量、春小麦播种面积和产量等数据,利用已发表文献关于牲畜粪、秸秆和绿肥作物的养分含量,定量化分析春小麦主要省（区）的化肥有机替代潜力,结合气候、土壤和有机资源现状,提出适宜不同省（区）春小麦有机替代途径。【结果】化学氮肥和磷肥施用过量、钾肥和有机肥施用不足是我国春小麦养分管理存在的主要问题,其中尤以内蒙古西部和宁夏黄灌区氮肥过量施用最为严重。春麦区大牲畜和羊的数量约占全国的1/3和1/2,牲畜粪提供的氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）养分量分别为238.6×10 ⁴、57.6×10 ⁴和141.0×10 ⁴ t·a ^-1,牲畜粪N、P₂O₅和K₂O在春小麦上的有机替代潜力分别为78.2%、48.1%和43.1%。春麦区秸秆还田总量折合410.2×10 ⁴t,单位面积麦田氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）可还田量分别为11.4、2.5和31.9 kg·hm ^-2,通过秸秆还田N、P₂O₅和K₂O当季有机替代潜力分别为4.9%、3.3%和22.7%。通过绿肥进行春小麦有机替代,绿肥的养分如充分释放完全可以满足春小麦对氮、磷、钾养分的需求。【结论】针对我国春小麦化肥过量和不合理施用的问题,可以通过牲畜粪肥、秸秆还田和种植绿肥三大有机替代途径加以解决。其中,牲畜粪肥在春小麦上N、P₂O₅和K₂O的有机替代潜力分别为78.2%、48.1%和43.1%;秸秆还田N、P₂O₅和K₂O当季有机替代潜力分别为4.9%、3.3%和22.7%;绿肥的养分如充分释放完全可以实现春小麦化肥氮、磷、钾的有机替代。不同省区在选择有机替代方式时应从资源、成本和技术等角度综合考虑。     

有机-无机肥协同调控小麦-玉米两熟作物产量及土壤培肥效应

【目的】 在小麦-玉米两季秸秆全还田条件下,探索不同有机-无机运筹模式对作物产量、氮效率和土壤养分的影响,为小麦-玉米一年两季种植合理利用有机养分资源和科学培肥地力提供理论支撑。【方法】通过设计化肥与不同用量有机肥配合并结合施用秸秆腐熟剂措施,研究不同有机无机运筹模式对产量构成、氮养分吸收、土壤有机质及团聚体等特征的影响。试验共设6个处理,分别为F处理（单施化肥）,FA处理（化肥配秸秆腐熟剂）,FM1处理（化肥配1 500 kg·hm^-2有机肥）,FM2处理（化肥配3 000 kg·hm^-2有机肥）,FM3处理（化肥配4 500 kg·hm^-2有机肥）,FAM2处理（化肥配3 000 kg·hm^-2有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂）。 【结果】（1）与单施化肥相比,施用不同用量有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂均可显著增加小麦-玉米籽粒产量,其中FM3处理产量最高,小麦增产20.6%,玉米增产10.6%,FAM2处理小麦增产19.5%,玉米增产8.2%。产量增加源于产量各构成要素的协同提高,小麦以公顷穗数和穗粒数增加较为显著,玉米以行粒数增加最为显著。（2）增施有机肥和秸秆腐熟剂可以促进氮素向籽粒运移,提高氮素收获指数,随有机肥用量增加,小麦和玉米氮素积累量均增加,其中FM3处理和FAM2处理籽粒氮素累积量和收获指数均较高,与F处理达显著差异。配合施用秸秆腐熟剂的FA和FAM2处理较不施菌剂处理周年氮肥偏生产力提高了1.3—1.6 kg·kg^-1。（3）增施有机肥和施用秸秆腐熟剂显著增加土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机质含量,其中FM3处理土壤全氮和有机质含量最高,施用2年后相比F处理全氮增加0.17 g·kg^-1,有机质增加1.97 g·kg^-1。各有机无机配施模式显著降低土壤容重、提高孔隙度和水稳性团聚体比例。 【结论】连续2年试验表明,增施有机肥、配施秸秆腐熟剂可以增加小麦-玉米产量,促进籽粒氮素吸收和转运,改善土壤结构和培肥地力,推荐FAM2处理作为本地区小麦-玉米轮作模式下有效的增产及土壤培肥技术模式。     

有机肥替代化肥对橘园土壤培肥及果实产量品质的影响

为探究猪粪和鸡粪有机肥部分替代化肥对椪柑橘园土壤培肥及果实产量品质的影响,通过2年定位试验,选用鸡粪和猪粪2种有机肥,开展7.5 t·hm^-2和15 t·hm^-2替代施用量对椪柑橘园土壤肥力、果实产量及品质的影响效果研究。结果表明,采用鸡粪和猪粪2种有机肥部分替代化肥的模式,可明显提升柑橘园土壤肥力。与全化肥处理相比,施用有机肥替代化肥处理的土壤酸化有所改善,全氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量分别提高16.1%~54.7%、15.9%~30.1%、12.9%~36.9%和6.8%~39.6%。土壤微生物多样性的香农指数和均匀度增加,平均CO₂产生率总体随着有机肥替代量的增加而提高,微生物数量明显增加。在同等有机肥替代化肥施用量条件下,猪粪有机肥培肥地力和增加土壤微生物数量及多样性的效果优于鸡粪有机肥。有机肥替代化肥处理较全化肥处理提高柑橘产量5.1%~19.5%,增加果实可溶性总糖2.7%~11.8%、维生素C 2.1%~10.8%、可溶性固形物5.9%~10.8%。7.5 t·hm^-2猪粪有机肥替代化肥处理柑橘产量最高,而15 t·hm^-2猪粪有机肥替代化肥处理柑橘品质最好。研究表明,采用有机肥部分替代化肥的施肥模式,有利于提高椪柑橘园土壤肥力和微生物多样性,进而提高果实产量、改善柑橘品质。     

畜禽有机肥氮在冬小麦季对化肥氮的相对替代当量

【目的】不同类型畜禽有机肥氮素在组分和有效性方面存在明显差异，以化肥氮为参考标准，明晰不同畜禽有机肥氮素相对化肥氮的有效性，可为有机肥合理施用及有机无机科学配施提供理论依据。【方法】选取腐熟风干基猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪及化肥为材料，施氮（N）量均设置6个水平（0、40、80、120、160、200 mg·kg-1干土），采用田间土柱栽培试验，分析不同肥料处理对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收量的影响，利用作物吸氮量或产量与化肥施氮量之间的响应关系，研究估算3种畜禽有机肥氮素对化肥氮的相对替代当量。【结果】（1）化肥处理和有机肥处理的小麦籽粒和地上部生物量均随施氮水平的提高而增加。在40—120 mg·kg-1干土施氮水平下，化肥和猪粪处理对籽粒和生物产量的提升幅度高于鸡粪和牛粪；在160—200mg·kg-1干土施氮水平下，化肥、猪粪和鸡粪的籽粒产量无显著差异，但均显著高于牛粪处理。（2）等氮条件下，化肥处理对小麦籽粒/地上部氮吸收量的提升幅度高于有机肥处理；3种有机肥相比，小麦地上部氮吸收量由大到小的顺序为猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪；有机肥处理的氮素回收率随施氮水平增加呈先升高后降低趋势，而化肥处理呈逐渐降低的...     

有机肥替代化肥对桃产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

根据临沂市目前桃园化肥使用情况,探究有机肥替代部分化肥对桃园土壤养分含量、树体营养水平及果实品质产量的影响,以期为减少化肥使用,改善桃园土壤环境,提升桃果实质量提供理论依据。试验在6树龄的桃园进行,设置40%、70%和100%3个梯度有机肥替代量,与完全施用化肥做比较,进行田间试验,对桃产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响进行测定。结果显示,6龄左右桃园施用40%有机肥替代量比较适宜,对桃树营养生长发育促进最为明显,对果实品质提升最为显著,产量也表现最高,比只施用化肥增产5961.0 kg/hm²,增产率为17.6%,比只施用有机肥增产7105.5 kg/hm²,增产率为21.0%。在临沂市桃生产中,推荐40%有机肥替代量常规复合肥进行推广应用。