秸秆粉碎覆盖沟播对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水热特征的影响

为了在西北半干旱雨养农业区探索新型绿色可持续的冬小麦覆盖栽培模式,在陇中旱作农业区设置了秸秆粉碎覆盖微垄沟播(SM1)、秸秆粉碎覆盖微垄宽幅沟播(SM2)两种覆盖种植方式,以露地条播(CK)为对照,研究了秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培对冬小麦产量及土壤水热的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,覆盖处理显著提高了冬小麦全生育期土壤含水量4.3...     

秋耕覆盖对土壤水热肥与马铃薯生长的影响分析

为探明秋耕覆盖措施下农田土壤水热肥特性对旱作马铃薯生长及产量的影响,于2013—2016年在宁南旱区秋作物收获后,通过设置不同耕作覆盖措施,研究马铃薯生育期0~200cm层土壤贮水量、0~25cm耕层土壤温度和0~40cm层土壤养分含量的动态变化,以及对马铃薯生长和产量的影响。结果表明,耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用可显著影响马铃薯播种期土壤贮水量,免耕秸秆覆盖、深松秸秆覆盖处理保水效果最佳,平均土壤贮水量较翻耕不覆盖处理分别提高14.4%和14.7%;耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用对马铃薯关键生育期土壤贮水量影响显著,深松秸秆覆盖处理改善土壤水分效果最佳,平均土壤贮水量较翻耕不覆盖处理提高20.7%。在马铃薯播种期,耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用对耕层土壤温度影响显著,但随着生育期的推进其影响程度减小;同一耕作方式下的平均耕层土壤温度,地膜覆盖处理较不覆盖处理显著提高3.6℃,而秸秆覆盖处理显著降低1.4℃。经过3年秋耕覆盖后,耕作与覆盖交互作用对0~40cm层土壤养分各指标影响均呈极显著水平,在所有处理组合中,免耕秸秆覆盖、深松秸秆覆盖处理的土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较高,而翻耕不覆盖处理最低。同一耕作方式下,地膜覆盖的保温效应对马铃薯生育前期生长有促进作用,但后期高温不利于马铃薯生殖生长;秸秆覆盖在整个生育期具有稳温和降温效应,有利于马铃薯中后期生长。所有处理组合中,深松秸秆覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖处理下马铃薯总产量和净收益较高,分别较翻耕不覆盖显著增产49.4%和38.3%,净收益分别提高129.1%和103.3%;深松地膜覆盖、深松秸秆覆盖处理对提高商品薯率效果较好,分别较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高18.4%和16.2%。从经济与环境效益角度考虑,免耕、深松结合秸秆覆盖措施可调控农田土壤水、热及养分环境,实现马铃薯增产增效,在宁南半干旱区马铃薯生产中具有应用推广价值。     

秸秆覆盖方式对西北旱作马铃薯产量效益的影响

该文通过对比我国西北地区无覆盖、秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖3种不同种植方式对春播马铃薯产量的影响,最终发现秸秆覆盖马铃薯产量比无覆盖提高10%~20%,增产效果显著（P<0.05）;秸秆覆盖与地膜覆盖方式相比,马铃薯产量无显著性差异（P>0.05）。由此可见,采用秸秆覆盖能够实现西北地区马铃薯种植的高产增收,主要原因是秸秆覆盖对土壤理化特性的有效调控,而在干旱缺水的西北大部分地区,能有效提高水分利用效率,是保证马铃薯增产的关键因素。该文主要综述了西北地区秸秆覆盖使马铃薯增产的主要原因,旨在为西北地区春播马铃薯秸秆覆盖提供理论依据。      

宽垄窄行覆膜种植对夏玉米土壤水热及产量的影响

研究了旱作区雨养条件下,不同覆盖栽培模式对农田土壤水热变化动态及夏玉米产量的影响,为完善覆膜集雨栽培技术提供了一定的理论依据。试验设置了宽窄行垄沟覆膜种植(WFL)、宽窄行平作覆膜种植(WFP)、等行距垄沟覆膜种植(DFL)、等行距平作覆膜种植(DFP)、等行距平作不覆膜种植(CK)等5种不同种植模式,分别监测作物全生育期的土壤水分和土壤温度。结果表明,各覆盖处理0~10 cm土层有效积温(TTsoil)均显著增加,整个生育期内,WFL、DFL、WFP和DFP处理的TTsoil较CK分别提高280.2、250.2、162.3和150.5℃(P0.05)。覆盖种植使玉米生育期提前,且延长了玉米的生殖生长期,WFL、DFL、WFP和DFP处理玉米的生殖生长时间分别较CK长19、14、16、12 d。各覆盖处理均能改善玉米前期0~200 cm土层土壤水分,其中,WFL处理在0~20 cm土层内土壤储水量增加最为显著,较CK提高了21.95%。玉米生长后期各处理土壤贮水量与CK无显著差异。与等行距垄沟种植模式相比,宽窄行垄沟覆盖模式促进了个体发育,增加了叶面积指数和干物质积累,作物产量提高13.8%,水分利用效率提高了6.8%,土壤有效积温利用效率提高47.2%,各项指标与CK差异均达极显著水平。因此,宽窄行垄沟覆盖模式可推荐为旱作区一种较为理想的保护性耕作模式。     

不同膜色对旱地土壤水热效应及马铃薯产量的影响

选用不同颜色地膜,在大田条件下,采用全膜覆盖垄上侧播栽培方式,研究了不同覆膜颜色对旱地土壤水热效应和马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明,土壤含水率变化受覆膜、降雨量和马铃薯生长的影响,膜色对土壤温度影响较大。绿膜增产效果最显著,较白膜和黑膜分别增加了7.2%和3.5%。为了增加土壤保温保墒能力,提高马铃薯产量,推荐陇中旱作马铃薯生产中采用绿色全膜垄作侧播栽培模式。     

秋耕覆盖对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响

在宁南旱区,采用免耕、深松、翻耕结合秸秆、地膜等覆盖耕作措施,以翻耕不覆盖为对照,研究覆盖耕作模式下休闲期土壤的蓄水保墒效果、马铃薯生育期土壤水分的变化特征及对作物生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:在休闲末期,不同覆盖耕作处理下0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量均比休闲初期明显提高.与翻耕不覆盖处理相比,免耕覆盖地膜、深松覆盖地膜和翻耕覆盖地膜处理0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量分别比对照处理提高7.6%,9.3%和8.0%.马铃薯生育前期,覆盖地膜结合不同耕作措施下0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量最高,生育中后期覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理对0~200 cm土层土壤保水效果最佳.覆盖地膜结合不同耕作处理能促进马铃薯生育前期的生长,生育中后期以覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理促进作用最为显著.不同覆盖耕作处理均能提高马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率,增产效果以免耕覆盖秸秆、深松覆盖秸秆和翻耕覆盖秸秆处理最为显著,分别较对照组增产51.2%,42.8%和35.3%,水分利用效率分别比对照组提高50.0%,42.3%和32.3%.可见,覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理的增产效果和提高水分利用效率最高.     

沟垄集雨系统垄宽对玉米水分和养分利用效率的影响

为探索沟垄集雨模式下不同垄宽对玉米产量及水分和养分利用效率的影响,2019-2020年采用垄沟集雨种植方式,以传统平作(垄宽60 cm)为对照,研究3种沟垄比对玉米叶面积指数、地上生物量、水分利用效率、养分利用效率和产量的影响.研究结果表明垄沟集雨种植方式下,采用60 cm:60 cm沟垄比,两年平均叶面积指数最大,为2.9,较对照增加42.16％;产量最高,为13.13 t/hm2,较对照增加26.37％;水分利用效率最高,为27.15 kg/(hm2·mm),较对照增加42.37％;养分利用效率最高,为N:7.55 kg/kg;P:48.49 kg/kg;K:4.66 kg/kg,分别较对照增加177.57％,142.69％,59.58％.在华北地区,垄沟集雨种植方式下,垄沟比60 cm:60 cm,能够促进玉米增产和水肥高效利用.     

不同垄作覆盖方式对烤烟根际环境及产量影响

采用大田试验研究了不同垄作和覆盖方式对烤烟根际土壤温度、水分及烤烟产量与品质的影响。结果表明,常规垄型的先覆膜后覆秸秆处理和双行结合垄在整个生育期中可有效的保持垄体土壤含水量,提高烤烟的抗旱能力以及烟草生长前期土壤的温度,促进烤烟的早生快发,提高烟叶的外观质量、内在品质和产量,从而显著提高烤烟的产值。     

不同水分和覆盖处理对土壤水热和夏玉米生长的影响

基于大田对比试验,研究了3种水分条件和覆盖处理对土壤水分、温度以及夏玉米地上部生长、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,地膜和秸秆覆盖通过调节土壤水分和温度变化改善了夏玉米根区水热状况;3种水分条件下,地膜和秸秆覆盖增加了夏玉米地上部干质量和产量,提高了水分利用效率;中、低水分下2种覆盖方式的节水增产作用大于高水分;同一水分条件下,秸秆覆盖对土壤水热状况及夏玉米生长的影响效应随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增大。试验区土壤水分下限控制在65%FC、地膜覆盖或秸秆覆盖量7 500kg/hm2为宜。     

垄作沟灌土壤水盐分布及作物产量试验研究

对垄作沟灌土壤水盐分布及作物产量进行了田间试验.结果表明,灌水定额为400 m³/hm²时,沟底土壤水分的垂直运动明显增大.当灌水定额增加100 m³/hm²时,土壤水分水平运动高于垂直运动.沟底土壤全盐量受灌水定额影响明显:在灌水阶段,沟底表层土壤发生脱盐现象.土壤蒸发阶段,土壤发生积盐现象.垄顶土壤含盐量相对稳定,基本不发生向下运移.重度水分亏缺(处理T1,灌溉定额为1 700 m³/hm²)垄、沟积盐量分别为1.49,1.35 kg/m²,中度水分亏缺(处理T2,灌溉定额为2 100 m³/hm²)垄沟积盐量分别为1.42,1.12 kg/m²,充分灌水(处理T3,灌溉定额为2 500 m³/hm²)垄、沟积盐量分别为1.32,0.83 kg/m²,畦灌措施使0~100 cm土壤发生脱盐现象,脱盐量为1.29 kg/m².垄作沟灌下,制种玉米产量为2 765.1~4 619.5 kg/hm²,WUE为0.755~0.969 kg/m³.穗长(L_s)、穗粗(d_s)、行粒数(N_R)与作物产量呈显著正相关关系.     

陕南地区垄沟种植模式对玉米生长及产量的价值分析

垄沟种植模式对玉米种植的过程有着非常高的应用价值,可以直接对玉米的生长与产量产生影响,例如,与传统的种植模式相比较,在玉米的株高、功能叶面积、相对叶绿素含量、干物质量、产量等方面有着显著的提升,促进了玉米植株的健康成长。本文首先介绍了垄沟种植模式的理论基础,了解该模式的工作原理及相对优势。然后结合陕南地区的土地条件与气候条件,选择陕西省渭河流域的三级阶地作为试验地完成相关实验设计。最后,根据垄沟种植模式对玉米生长及产量的影响来分析垄沟种植模式在陕南地区的价值。     

不同覆盖方式对土壤水热及猕猴桃产量的影响

针对南方季节性干旱和夏季土壤高温胁迫所造成的猕猴桃产量与品质下降等问题,探索合理有效的覆盖措施来改善果园的土壤水热环境,从而实现南方猕猴桃产业的可持续发展.通过大田观测试验,研究黑膜(H)、白膜(B)、防草布(F)、防草布+白膜(F+B)、秸秆(J)、不覆盖(CK)6种不同覆盖处理下土壤水分、温度的变化规律,并比较相应处理的猕猴桃产量与品质差异.相比处理CK,覆盖处理保水效果较好,处理H,B,F,F+B,J在0～50 cm土壤含水率分别提高了1.1%,1.3%,2.2%,2.9%,1.6%,随土层深度的增加,土壤含水率明显提升.相比处理CK,夏季单一覆盖处理使0～25 cm土壤温度降低了0.8～2.5℃,而F+B组合覆盖处理土壤温度升高了0.9℃,同时覆盖处理缩小了温度日变化0.9～2.1℃,处理F尤为显著.各覆盖处理使猕猴桃单果质量提高了0.1%～7.7%,同时可提高糖酸比3.8%～33.6%.防草布覆盖既可改善猕猴桃土壤的水热环境,又能提高猕猴桃的产量与品质,是该区果园管理较适宜的覆盖方式.     

Effects of gravel-sand mulch, plastic mulch and ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system combinations on water use efficiency, soil temperature and watermelon yield in a semi-arid Loess Plateau of northwestern China

In the northwestern Loess Plateau of China, low precipitation results in poor crop yields, with a great fluctuation from year to year. The adoption of gravel-sand mulching has shown improvements in the growth of crops such as watermelon. The ridge and furrow rainwater harvest system (RFRHS) has been shown as an easy and efficient way to collect rainwater. A field experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2009 at Gaolan, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, to measure the effects of RFRHS, plastic mulch and gravel-sand mulch combinations on soil temperature, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and watermelon yield. There were eight treatments: (1) flat gravel-sand mulched field, (2) RFRHS with a sand mulched furrow, entire plastic mulch and the ratio 1:1 of ridge and furrow, (3) RFRHS with a sand mulched furrow, entire plastic mulch and the ratio 4:3 of ridge and furrow, (4) RFRHS with a sand mulched furrow, entire plastic mulch and the ratio 5:3 of ridge and furrow, (5) RFRHS with a sand and plastic mulched furrow, bare ridge and the ratio 4:3 of ridge and furrow, (6) RFRHS with an entire plastic mulch and the ratio 4:3 of ridge and furrow, (7) conventional ridge planting with a plastic mulched ridge, and (8) flat gravel-sand mulched field plus 23 mm supplementary irrigation. Soil temperature for RFRHS with a gravel-sand plus plastic mulched furrow was slightly lower than that of flat gravel-sand mulch. The RFRHS caused a significant increase in watermelon yield and WUE. The increase in watermelon yield and WUE was greatly influenced by the ratio of ridge and furrow when RFRHS was combined with gravel-sand mulch. Watermelon yield was highest for the 1:1 ratio, and WUE was highest for the 5:3 and 1:1 ratios of ridge:furrow, and these were significantly greater than that of flat gravel-sand mulch, without or with irrigation. The use of ridge with plastic film mulch increased the beneficial effect of RFRHS on yield. The watermelon yield and WUE for non-plastic-mulched ridge were even lower than that of flat gravel-sand mulch. In summary, the findings suggest that RFRHS with gravel-sand mulched furrow plus plastic film mulch, and 1:1 ratio of ridge:furrow, would facilitate the use of limited rainfall most efficiently in improving watermelon yield, by reducing ET and increasing WUE in this semiarid region.     

不同水分处理下液膜覆盖对夏玉米生长及产量的影响

针对塑料地膜对农业生产造成的严重污染问题,运用对照处理方法,探讨了液体地膜覆盖对夏玉米生长发育及产量等方面的影响。结果表明,液膜覆盖使夏玉米株高和茎粗均比对照偏大,其中,低水分处理下差异最为显著。夏玉米叶面积指数低水分处理时液膜覆盖在生育前期较对照偏大,生育后期偏小;而中、高水分下液膜覆盖叶面积指数在整个生育期内均比对照偏大。液膜覆盖使夏玉米光合速率和蒸腾速率显著增大,有利于光合产物的形成。低水分处理下液膜覆盖增产效果最好,增产率达到56.97%,产投比为1.695,高水分下液膜覆盖增产效果最差,增产率仅为15.57%,液膜覆盖产投比小于对照。研究认为,夏玉米液膜覆盖能有效抵抗干旱逆境从而达到节水增产的显著效果。     

极端干旱区降解膜对滴灌棉花土壤水热及产量的影响

为了探明降解膜在哈密盆地滴灌棉花种植的应用效果,选取降解膜M1,M2,M3,M4及普通塑料地膜PE(CK)开展对照试验,研究降解膜的降解性能及其对滴灌棉花土壤水热变化与产量的影响.结果表明:M2在覆膜80 d左右最早出现降解、180 d左右进入残存期,生育期末仍有小块地膜残片存在;而降解膜M1与M3于生育期末才进入崩解...     

Comparison of soil water content and corn yield in furrow and conventional ridge sown systems in a semiarid region of China

Water deficits and unusually warm soil temperatures can adversely affect conventional ridge sown systems. Increasingly serious water and temperature issues associated with global climate change may be problematic in the future, particularly in semiarid regions. This study explored the soil water and crop yield benefits of switching the sowing location of corn from ridges to furrows. Experiments were conducted over three years. Corn was grown in shallow furrow (SF) and deep furrow (DF) sown treatments until the V8 stage (eight visible leaf collars). New ridges were then built over the existing furrows. Grain yield was found to be higher in the SF and DF sown treatments than in a conventional ridge sown treatment (CR), especially in drought years. Switching sowing position from ridge to furrow could increase corn yield, directly, by improving soil moisture early in the growing season and, indirectly, by stimulating the growth of resource-capturing organs (e.g., leaves and roots). This simple and efficient approach to crop production in semiarid climates may be practical for the management of numerous agricultural systems, particularly those that are resource-limited, with greater vulnerability to the effects of global climate change.     

宽垄沟灌土壤水分累积入渗特性试验研究及模拟

为了探究宽垄沟灌土壤水分累积入渗变化特性,在大田试验的基础上,利用HYDRUS-2D软件模拟并结合理论分析和数值模拟的方法,重点研究了单宽入沟流量为0.5 L/(s·m),灌水15 min后,宽垄沟灌不同沟宽(40,50,60 cm)与沟深(20,25,30 cm)对宽垄沟灌土壤累积入渗量随时间变化的影响.结果表明:沟...     

东北黑土区覆膜种植对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响

为改善黑土旱作区作物的水分有效性,探索地膜覆盖不同播种模式在该地区的适用性,于2011年在哈尔滨东北农业大学节水灌溉实验基地进行试验,设置覆膜条件下垄台种植与垄沟种植2种栽培模式。以传统垄作为对照,研究地膜覆盖条件下2种种植模式对夏玉米田土壤水分、产量及土壤水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,覆膜条件下垄台种植和垄沟种植处理均能显著改善该地区玉米出苗期-拔节期土壤水分,形成较好土壤墒情,为玉米增产提供有力保障。其中垄台种植优于垄沟种植,增产效果明显,分别较对照增产15.05%和11.75%,平均水分利用效率分别提高16.33%和14.66%。因此,地膜覆盖条件下垄台种植模式在改善土壤水分效用的同时能显著增产增收,是东北黑土旱作区玉米的高效栽培模式。     

Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions

A plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m⁻³. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.