A review of soil nematodes as biological indicators for the assessment of soil health

Healthy soils are essential for sustainable agricultural development and soil health requires careful assessment with increasing societal concern over environmentally friendly agricultural development. Soil health is the capacity of soil to function within ecological boundaries to sustain productivity, maintain environmental quality, and promote plant and animal health. Physical, chemical and biological indicators are used to evaluate soil health; the biological indicators include microbes, protozoa and metazoa. Nematodes are the most abundant metazoa and they vary in their sensitivity to pollutants and environmental disturbance. Soil nematode communities are useful biological indicators of soil health, with community characteristics such as abundance, diversity, community structure and metabolic footprint all closely correlated with the soil environment. The community size, complexity and structure reflect the condition of the soil. Both free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes are effective ecological indicators, contributing to nutrient cycling and having important roles as primary, secondary and tertiary consumers in food webs. Tillage inversion, cropping patterns and nutrient management may have strong effects on soil nematodes, with changes in soil nematode communities reflecting soil disturbance. Some free-living nematodes serve as biological models to test soil condition in the laboratory and because of these advantages soil nematodes are increasingly being used as biological indicators of soil health.     

土壤轻组有机质研究进展

土壤有机质在碳和氮循环及维持土壤生产力等方面具有重要作用,利用密度分组技术可将土壤有机质分成轻组和重组.轻组密度一般<2.0 g.cm-3,通常用密度浮选法分离得到,早期分离轻组的重液是有机溶剂,目前多用水溶性无机盐,结合密度和颗粒大小的分离技术在近年来得到迅速发展.轻组主要由可识别的不同分解阶段的植物残体组成,还包括孢子、种子、动物残体、微生物的残骸以及一些吸附在碎屑上的矿质颗粒.土壤轻组仅占土壤质量的一小部分,但轻组的碳含量一般显著高于全土.轻组物质的碳氮比高,周转速度快,是易变有机碳的良好指标.土壤轻组一般具有明显的季节变化,并大部分聚集在土壤表层,随土层深度的增加而下降.土壤轻组主要受残留物输入的时间、数量、组成以及环境因素的影响,同时轻组对耕作经营措施、作物轮作制度、土地利用、施肥等变化的响应非常敏感.密度分组与颗粒大小分组技术的结合是今后研究轻组的主要技术手段,土地利用和经营管理的变化对土壤轻组数量和性质的时空动态影响是未来的主要研究方向.     

不同管理措施土娄土无机碳储量及其与有机碳含量的关系

【目的】研究长期不同管理措施和作物轮作体系下,不同施肥处理土壤剖面中无机碳含量分布和无机碳储量及其与耕层土壤有机碳含量的关系。【方法】采用长期定位试验(1990-2014年),以土娄土为供试土壤,设置裸地休闲、自然撂荒及冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系(以下简称作物轮作体系)3种土壤管理措施,其中作物轮作体系设9个施肥处理,分别为不施肥(对照,CK)、氮肥(N)、氮钾(NK)、磷钾(PK)、氮磷(NP)、氮磷钾(NPK)、秸秆+氮磷钾(SNPK)、低量有机肥+氮磷钾(M1NPK)和高量有机肥+氮磷钾(M2NPK),共计11个处理,测定耕层(0~20cm)有机碳含量、不同土层(0~300cm)无机碳含量,并计算0~100cm、0~300cm土层无机碳储量,然后分析不同土层无机碳储量与耕层有机碳含量的关系。【结果】不同土壤管理措施显著影响了0~20cm土层有机碳含量,其中长期撂荒与作物轮作体系的土壤有机碳含量相近,且显著高于裸地休闲处理。在作物轮作体系下,不同施肥处理对0~20cm土层有机碳含量也有明显影响,其中有机物和N、P、K配施的SNPK、M1NPK、M2NPK处理的有机碳含量显著高于CK。不同土壤管理措施和作物轮作体系下各施肥处理0~300cm土层的无机碳含量分布均呈类似"S"形曲线,其中0~40cm土层较高,随着土层深度的增加无机碳含量下降较快,在80~140cm土层最低,然后逐步升高到160~180cm达到最高值,之后一直呈缓慢下降趋势。对于0~100cm土层无机碳储量,裸地休闲处理显著高于自然撂荒和作物轮作体系处理;作物轮作体系中M2NPK处理显著高于其他处理。对于0~300cm土层无机碳储量,裸地休闲处理显著高于自然撂荒处理;作物轮作体系中施用有机肥处理则显著低于其他施肥处理,其他施肥处理均提高了0~300cm土层无机碳储量,其中PK、NP、NPK、SNPK处理显著高于CK。0~100cm土层无机碳储量与耕层土壤有机碳含量之间呈显著正相关,但0~300cm土层无机碳储量与耕层土壤有机碳含量呈负相关。【结论】在干旱、半干旱地区,如果有灌溉条件,建议用0~300cm土层无机碳储量来研究无机碳与有机碳的关系较为准确。另外在研究区施用有机肥可显著提高土壤有机质含量,但不能同时提高土壤无机碳固存。     

秸秆还田方式对旱地草甸土活性有机碳组分的影响

为阐明不同秸秆还田方式下草甸土活性有机碳组分的分布特征,基于玉米田间定位试验,分析了不同耕作与秸秆还田方式下三个深度土层土壤有机碳及其活性组分的变化。结果表明：频繁的翻耕加速了表层（0~20 cm）土壤有机碳的矿化分解,使有机碳含量下降;免耕秸秆覆盖还田有利于表层土壤有机碳的增加,秸秆翻耕还田促进了中层（20~40 cm）土壤有机碳的积累;秸秆连续翻耕还田提高了中层土壤高活性和中活性有机碳的含量及土壤碳库管理指数,秸秆浅翻还田对表层和中层低活性有机碳的影响显著高于深翻还田与覆盖还田,但短期内秸秆连续浅翻还田与深翻还田对提高土壤碳库管理指数的差异不大。研究表明,土壤高活性和中活性有机碳对耕作深度的响应更加敏感,而秸秆还田主要使低活性有机碳增加,这也是玉米增产的主要原因。     

Fractionation of soil organic carbon in a calcareous soil after long-term tillage and straw residue management

No-tillage (NT) and straw return (S) collectively affect soil organic carbon (SOC). However, changes in the organic carbon pool have been under-investigated. Here, we assessed the quantity and quality of SOC after 11 years of tillage and straw return on the North China Plain. Concentrations of SOC and its labile fractions (particulate organic carbon (POC), potassium permanganate-oxidizable organic carbon (POXC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), components of DOC by fluorescence spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), and the chemical composition of SOC by ¹³C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy were explored. Treatments comprised conventional tillage (CT) and NT under straw removal (S0), return of wheat straw only (S1), or return of both wheat straw and maize residue (S2). Straw return significantly increased the concentrations and stocks of SOC at 0–20 cm depth, but NT stratified them with enrichment at 0–10 cm and a decrease at 10–20 cm compared to CT, especially under S2. Labile C fractions showed similar patterns of variation to that of SOC, with POC and POXC more sensitive to straw return and the former more sensitive to tillage. Six fluorescence components of DOC were identified, mainly comprising humic-like substances with smaller amounts of fulvic acid-like substances and tryptophan. Straw return significantly decreased the fluorescence index (FI) and autochthonous index (BIX) and increased the humification index (HIX). No-tillage generally increased HIX in topsoil but decreased it and increased the FI and BIX below the topsoil. Relative abudance order of the chemical composition of SOC was: O-alkyl C>alkyl-C>aromatic-C>carbonyl-C. Overall, NT under S2 effectively increased SOC and its labile C forms and DOC humification in topsoil and microbially-derived DOC below the topsoil. Return of both wheat and maize straw was a decisive factor in promoting SOC in the plow layer. The stratification of SOC under NT may confer a long-term influence on carbon sequestration.     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮条件下土壤有机质及氮素的累积特征

【目的】研究生物结皮条件下土壤有机质及不同形态氮素含量的变化,明确生物结皮养分积累及培肥土壤的作用,为其潜在的环境风险评价提供依据。【方法】采用野外调查结合室内分析的方法,调查黄土丘陵区不同发育年限生物结皮的样地,分层采集样地的土壤样品,同时以同一区域退耕1年以内的撂荒地为对照(CK),测定生物结皮层以及0~2,2~5,5~10cm土层有机质、全氮及碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量。【结果】1)生物结皮条件下,结皮层土壤全氮和有机质的积累过程可分为快速增长和趋于稳定2个阶段,这2个阶段以生物结皮发育13年为界限。结皮发育13年时,结皮层土壤全氮含量达到1.34g/kg,是对照的3.72倍;有机质含量为25.41g/kg,是对照的5.05倍。2)生物结皮明显增加了结皮层土壤碳氮比,结皮发育15年时,结皮层土壤的碳氮比最高,为11.8,但碳氮比与发育年限无关。3)结皮层土壤碱解氮含量及其占全氮的比例明显高于0~10cm土壤和对照,碱解氮含量在生物结皮发育15年时达到最大值(94.89mg/kg),是对照的6.51倍,之后趋于稳定。4)生物结皮增加了结皮层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量以及硝铵比。【结论】生物结皮可以明显提高结皮层土壤氮素含量,增加土壤肥力,对土壤表层氮素积累有重要作用,与此同时,生物结皮也有可能增加氮素的流失风险。     

保护性耕作下农田表土有机碳含量变化特征分析——基于中国农业生态系统长期试验资料

本文收集整理1979-2008年有关中国保护性耕作的长期试验文献,整合分析了长期保护性耕作下中国农田表土有机碳的变化特征.采用的48篇有效文献涉及18个省(区、市)的59个长期试验点,涵盖12种土类.总样本88个(其中旱地51个,水田37个).结果表明.保护性耕作处理下旱地和水田表土有机碳年变化分别介于-0.30～0.75 g·kg~(-1)·a~(-1)和-0.20～2.71 g·kg~(-1)·a~(-1),平均增幅分别达0.21 g·kg~(-1)·a~(-1)和0.51 g·kg~(-1)·a~(-1).可见长期保护性耕作下,农刚表土有机碳含量总体呈上升趋势,水田下增长高于旱地.和少免耕相比,秸秆还田更有利于促进表土有机碳的积累.统计分析还表明,结合秸秆还田的综合保护性耕作措施可以使水田和旱地的有效固碳期限分别持续27 a和23 a,水田在保持较高固碳速率的同时,延长了有效固碳年限.耕地表土有机碳含量在保护性耕作下特别是秸秆还田可以较大幅度地提高.实行保护性耕作可以具有农业稳产与土壤固碳的双重意义.     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土不同土层活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响

【目的】研究基于长期定位试验,探索长期不同施肥下红壤性水稻土不同土层活性有机质(labile organic matter(LOM))和碳库管理指数(carbon pool management index,CPMI)变化特征,为红壤性水稻土碳库的合理管理提供依据。【方法】选取进贤红壤长期定位试验站4个典型施肥处理:(1)不施肥(CK);(2)单施化肥(NPK);(3)在NPK的基础上早稻施绿肥,晚稻施猪粪和稻草冬季还田(NPKSM);(4)在NPK的基础上早稻施绿肥,稻草冬季还田(NPKS),测定并分析0—10、10—20、20—40及40—60 cm土层土壤高活性有机质(HLOM)、中活性有机质(MLOM)、低活性有机质(LLOM)、非活性有机质(NLOM)含量以及CPMI变化特征。【结果】不同处理土壤有机质(SOM)含量均随土层加深而降低,施肥处理相对CK均明显提高了不同土层的SOM;在0—20 cm土层,SOM含量表现为NPKSM>NPKS>NPK>CK,且均以NPKSM处理最高,达到43.47g·kg^-1(10—20 cm)和45.09...     

稻麦轮作下紫色土有机碳活性及其对长期不同施肥的响应

【目的】研究稻麦轮作系统中紫色土总有机碳、活性有机碳和活性有机碳不同组分的变化特征及其对长期不同施肥措施的响应,揭示稻麦轮作系统长期不同施肥管理下有机碳质量和内在组成的变化。【方法】采集22年长期定位试验不施肥(CK)、单施化学氮肥(N)、化肥氮磷钾配施(NPK)、化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)、高量化肥氮磷钾+等量秸秆还田(1.5NPKS)和化肥氮磷钾+厩肥(NPKM)处理0—20、20—40、40—60 cm土层的土壤,测定了总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同活性组分的含量,计算土壤碳库管理指数和不同活性组分的分配比例,分析了活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳的关系。【结果】长期不同施肥显著影响了各土层总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,与不施肥相比,所有施肥处理均维持或提高了土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数,其中化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)处理0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层总有机碳含量分别提高32.5%、25.7%和5.3%,活性有机碳含量提高37.0%、44.7%和9.3%,碳库管理指数提高38%、49%和9%,其提升幅度高于其他施肥处理。长期不同施肥显著提高了各土层高、中、低活性有机碳含量,有机无机肥配施处理(NPKS、1.5NPKS、NPKM)提升效果高于单施化肥处理(NPK、N);但施肥对各活性组分占活性有机碳比例的影响较小,并没有改变各活性组分的分布格局。土壤活性有机碳及其高、中、低活性组分的含量与土壤深度有关,0—20 cm耕层土壤活性有机碳及高、中、低活性组分的含量均高于20—40和40—60 cm土层。不同土层高、中、低组分占活性有机碳的比例也存在较大差异,0—20 cm土层高、中、低活性组分占活性有机碳的比例平均为23.6%、35.6%和40.7%;下层土壤各活性组分的含量均下降,其中20—40 cm土层低活性组分下降程度较大,导致其占活性有机碳的比例下降至24.7%,而高活性和中活性组分的比例增加至30.5%和44.8%。土壤活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳含量呈显著线性正相关,表明土壤活性有机碳可以较好地反映总有机碳变化。【结论】稻麦轮作条件下,长期不同施肥可维持或提高土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同组分的含量,提高土壤碳库管理指数,氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田总体提升效果较好,是促进土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳累积、改善土壤有机碳质量的推荐施肥措施。     

毛乌素沙地不同植被对土壤有机质和生物学特性的影响

【目的】研究不同植被对毛乌素沙地土壤有机质和生物学特性的影响,为沙区土地资源的可持续管理及当地脆弱生态环境的恢复重建提供科学依据。【方法】于2010-05在毛乌素沙地,选择海拔、坡向、坡度相近的30年踏郎、30年花棒、30年花棒×踏郎、40年樟子松、15年河北杨、20年杏树林地为研究对象,以流沙地为对照,对7块样地的土壤有机质含量、微生物数量和酶活性及三者之间的相关性进行分析,并通过最小显著差异法（LSD）评价样地之间有机质含量和生物学特性的差异显著性。【结果】在林龄相同的情况下,花棒×踏郎0～5 cm土层土壤有机质含量及生物学指标均高于纯林;河北杨0～5 cm土层土壤细菌数和蔗糖酶活性显著高于樟子松;杏树0～5 cm土层土壤有机质含量及微生物数量低于其他林地;与流沙相比,各样地土壤有机质含量和生物学特性各指标以0～5 cm土层增幅最为明显;土壤有机质含量和微生物数量与酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】微生物数量及酶活性可作为判断土壤肥力的指标,酶活性可用来判断微生物数量的变化;沙区应营造多样性丰富的固氮混交林,减少纯林面积。     

黄土高原小流域不同地形下土壤有机碳分布特征

研究了黄土高原小流域尺度塬面、坡地、沟道和梯田4种地形条件下土壤有机碳总量和活性组分的分布、储量及碳库管理指数的差异.结果表明,小流域土壤有机碳和不同活性有机碳的变异系数介于32％-70％之间,表现出中到高度的变异特征.4种地形下各组分有机碳含量和储量以塬面土壤最高,沟道土壤最低,并随土层深度的增加而降低,降低程度随有机碳活性增强而增加.以塬面土壤为对照所获得的碳库管理指数可灵敏指示有机碳对地形条件的响应特征,中活性有机碳库管理指数的指示效果最好.研究结果可部分解释黄土高原土壤有机碳地带性分布特征.     

苏州生态景观林土壤有机碳储量及活性组分的垂直分布特征

为探究生态景观林类型对土壤有机碳（SOC）固持的影响,选择苏州市香樟人工林（Cinnamomum camphora plantation）、喜树人工林（Camptotheca acuminata plantation）、水杉人工林（Metasequoia glyptostroboides plantation）、栾树人工林（Koelreuteria paniculata plantation）和池杉人工林（Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum plantation）5种生态景观林为研究对象,测定分析了各林分的0～20 cm、20～40 cm、40～60 cm和60～80 cm、80～100 cm 5个土壤层次有机碳、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、微生物生物量碳（MBC）以及易氧化有机碳（EOC）的含量与储量。结果表明：（1）各土层有机碳含量及储量分别在3.34～18.91 g(kg^-1和12.98～66.99 t·hm^-2之间,并且在不同林分之间差异显著,尤其是表层土壤有机碳;并且,香樟和喜树人工林0～100 cm土壤有机碳储量要显著高于其余3种林分。（2）不同生态景观林土壤可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳和易氧化有机碳差异显著,且具有明显的表聚效应;在不同林分之间,栾树和水杉人工林0～100 cm土壤可溶性有机碳与微生物生物量碳的储量最高,喜树和香樟人工林0～100 cm土壤易氧化有机碳储量最高。（3）试验地土壤有机碳及其活性组分主要与全氮、全磷极显著正相关,与容重极显著负相关。生态景观林类型显著影响0～100 cm土壤有机碳及活性组分的含量和储量;相较于水杉、栾树和池杉人工林,香樟和喜树人工林更有利于试验区土壤有机碳固持。     

耕作措施对双季稻田土壤碳及有机碳储量的影响

针对不同耕作措施对双季稻田的固碳效应和固碳潜力问题,选择湖南省宁乡县的双季稻区试验点进行了有机碳、活性有机碳以及耕层有机碳储量的研究,以期为制定适合于稻田条件下的合理耕作方式提供理论依据。结果表明,耕作措施和秸秆还田对有机碳(SOC)和活性有机碳(AOC)含量均产生不同程度的影响。免耕处理下,有机碳和活性有机碳含量皆随土壤深度的增加而减少,土壤0～5cm的SOC和AOC的含量最高,且与其他层次达到显著性差异水平(P<0.05),具有明显的表层富集现象。与免耕相比,旋耕和翻耕则更利于5～10cm和10～20cm土层的有机碳和活性有机碳的积累。比较秸秆还田对SOC和AOC的影响表明,秸秆还田有效地提高了0～10cm有机碳含量,但对10～20cm并未产生显著影响,秸秆的输入并未增加土壤活性有机碳的含量。采用等质量方法计算了耕层土壤有机碳储量,结果显示旋耕秸秆还田使有机碳储量明显增加,而免耕只增加了土壤0～5cm和5～10cm土层有机碳储量,10～20cm有机碳储量有所降低,但耕作措施对有机碳储量的长效作用还有待于进一步研究。     

不同保护性耕作方式对微团聚体有机碳氧化稳定性的影响

【目的】探讨保护性耕作措施对土壤微团聚体有机碳含量及其氧化稳定性的影响。【方法】以关中平原历时7年、不同耕作方式(深松、旋耕、免耕、秸秆还田+传统耕作、传统耕作)的定位试验田为研究对象,于2008-10玉米收获后采集耕层(0~20 cm)土样,测定了全土及0.05~0.25 mm,0.01~0.05 mm,<0.01 mm土壤微团聚体中总有机碳、易氧化有机碳和难氧化有机碳含量,并对其相关性进行了分析。【结果】与传统耕作比较,深松和旋耕提高了土壤总有机碳含量,降低了有机碳的氧化稳定性,而免耕和秸秆还田+传统耕作对土壤总有机碳含量及氧化稳定性的影响较小。旋耕和深松使土壤总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、难氧化有机碳含量在0.05~0.25 mm和0.01~0.05mm微团聚体中显著增加,而在<0.01 mm微团聚体中有所降低;深松和旋耕对微团聚体有机碳氧化稳定性的影响未达到显著水平,免耕明显降低了各粒级微团聚体有机碳的氧化稳定性。相关分析表明,总有机碳、易氧化有机碳含量在全土和0.05~0.25 mm,0.01~0.05 mm微团聚体之间呈极显著相关关系,而与<0.01 mm微团聚体之间无相关关系。【结论】土娄土总有机碳含量和氧化稳定性主要取决于0.05~0.25 mm微团聚体,深松、旋耕有利于总有机碳含量的积累及有机碳氧化稳定性的降低。     

保护性耕作对土壤团聚体、微生物及线虫群落的影响研究进展

保护性耕作具有良好的生态效益,有利于农业生态系统的可持续发展。本文对比分析了国内外有关常规耕作和保护性耕作措施对土壤团聚体、土壤有机碳、土壤微生物及土壤线虫影响的研究进展。结果表明：保护性耕作减少土壤大团聚体的破坏,降低团聚体周转速率,提高土壤结构的稳定性;保护性耕作提高表层土壤总有机碳及活性有机碳含量;保护性耕作可以提高耕层微生物生物量,尤其对真菌生物量影响显著;保护性耕作不同程度地提高了团聚体中微生物量和微生物多样性,但并未改变微生物在团聚体中的分布模式;保护性耕作可提高土壤线虫多度,提高原状土壤和土壤各粒级团聚体中线虫群落的成熟度指数和结构指数,但并未改变线虫总数、营养类群、功能团及生态指数在团聚体中的分布模式。针对目前国内外研究现状,展望了保护性耕作今后的研究重点,以期为因地制宜选取保护性耕作措施提供理论支持,推进我国农业可持续发展。     

Maize straw application as an interlayer improves organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the soil profile: A four-year experiment in a saline soil

Soil salinization is a critical environmental issue restricting agricultural production. Deep return of straw to the soil as an interlayer (at 40 cm depth) has been a popular practice to alleviate salt stress. However, the legacy effects of straw added as an interlayer at different rates on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in saline soils still remain inconclusive. Therefore, a four-year (2015–2018) field experiment was conducted with four levels (i.e., 0, 6, 12 and 18 Mg ha^–1) of straw returned as an interlayer. Compared with no straw interlayer (CK), straw addition increased SOC concentration by 14–32 and 11–57% in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers, respectively. The increases in soil TN concentration (8–22 and 6–34% in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers, respectively) were lower than that for SOC concentration, which led to increased soil C:N ratio in the 20–60 cm soil depth. Increases in SOC and TN concentrations in the 20–60 cm soil layer with straw addition led to a decrease in stratification ratios (0–20 cm:20–60 cm), which promoted uniform distributions of SOC and TN in the soil profile. Increases in SOC and TN concentrations were associated with soil salinity and moisture regulation and improved sunflower yield. Generally, compared with other treatments, the application of 12 Mg ha^–1 straw had higher SOC, TN and C:N ratio, and lower soil stratification ratio in the 2015–2017 period. The results highlighted that legacy effects of straw application as an interlayer were maintained for at least four years, and demonstrated that deep soil straw application had a great potential for improving subsoil fertility in salt-affected soils.     

增温对生物土壤结皮微生物群落组成及其呼吸作用的影响

生物土壤结皮作为干旱区土壤表层主要的覆盖者,生存于其中的微生物在调节旱区碳循环的气候敏感性方面发挥着重要作用。目前气候变暖对生物结皮微生物群落及其呼吸作用的研究结论尚有分歧。为了更加准确预测未来干旱地区的碳收支,本文归纳了模拟气候变暖的增温试验中不同试验周期、不同季节和不同类型的生物结皮碳排放规律,并结合微生物丰度和有机碳的变化分析了引起碳排放差异的内在原因。短期增温（低于2 a）导致生物结皮中苔藓或地衣丰度显著性降低,从而增加土壤有机碳含量,碳排放量是否同步增加取决于土壤含水量。长期增温（大于5 a）降低了微生物对温度和湿度的敏感性,微生物丰度和组成趋于稳定,从而使有机碳含量和净碳排放量保持相对稳定。已有的研究结果揭示了生物结皮碳排放规律和原因,但微生物参与的内在调控机制仍不明确。因此,今后需重点探究结皮微生物碳代谢对增温的响应机制,为评估干旱区碳平衡提供重要理论依据。     

高寒灌丛与珠芽蓼草地土壤有机碳的稳定性

在高山草原带选择了以珠芽蓼为主要群落组成的草地、以金露梅为主要群落组成的灌丛和以柳+金露梅为主要群落组成的灌丛,研究土壤有机碳的生物稳定性.研究结果表明,在0~30 cm土层,金露梅灌丛平均土壤总有机碳含量显著低于珠芽蓼草地,但是与柳+金露梅灌丛之间差异不显著.金露梅灌丛和柳+金露梅灌丛土壤粗有机碳、热水溶性有机碳在土壤总有机碳中的比例以及矿化有机碳与微生物量有机碳的比值显著高于珠芽蓼草地.这些结果说明灌丛土壤有机碳的生物稳定性显著低于草本珠茅蓼草地,意味着在过度放牧、砍伐和开垦等人为干扰下灌丛土壤有机碳将更加容易降低.     

Effects of Long-Term Organic Amendments on Soil Organic Carbon in a Paddy Field: A Case Study on Red Soil

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the main carbon reservoirs in the terrestrial ecosystem. It is important to study SOC dynamics and effects of organic carbon amendments in paddy fields because of their vest expansion in south China. A study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the SOC content and organic carbon input under various organic amendments at a long-term fertilization experiment that was established on a red soil under a double rice cropping system in 1981. The treatments included non-fertilization (CK), nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilization in early rice only (NPK), green manure (Astragalus sinicus L.) in early rice only (OM1), high rate of green manure in early rice only (OM2), combined green manure in early rice and farmyard manure in late rice (OM3), combined green manure in early rice, farmyard manure in late rice and rice straw mulching in winter (OM4), combined green manure in early rice and rice straw mulching in winter (OM5). Our data showed that the SOC content was the highest under OM3 and OM4, followed by OM1, OM2 and OM5, then NPK fertilization, and the lowest under non-fertilization. However, our analyses in SOC stock indicated a significant difference between OM3 (33.9 t ha-1) and OM4 (31.8 t ha-1), but no difference between NPK fertilization (27 t ha-1) and nonfertilization (28.1 t ha-1). There was a significant linear increase in SOC over time for all treatments, and the slop of linear equation was greater in organic manure treatments (0.276-0.344 g kg-1 yr-1) than in chemical fertilizer (0.216 g kg-1 yr-1) and no fertilizer (0.127 g kg-1 yr-1).     

Effects of Long-Term Organic Amendments on Soil Organic Carbon in a Paddy Field A Case Study on Red Soil

Soil organic carbon （SOC） is one of the main carbon reservoirs in the terrestrial ecosystem. It is important to study SOC dynamics and effects of organic carbon amendments in paddy fields because of their vest expansion in south China. A study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the SOC content and organic carbon input under various organic amendments at a long-term fertilization experiment that was established on a red soil under a double rice cropping system in 1981. The treatments included non-fertilization （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilization in early rice only （NPK）, green manure （Astragalus sinicus L.） in early rice only （OM1）, high rate of green manure in early rice only （OM2）, combined green manure in early rice and farmyard manure in late rice （OM3）, combined green manure in early rice, farmyard manure in late rice and rice straw mulching in winter （OM4）, combined green manure in early rice and rice straw mulching in winter （OMS）. Our data showed that the SOC content was the highest under OM3 and OM4, followed by OM1, OM2 and OM5, then NPK fertilization, and the lowest under non-fertilization. However, our analyses in SOC stock indicated a significant difference between OM3 （33.9 t ha^-1） and OM4 （31.8 t ha^-1）, but no difference between NPK fertilization （27 t ha^-1） and nonfertilization （28.1 t ha^-1）. There was a significant linear increase in SOC over time for all treatments, and the slop of linear equation was greater in organic manure treatments （0.276-0.344 g kg-1 yr^-1） than in chemical fertilizer （0.216 g kg^-1 yr^-1） and no fertilizer （0.127 g kg^-1 yr^-1）.