Sustainable intensification of agriculture in Africa

Sustainable intensification is a key component of agricultural development in Africa, urgently needed to wean the continent off foreign food supply and to limit agricultural farmland expansion. It is expected that a relatively small fraction of farmers will adopt fertilizer technology, as profits in current economic settings are relatively small while risks are considerable with varying prices and uncertain yield responses. Many smallholders depend on off-farm income and local markets for food supply. Structural adjustments are therefore needed to allow management of larger units of land by trained farmers willing to take this opportunity, while recognizing land right sensitivities. There are large opportunities for African commodity crops to improve food security, including cassava and East African highland banana that strongly respond to fertilizer with limited environmental risks under good management. This requires investments in better functioning markets, local fertilizer production facilities that can produce regional crop blends and cost-efficient distribution networks, providing balanced fertilizers for African farmers.     

Who is down on the farm? Social aspects of Australian agriculture in the 21st century

Globalization, international policymanipulations such as the US farm bill, andnational policy responses have received a greatdeal of media coverage in recent times. Theseinternational and national events are having amajor impact on agricultural production inAustralia. There is some suggestion that theyare, in fact, responsible for a downturn in thefortunes of agriculture. Yet, it is more likelythat these issues are acting to continue andexacerbate a trend towards reduced viabilityfor farm families evident in economic andsocial trends since at least the 1950s.Nevertheless, globalization and Australia's policy responses have left farm families morevulnerable in the global world. What then do weknow about their impact at farm gate level?Just who is doing the farming in Australia inthe 21st century and how are these peopleresponding to major world politics? This paperwill focus on the social aspects ofagricultural production in Australia notingsocial trends and drawing attention to thechanging social relations of agriculture. Thedominance of farm families, the role ofcorporate agriculture, ethnic diversity, theimportance of women, and the practice of farmtransfers will be canvassed in this paper.     

Science and Technology Backyard: A novel approach to empower smallholder farmers for sustainable intensification of agriculture in China

Sustainable feeding of the growing population in China without ecological destabilization is a grand challenge. In this populous country where agriculture is dominated by smallholder farming, developing innovative technology and translating scientific knowledge into action for smallholder farmers is a crucial step in addressing this challenge. Here, we present a novel approach for technology innovation and dissemination to achieve sustainable intensification in the fields of smallholder farmers. The Science and Technology Backyard(STB) is a hub in a rural area that links knowledge with practices to promote technology innovation and exchange. In this study, the framework and functions of STB are introduced, and the key implications for sustainable intensification across millions of smallholder farmers are explicitly stated:(i) develop innovative technology based on stated demands of farmers;(ii) disseminate technology by innovative social service models though combined top-down approaches with bottom-up measures to enable smallholders in rural areas. This paper provides a perspective on transformation of small-scale agriculture toward sustainable intensification in China and useful knowledge applicable to other developing countries.     

中国21世纪水资源与农业可持续发展

针对我国水资源短缺、时空分布特点和农业发展现状,提出水资源宏观调控与区域管理、水资源节约型发展道路和多水资源综合开发利用三大方略,保证我国农业可持续发展,解决我国食物安全问题,实现我国２１世纪可持续发展战略。     

进入21世纪中国管理的新趋势

伴随着21世纪的脚步,世界经济正从工业经济向知识经济转变,人类社会的发展也随之进入一个快速变化的知识经济时代,管理也将发生根本性的变化。21世纪管理发展趋势是创新管理的发展,危机管理的兴起,信息管理和知识管理的普及,可持续发展管理的出现。     

21世纪养猪生产中的营养及饲养技术策略

21世纪养猪生产的目标是优质、高效、无公害。围绕这一目标，本文论述了猪营养与饲养技术领域拟采取的技术策略：（1）通过养猪新工艺和绿色饲料的应用，确保猪肉产品的卫生安全性；（2）通过营养调控技术改善肉质风味；（3）通过理想蛋白质和酶调控技术提高饲料转化率并实现低污染、低公害生产。     

我国援非农业技术示范中心可持续发展战略初探

自2006年11月中非合作论坛北京峰会后,中国援非农业技术示范中心工程项目相继竣工。国家将对示范中心提供建成后头3年的运行经费,之后将以企业运行方式实现可持续发展。充分认识和利用当地的自然资源、引入精耕细作种植模式、解决非洲粮食危机、关注小农利益、授人以渔及加强交流等是未来实现示范中心可持续发展的重要方法。     

气候变化对嘉荫县农业生产可持续发展的影响

分析全球气候变化对黑龙江省嘉荫县农业生产的影响,从气象角度提出嘉荫县农业生气调整角度,确保嘉荫农业生产的可持续发展。     

21世纪以来三江平原农作物种植结构演化研究

客观分析农作物种植结构演化是优化调整农作物种植结构、推进农业供给侧改革和实现农业现代化的重要基础。基于2000—2015年遥感影像反演数据,利用数理统计分析和GIS空间分析方法,刻画三江平原农作物种植结构时空演变特征及规律。结果表明:1)2000—2015年三江平原大豆与其他作物的种植面积明显减少,而玉米和水稻种植面积显著增加。2)从时序看,15 a间三江平原县域农作物种植结构类型向水稻与玉米等单一化类型演变,且以大豆与其他作物组合型为主导的县域农作物种植结构类型向水稻和玉米组合型转变。3)从空间看,玉米与水稻的单一化类型与组合型主要扩张于东北部河流沿岸及中部地势低平的平原县域,而大豆与其他作物组合型则萎缩至西北和南部地势较高的山地丘陵县域。4)自然环境、社会经济状况、科学技术等因素共同作用推动了三江平原农作物种植面积和种植结构类型时空变化。在国家/区域农业供给侧结构性改革中,三江平原需要调减玉米种植规模,适当调增大豆种植规模,稳定水稻种植规模,形成合理种植结构与布局。     

21世纪中国农业农村经济可持续发展政策初探

从我国现实国情和农业农村经济可持续发展政策供给不同出发,提出了２１世纪我国农业农村经济可持续发展政策的四大战略重点,即加强农业保护,发展一体化农业;加速农村城市化进程;把农村工作纳入城市工作体系。     

21世纪中国集约持续农业的理论发展与现实抉择的分析

依据人口众多、资源短缺、经济与技术相对落后的基本国情,在持续农业与农村发展的宏观战略指导下,逐渐发展农业集约化、实现农业现代化、建立农业产业化,形成２１世纪具有中国特色的集约持续农业。将农业集约化、现代化、产业化和持续化科学地组装起来,使中国农业沿着集约化→现代化→产业化→持续化方向发展。     

丽水市农业信息化实践与发展思路的探讨

本文介绍了丽水市农业信息技术推广应用所取得的基本成效,分析了当前农业信息化所面临的一些问题,就一个阶段山区农业信息化发展思路进行重点阐述,提出要针对农村实际,培养农民信息意识,大力开展农业信息技术应用,以应用推进农业和农村的信息化.     

Towards the sustainable intensification of agriculture—a systems approach to policy formulation

The sustainable intensification of agriculture involves providing sufficient food and other ecosystem services without going beyond the limits of the earth’s system. Here a project management approach is suggested to help guide agricultural policy to deliver these objectives. The first step is to agree measurable outcomes, integrating formal policy goals with the often much less formal and much more diverse goals of individual farmers. The second step is to assess current performance. Ideally, this will involve the use of farm-scale metrics that can feed into process models that address social and environmental domains as well as production issues that can be benchmarked and upscaled to landscape and country. Some policy goals can be delivered by supporting ad hoc interventions, while others require the redesign of the farming system. A pipeline of research, knowledge and capacity building is needed to ensure the continuous increase in farm performance. System models can help prioritise policy interventions. Formal optimization of land use is only appropriate if the policy goals are clear, and the constraints understood. In practice, the best approach may depend on the scale of action that is required, and on the amount of resource and infrastructure available to generate, implement and manage policy.     

Intelligent manufacture adapts to agile manufacture production mode in the 21st century

The paper describes the characteristics of the intelligent manufacturing system and production mode in the 21st century in the information age, therefore draws a conclusion that the intelligent manufacturing system adapts to agile manufacture (AM for short) production mode in the 21st century.     

面向21世纪中国图书馆事业发展的战略思考

分析了我国图书馆事业所面临的形势和任务、自身的长处和短处，论述图书馆事业的发展只有遵循“立体发展”、“内合外联”、“公关加经营”等三大原则，才能摆脱危机，再造辉煌。     

非洲农业产量对气候变化响应与适应研究进展

非洲是全世界气候变化最脆弱的地区,而非洲农业受气候变化的影响最为敏感。气候变化已经并将继续对非洲农业和粮食安全产生较大的负面影响。提高气候变化对非洲作物产量影响的理解,揭示非洲农业对气候变化的响应规律,是及时、正确和有效适应气候变化的关键。本文综述了非洲农业对气候变化的响应与适应的研究进展,总结了作物机理模型、统计模型和经济模型目前研究这一问题的三大主要方法,系统阐述了非洲农业对过去和未来气候变化的响应程度及适应措施。未来气候变化对非洲农业的可能影响,不同的研究在不同时间尺度和空间尺度上,随着气候情景、研究方法和作物种类的不同,影响程度的结论差异性较大：作物机理模型方法显示的影响范围是-84%-62%;统计方法评价的影响范围则是-57%-30%;而用计量经济学方法研究显示的影响范围是-100%-168%。随着气候变化对非洲农业的影响得到公认,非洲农业对气候变化的适应问题得到了越来越多的研究。选育抗旱品种、发展保护性农业、完善灌溉设施、调整技术管理等适应措施将有可能对粮食安全带来更大的益处。另外,加强极端气候事件的监测和预警、增强气候预报、有效结合气候变化制定农业生产种植和管理措施、调整作物布局、发挥区域和国际组织（世界气象组织WMO、联合国粮农组织FAO等）在非洲应对气候变化影响方面的合作和对非洲的援助等措施均可提高非洲农业对气候变化的适应能力。本文进一步讨论了研究中存在的不确定性因素,包括数据、方法、结果的不确定性以及气候变化的间接影响、缺乏综合研究等问题,并指出了未来的发展趋势。本文有助于更好地理解非洲农业产量对气候变化的响应与适应,为解决非洲粮食安全问题和消除非洲贫困提供科技支撑,同时也为中国农业应对气候变化提供借鉴。     

21世纪江苏人才经济价值分析

采用人才经济系数、人才边际产值与人才经济弹性3个指标对21世纪江苏人才的经济价值进行了评估与分析,并提出了一些促进江苏经济发展的可行对策。     

论二十一世纪高校图书馆的数字化建设

新千年,图书馆业发生着巨大变化,数字图书馆建设已掀起高潮,面对挑战,高校图书馆怎样进行数字化建设已摆在眼前,需要更多的探讨与研究。     

知识经济时代上海农业科技重点发展领域研究

科技是知识经济时代经济发展最重要的因素。上海农业的总体规模虽小,但拥有成为农业科技强市的优势资源和创新文化环境。聚集科技资源,实施有所为有所不为的农业科技重点领域发展战略,提升上海农业科研支撑上海农业并服务全国的能力。