泌乳早期奶牛日粮中添加脂肪酸钙对乳成分的影响

1　材料与方法该试验于 1 998年 6月 2 9日开始至 9月 2 9日结束 ,为期 3个月。整个饲养试验在保定牛奶场完成。1 1　试验牛的选择与试验设计1 1 1　试验牛的选择 :根据试验要求及统计学原理 ,选择产后 1 5～ 2 0天、经产、胎次相同或相近、上胎产奶量相似、体重范围在 650～ 70 0ｋｇ、平均体重为 680ｋｇ、健康无病、遗传组成基本相似的奶牛 6头 ,见表 1。表 1　试验牛的基本情况牛号胎次 上胎 30 5天产奶量 (ｋｇ)上胎平均日产奶量 (ｋｇ) 产犊日期933736 71 3.32 2 .0 1 6 .1 1940 1 36 44 9.7 2 1 .1 5 6 .9941 5 36 34 7.6 2 1 .81…     

日粮中添加脂肪酸钙对奶牛生产性能的影响

选用泌乳中期的中国荷斯坦奶牛 10头 ,进行了日粮中添加脂肪酸钙对奶牛生产性能的研究。结果表明 ,日粮中添加脂肪酸钙 2 %能改善泌乳奶牛对能量的代谢水平和瘤胃内能氮(E -N)平衡 ,提高泌乳量 2 .2 .kg(P <0 .0 5 ) ,减少蛋白质的消耗12 .85 %。     

瘤胃保护性脂肪酸钙对科尔沁奶牛产奶性能的影响

试验研究了瘤胃保护性脂肪酸钙在科尔沁奶牛日粮中的最佳饲喂量。将产奶期的60头科尔沁奶牛随机分为6组,每组10头,奶牛每天分别饲喂瘤胃保护性脂肪酸钙0,200,250,300,350,400g。结果表明:饲喂350g组奶牛的平均日产奶量和乳脂率比对照组分别提高19.68%(P<0.01)和15.45%(P<0.01),饲喂300g组奶牛每头每天产奶效益增加2.24元。     

泌乳早期奶牛日粮中添加脂肪酸钙对脂肪代谢影响的研究

选择6头经产、胎次相同、产后10～20天的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3重复拉丁方设计,研究脂肪酸钙对中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳早期脂肪代谢的影响.试验处理分别为处理A组为基础日粮;处理B组为基础日粮+200g脂肪酸钙;处理C组为基础日粮+400g脂肪酸钙.试验结果表明添加脂肪酸钙使游离脂肪酸水平下降,B组游离脂肪酸水平比对照组下降了37.83%(P＜0.05),C组比对照组下降了23.35%(P＞0.05);日粮中添加脂肪酸钙使乙酰乙酸和β-羟丁酸水平下降.     

全混合日粮中添加包被氨基酸对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

选择24头体重、年龄、胎次相同、泌乳量相近,泌乳天数为90~160 d的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组。饲喂相同日粮水平的全混合日粮,试验组每头牛每天另外添加包被氨基酸,对照组不添加。试验1组添加包被赖氨酸21 g和蛋氨酸7g,试验2组添加包被赖氨酸45 g和蛋氨酸15 g,试验3组添加包被赖氨酸69 g和蛋氨酸23 g,经45 d饲养试验,研究添加自制的包被赖氨酸和蛋氨酸对奶牛泌乳中期产奶量、乳成分、干物质采食量的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加不同比例的包被氨基酸对采食量基本没有影响;与对照组相比,试验1组产奶量下降4.22%(P>0.05),试验2、3组分别提高7.40%(P<0.05)、5.35%(P>0.05);试验1、2、3组乳脂率分别提高1.72%、7.75%、11.21%;乳蛋白率试验1组、试验3组分别下降2.8%和3.47%,试验2组提高5.68%;乳糖率试验1、3组分别下降0.86%和1.08%,试验2组提高4.97%;乳总固形物均有所提高,试验1、2、3组分别提高0.72%、4.11%、5.34%。各组间乳成分差异均不显著(P>0.05)。本试验以添加包被赖氨酸45 g和蛋氨酸15 g试验组效果最好,与对照组相比,试验2组产奶量提高7.40%,乳脂率提高7.75%,乳蛋白率提高5.68%,乳糖率提高4.97%,乳脂固形物提高4.11%,但各组间乳成分差异均不显著(P>0.05)。     

我国气候因素的变化对奶牛生产的影响

在分析我国气候因素变化的基础上,着重阐述了气候因子对我国奶牛采食,饲料利用率,产奶量和乳成分,奶牛的繁殖力,日增重及发病率等生产性能的影响。结果表明,高温高湿是奶牛生产的主要环境因子。作者不提出了控制奶牛环境的若干措施。     

日粮添加甘油对奶牛泌乳性能的影响

选用36头经产奶牛,根据泌乳期、上一泌乳期305d产奶量和预产期,采用随机区组设计分为4组,研究甘油（0、100、200和300g／d）对泌乳早期奶牛采食量、产奶量、乳成分和饲料转化效率的影响。结果表明：日粮添加甘油对奶牛的采食量、产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质率无显著影响,200g/d组和300g／d组饲料转化效率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,300g／d组乳脂率显著低于对照组和100g/d组（P〈0.05）。根据试验结果,添加甘油明显改善了泌乳早期奶牛能量平衡,甘油适宜添加量为200g／d。     

奶牛日粮中添加脂肪的研究

选取32头荷斯坦奶牛,按体重、产奶量、胎次、体况相近原则分成4组,每组8头.A组、B组和C组分别添加4%脂肪酸钙、6%脂肪酸钙蛋白和4%米糠油,D组为对照组,研究奶牛日粮中添加不同种类脂肪对产奶量及乳脂率的影响.结果表明,添加脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高15.5%,乳脂率提高26.8%;添加脂肪酸钙蛋白后产奶量下降2.9%,乳脂率提高12.3%;添加米糠油后产奶量提高12.1%,乳脂率提高25.2%.     

Effects of feeding roasted safflower seeds (variety IL-111) and fish oil on dry matter intake, performance and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cattle

Safflower seed has the highest concentration of linoleic acid among 80 oilseeds but little information exists on the effective use of SS for lactation cows. It was hypothesised that a diet supplemented with an Iranian SS variety (IL-111) in combination with fish oil (FO) would result in higher concentrations of trans-18:1 (including vaccenic acid) and conjugated linoleic acids in milk fat than feeding an unsupplemented control diet. Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding diets containing: (i) Control: (C); (ii) 25 g of roasted SS IL-111 (RSS); (iii) 20 g FO and (iv) 25 g RSS + 10 g FO (RSS + FO) per kilogram of dietary DM on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, milk production and fatty acid profile. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design study. The experiment had four periods of 21 days. Milk Fat percentage was lower (p < 0.01) with FO supplementation and averaged 19.0 and 21.5 g/kg milk with FO and RSS + FO compared with 30.3 and 32.5 g/kg with C and RSS. Feed intake also was lower (p < 0.01) with FO vs. C (23.1 vs. 24.5 kg/day) but feeding RSS resulted in greater feed intake compared with other treatments (26 kg/day). Despite lower feed intake with FO, milk production did not change from controls but feeding RSS + FO resulted in greater milk yield than controls (42.6 vs. 39.3 kg/day). Ruminal pH was greater (p < 0.01) in cows fed FO than other treatments. Supplemental FO alone or in combination with RSS resulted in dramatic increases (p < 0.01) in c9,t11-18:2 in milk fat (12.7 and 13.2 g/day vs. 5.8 and 7.02 with C and RSS). It was surprising to note that 25 g/kg RSS can improve feed intake.     

Effect of linseed oil supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows

Thirty‐six Holstein‐Friesian crossbred lactating dairy cows were used to determine the effects of linseed oil supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Three treatments were as follows: basal diet (56:44 Roughage:concentrate [R:C] ratio, dry matter basis) supplemented with 500 g of palm oil as control (PO), 500 g mixture (1:1, w/w) of palm oil and linseed oil (POLSO) and 500 g of linseed oil (LSO). The LSO supplementation had no effects on total dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and milk composition. Compared to control cows, cows supplemented with LSO increased milk concentrations of cis‐9,trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and n‐3 FA (P < 0.05), particularly C18:3n‐3, C20:5n‐3 and C22:6n‐3. Feeding LSO reduced concentrations of milk short‐ and medium‐chain saturated fatty acids (P < 0.05) while it increased concentration of milk unsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05). Milk proportions of n‐3 FA increased, whereas n‐6/n‐3 ratio decreased in the LSO as compared with the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing dairy cows' diet based on corn silage with LSO at 500 g/day could improve the nutritional value of milk with potential health‐beneficial FA without detrimental effect on milk composition or cow's performance.     

不同粗饲料对奶牛乳产量和乳成分的影响

选择18头荷斯坦奶牛,设置3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1头奶牛,研究不同粗饲料对奶牛泌乳性能和乳成分的影响,3个处理的粗饲料分别为玉米秸(Ⅰ组)、玉米秸+青贮玉米秸(Ⅱ组)、羊草(Ⅲ组)。试验结果表明:①试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ组平均产奶量差异不显著(P>0.05),试验全期分别比Ⅰ组提高了8.82%(P<0.05)和9.57%(P<0.05);②不同处理间的乳糖、乳脂含量差异不显著(P>0.05);对于乳蛋白,在试验40d时3个试验组差异不显著(P>0.05),在第15d时Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别比Ⅰ组降低了7.43%(P<0.05)和8.57%(P<0.05)。对于乳干物质,Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组差异不显著(P>0.05)。根据上述生产性能指标综合评定,玉米秸+青贮玉米秸可有效替代羊草饲喂奶牛,而不降低泌乳性能。     

Adjusting for heterogeneity of experimental data in genetic evaluation of dry matter intake in dairy cattle

The objectives of the present study were (i) to find the best fitted model for repeatedly measured daily dry matter intake (DMI) data obtained from different herds and experiments across lactations and (ii) to get better estimates of the genetic parameters and better genetic evaluations. After editing, there were 572,512 daily DMI records of 3,495 animals (Holstein cows) from 11 different herds across 13 lactations and the animals were under 110 different nutritional experiments. The fitted model for this data set was a univariate repeated‐measure animal model (called model 1) in which additive genetic and permanent environmental (within and across lactations) effects were fitted as random. Model 1 was fitted as two distinct models (called models 2 and 3) based on alternative fixed effect corrections. For unscaled data, each model (models 2 and 3) was fitted as a homoscedastic (HOM) model first and then as a heteroscedastic (HET) model. Then, data were scaled by multiplying with particular herd‐scaling factors, which were calculated by accounting for heterogeneity of phenotypic within‐herd variances. Models were selected based on cross‐validation and prediction accuracy results. Scaling factors were re‐estimated to determine the effectiveness of accounting for herd heterogeneity. Variance components and respective heritability and repeatability were estimated based on a pedigree‐based relationship matrix. Results indicated that the model fitted for scaled data showed better fit than the models (HOM or HET) fitted for unscaled data. The heritability estimates of the models 2 and 3 fitted for scaled data were 0.30 and 0.08, respectively. The repeatability estimates of the model fitted for scaled data ranged from 0.51 to 0.63. The re‐estimated scaling factor after accounting for heterogeneity of residual variances was close to 1.0, indicating the stabilization of residual variances and herd accounted for most of the heterogeneity. The rank correlation of EBVs between scaled and unscaled data ranged from 0.96 to 0.97.     

全混合日粮对奶牛产乳性能的影响

试验选用了12头奶牛,根据产奶量、泌乳天数和胎次相近的原则分为试验组和对照组,研究全混合日粮对奶牛产乳性能的影响。试验结果表明,试验组4％标准乳产量比对照组提高1 24kg,差异显著(P<0．05),乳脂率及乳脂、乳糖和乳固形物含量也分别比对照组显著提高11．60％、17．50％、13．21％和9．86％(P<0.05)。     

日粮中添加蛋氨酸锌对奶牛生产性能和相关生化指标的影响

选择12头中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,A组为对照组(基础日粮),B、C和D组分别在A组基础上添加120、280和380 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌,研究其对奶牛生产性能和相关生化指标的影响。结果表明:B、C和D组的日均泌乳量分别比A组提高了1.28kg(5.65%)、1.59 kg(7.02%)和1.66 kg(7.33%),均差异显著(P<0.05);4%标准乳量分别提高了0.98 kg(4.73%)、1.22 kg(5.89%)和1.16 kg(5.60%),均达差异显著水平(P<0.05);乳脂率、乳糖、非脂乳固形物含量均差异不显著(P>0.05);乳蛋白分别提高了4.56%、7.02%和7.72%,均差异显著(P<0.05);乳锌含量分别提高了1.05μg/mL(36.59%)、1.59μg/mL(55.40%)和2.08μg/mL(72.47%),均差异极显著(P<0.01);体细胞数分别降低了1.64×104/mL(5.65%)、3.23×104/mL(11.12%)和3.89×104/mL(13.39%),均差异显著(P<0.05);平均干物质采食量分别提高了0.19 kg(0.98%)、0.29 kg(1.51%)和0.32 kg(1.66%),均差异不显著(P>0.05)。经济效益分析表明,C组每牛日均比A组增收3.42元,最为理想。     

奶牛新孢子虫病血清流行病学调查

本研究用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）对采集自北京地区的94份奶牛血清（随机采集）和河北地区的55份奶牛血清（有流产史奶牛），进行Neospora caninum血清抗体检测。结果发现，北京地区随机采集的奶牛血清N．caninum抗体阳性率为18．1％（17／94），河北地区有流产史的奶牛N．caninum血清抗体阳性率为23．6％（13／55）。采用牛奶记录体系（DHI）对北京地区17头N．caninum血清抗体阳性牛进行了日产奶量、乳中蛋白率和乳脂率的测定，并与同群牛中134头阴性牛比较。结果表明，N．caninum血清抗体阳性牛日产奶量比阴性牛降低9．7％，乳中蛋白率和乳脂率分别降低20％和15．4％。初步证明N．caninum血清抗体阳性奶牛产奶量降低及奶品质的下降。对不同N．caninum抗体滴度阳性牛的泌乳期主要生产性能比较发现，其生产性能的变化与抗体滴度无明显相关性。     

饲料中添加烟酸对夏季奶牛产奶性能的影响

试验选取9头泌乳早期处于热应激的荷斯坦牛,采用3×3拉丁方设计,分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组)和在基础日粮中添加5g/d和10g/d烟酸日粮,研究添加烟酸对奶牛生产性能影响。结果表明:添加5g/d和10g/d烟酸可使奶牛产奶量分别提高13.20%和9.39%(P<0.05);而4%标准乳量无显著差异(P>0.05);添加烟酸对乳蛋白和乳脂率无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

沈阳市某乳业公司奶牛钙、磷、β-胡萝卜素盈缺状况检查

对沈阳市某乳业公司七个奶牛场牛群血中钙、磷、β-胡萝卜素含量进行抽检，从全群3，000多头成母牛中共抽检350头奶牛，其中包括84头高产奶牛、77头干奶牛、92头产后牛和97头有病牛。结果表明：全群牛血中钙、磷的平均含量偏低，血钙的最高值、平均值和最低值分别为3．32mmol／l、2．26 0．44mmol／l和1．53mmol／l，血磷的最高值、平均值和最低值分别为2．71mmol／l、1．72 0．51mmol／l和0．84mmol／l；血中钙、磷比例不当，其最大值、平均值和最小值分别为3．96：1．0、1．70：1．0和0．645：1．0：血中钙、磷含量乘积偏低，其最高值、平均值和最低值分别为63．74、48．20和24．50；血中β-胡萝卜素含量不足，其最高值、平均值和最低值分别为657μg／100ml、278．69 201.78μg／100ml和52μg／100ml，其中高产牛血中含量相对较高。     

Determination of serum ionized calcium concentration in dairy cattle after frozen anaerobic storage

The stability of serum ionized calcium concentration (ICa) from dairy cows was studied after anaerobic collection and frozen storage. Paired blood samples were obtained from five groups of cows: nonlactating, first third of lactation, midlactation, last third of lactation, and 2-year-old nonlactating heifers. Vacutainer multiple sample needles and serum separator tubes (SST) were used for venipuncture. Aspiration of serum was within 1.5 hours after collection: one sample for immediate determination (within 2 hours of collection); the other sample stored at -4 degrees C in evacuated plastic vacutainer tubes filled with serum to provide dead space of less than 75% of volume, and analyzed after 14 to 30 days in storage (half, 15, of the samples from each lactation group were analyzed after frozen anaerobic storage at 14 or 30 days, respectively). Processing samples in this manner significantly altered the values obtained for ICa, normalized calcium concentration (NCa), and pH. Analysis after frozen storage in evacuated tubes caused ICa and NCa concentrations to decrease and pH to increase (P< 0.05); total calcium levels were not significantly different from initial values. There were no significant differences among lactation groups. The difference between values obtained from these paired samples was either due to loss of CO(2) during transfer from the SST to the evacuated tube or during frozen storage. Changes in samples assayed after freezing and storage could be adjusted to original values by using the mean difference between the fresh and frozen levels as correction factors: ICa (+0.4379), NCa (+0.2797), and pH (-0.0926). It was concluded that immediate determination of serum ICa in dairy cattle is the ideal but using this methodology and performing analyses later may be acceptable if correction factors are determined.